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Method Article
We established a method of encapsulating pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) into alginate hydrogel capsules using a co-axial nozzle. This prevents cells from aggregating excessively and limits the shear stress experienced by cells in suspension culture. The technique is applicable to the mass production of PS cells as well as research on stem cell niche.
Pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) are the focus of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine and drug screening. However, the development of a mass culture system would be required for using PS cells in these applications. Suspension culture is one promising culture method for the mass production of PS cells, although some issues such as controlling aggregation and limiting shear stress from the culture medium are still unsolved. In order to solve these problems, we developed a method of calcium alginate (Alg-Ca) encapsulation using a co-axial nozzle. This method can control the size of the capsules easily by co-flowing N2 gas. The controllable capsule diameter must be larger than 500 µm because too high a flow rate of N2 gas causes the breakdown of droplets and thus heterogeneous-sized capsules. Moreover, a low concentration of Alg-Na and CaCl2 causes non-spherical capsules. Although an Alg-Ca capsule without a coating of Alg-PLL easily dissolves enabling the collection of cells, they can also potentially leak out from capsules lacking an Alg-PLL coating. Indeed, an alginate-PLL coating can prevent cellular leakage but is also hard to break. This technology can be used to research the stem cell niche as well as the mass production of PS cells because encapsulation can modify the micro-environment surrounding cells including the extracellular matrix and the concentration of secreted factors.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are currently the source of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine. However, huge amounts of cells are required for tissue regeneration. For instance approximately one billion pancreatic cells required for a type 1 diabetic patient1. However, conventional dish culture is only able to obtain 1 × 105 cells/cm2, thus requiring 1 m2 of culture area to obtain enough stem cell-derived pancreatic cells to treat a type 1 diabetic patient. The development of a system for the mass-culture of pluripotent stem cells, such as microcarrier2 and suspension culture is therefore required for regenerative medicine. Suspension culture represents a promising method of mass culture but controlling the aggregation of cells is challenging in direct suspension cultures of human iPS cells3. Indeed, suspended cells are exposed to shear stress, which causes cell damage3 or differentiation4.
Research into hydrogel-based encapsulation has been conducted to solve problems associated with suspension culture. In hydrogel capsules, cells are protected from the flow of the medium. Previous reports have documented the use of various types of hydrogel, including agarose5, PEG6, and alginate (Alg), for cellular encapsulation. Alg-Ca hydrogel is one of the most useful hydrogels for cell encapsulation because Alg−Ca hydrogel is formed immediately after dropping alginate solution into a CaCl2 solution and is also readily digested by enzymes or chelating reagents.
Here, we have established a stable alginate encapsulation process for iPS cells using a co-axial nozzle. By using N2 gas flow for forming droplets, it is possible to encapsulate cells into uniform capsules without the need for other reagents such as oil. In this method, the flow rate of N2 and concentration of both CaCl2 and alginate are the major operating conditions affecting the size, shape, and uniformity of capsules. This report demonstrates the optimization of these operating conditions through the use of a hi-speed camera and a microscope.
1. Materiales Preparación
2. encapsulación de células en alginato de hidrogel Cápsulas
3. Tratamiento de alginato Cápsulas (opcional)
4. Cultura y recoger las células en cápsulas de alginato
En protocolo 2.5, la solución de alginato expulsado forma una forma esférica inmediatamente después de la expulsión (Figura 2A - H). Si la suspensión se expulsa con una velocidad de flujo de N 2 inferior a 1L / min, el tamaño de las gotas es uniforme (Figura 2I). Sin embargo, si el flujo de N 2 es superior a 1L / min, la gotita se rompe (Figura 2G, de flecha blanca) y el tamaño de las gotitas se vuelve heterogénea (Figura 2J).
Cultura encapsulación puede ser comparado con cultivos en suspensión directos. Cultivo en suspensión es un método más simple para obtener grandes cantidades de células madre pluripotentes que los métodos de encapsulación. Sin embargo, el control de la agregación de células en cultivo en suspensión es todavía difícil. En el método de encapsulación, la agregación celular está limitado en cápsulas y puede por lo tanto ser bien controlada. Una publicación anterior mostró que las células encapsulad...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This research was supported by the S-Innovation project of the Japan Science and technology Agency (JST), the Graduate Program for Leaders in Life Innovation (GPLLI) of the University of Tokyo, and the Research Fellowship for Young Scientists of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We thank nac Image Technology Inc. for taking movies using a hi-speed camera.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Mouse embryo fibroblast | Cell Biolabs | SNL 76/7 | |
Mouse induced pluripotent stem cell | RIKEN Bio resorce centre | iPS-MEF-Ng-20D-17 | |
DMEM high-glucose | GIBCO | 11995 | |
ES qualified FBS | GIBCO | 16141079 | |
Antibacterial Antibiotics | GIBCO | 15240 | |
Nonessential Amino Acid | GIBCO | 11140 | |
2-mercaptoethanol | GIBCO | 21985-023 | |
ESGRO Leukemia Inhibitory Factor | Merck Millipore | ESG1107 | |
Trypsin/EDTA | GIBCO | 25300 | |
26 G/16 G needle | Hoshiseido | ||
10 ml Syringe | TERUMO | SS-10ESZ | |
Sodium Chloride | Wako | 191-01665 | |
HEPES | SIGMA | H4034 | |
Sodium Alginate | Wako | 194-09955 | |
Calcium Chloride | Wako | 039-00475 | |
Poly-L-lysine (MW = 15,000 - 30,000) | SIGMA | P7890 | |
EDTA | DOJINDO | 345-01865 | |
Sylinge pump | AS ONE | ||
Microscope | Olympus | IX71 | |
Microscope | Leica | DM IRB | |
Hispeed camera | nac image technology | Memrecam HX-3 |
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