Acute Single-Unit Multi-Electrode Recordings from the Brainstem of Head-Fixed Mice

Summary

This protocol describes a method to obtain in vivo, high-density single-neuron recordings from the brainstem of head-fixed mice. This approach is deployed to measure the action potential firing of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray - a brainstem region inactive during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep - before and during general anesthesia.

Abstract

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are increasingly popular for studying neuronal activity at the temporal resolution of action potentials in many brain regions. However, recording neuronal activity from deep caudal structures like the brainstem using multi-channel probes remains challenging. A significant concern is finding a trajectory for probe insertion that avoids large blood vessels, such as the superior sagittal venous sinus and the transverse venous sinus. Injuring these large veins can cause extensive bleeding, damage to the underlying brain tissue, and potentially death. This approach describes targeting brainstem structures by coupling anterior coordinates with an angled approach, allowing the recording probe to penetrate the brain below high-risk vascular structures. Compared to a strictly vertical approach, the angled approach maximizes the number of brain regions that can be targeted. Using this strategy, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a brainstem region associated with REM sleep, can be reproducibly and reliably accessed to obtain single-unit, multi-electrode recordings in head-fixed mice before and during sevoflurane anesthesia. The ability to record neuronal activity in the vlPAG and surrounding nuclei with high temporal resolution is a step forward in advancing the understanding of the relationship between REM sleep and anesthesia.

Introduction

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are becoming increasingly popular to measure neuronal activity across many brain regions with single action potential resolution^1,2,3,4. Over the last decade, high-density recording technology has grown considerably. Current silicon-based recording electrodes can accommodate high channel counts, optical fibers, and electrocorticography (ECoG) recording devices^5,6. Moreover, chronic implantation of these electrodes allows for long-term recording....

Protocol

All studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, Virginia). Five male C57BL/6J mice, age 3-7 months, weighing 25-30 g, were used. The details of the reagents and the equipment used here are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Headplate and headset implantation

1. Make an ECoG headset by soldering perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) coated stainless steel wire to a 3-pin connector.......

Discussion

Brainstem nuclei mediate fundamental functions such as breathing, consciousness, and sleep^26,27,28. The brainstem's location (deep and posterior) presents a challenge in studying its neuronal activity in vivo using standard techniques. Here an angled anterior approach is presented to allow reproducible single unit recording in head-fixed mice.

Careful insertion of the multi-electrode sili.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1024 channel RHD Recording Controller	Intan Technologies, Los Angeles, California, USA	C3008	Silicon probe recording; recording hardware and software
24 mm x 50 mm No. 1.5 VWR coverslip	VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA	48393-081	Histology
4% PFA in PBS	ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA	J61899.AK	Histology; perfusion solution
C&B metabond	Patterson Dental, Richmond, Virginia, USA	powder: 5533559, quick base: 5533492, catalyst: 55335007	Headplate &Headset Implantation
C57/6J mice 4-6 weeks, males	The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA	000664
Capnomac Ultima	Datex, Helsinki, Finland	ULT-SVi-27-07	Gas Analyzer; discontinued; alternative gas analyzer can be purchased from Bionet America
CM-DiI	ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA	V22888	Red fluorescent dye for coating of the silicon probe
Connector Header	DigiKey, Thief River Falls, Minnesota, USA	1212-1788-ND	ECoG Headset
DAPI Fluoromount-G	SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, Alabama, USA	0100-20	Histology
iBOND Universal	Patterson Dental, Richmond, Virginia, USA	044-1113	Headplate &Headset Implantation; for  securing stainless steel wires to the skull
Low toxicity silicon adhesive	World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, Florida, USA	KWIK-SIL	Headplate
Micro-Manipulator System	New Scale Technologies, Victor, New York, USA	Multi-Probe Manipulator: XYZ Stage Assembly: 06464-0000, MPM System Kit: 06267-3-0001, MPM-Platform-360, MPM ring for MPM Manual Arms, MPM_Ring-72 DEG: 06262-3-0000	Silicon probe recording; inserting the probe into the brain
Microprobes	UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA	256 ANS, 64M	Discontinued; alternative silicon probes can be purchased from Neuropixels
Mineral Oil	Sigma Aldrich, Saint Luis, Missouri, USA	M8410-100ML	Silicon probe recording; preventing the tissue from drying during the recording
Normal saline	ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA	Z1376	Headplate &Headset Implantation; preventing the brain from drying during the surgery
PFA-Coated Stainless Steel Wire-Diameter 0.008 in. coated with striped ends	A-M systems, Sequim, Washington, USA	791400	ECoG Headset & reference electrode for ECoG
Platinum wire 24AWG	World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, Florida, USA	PTP201	Reference electrode for the silicon probe recording
Shandon Colorfrost Plus microscope slides	ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA	99-910-01	Histology
Stainless steel Headplate	Star Rapid, China	custom made part	Headplate &Headset Implantation; design available upon request
Stereotaxic apparatus	KOPF, Tujunga, California, USA	Model 940 Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument with Digital Display Console	Headplate &Headset Implantation