Los autores desean agradecer al Dr. Jay Pepose para ayudar a enseñar el modelo para nosotros. Este trabajo fue financiado por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud subvenciones EY11885 (PMS), EY21247 (PMS) y una subvención sin restricciones de Investigación para Prevención de la Ceguera en el Departamento de Oftalmología.

Nota Animal Care: Analgésicos no se utilizan en este modelo ya que son anti-inflamatoria y por lo tanto invalidaría el modelo. 1. Preparación de Virus <ol><li> Grow HSV-1 en células Vero (80% confluentes) utilizando una dilución inicial de 0,01 multiplicidad de infección (en matraz T-150, a unos 5 x 10 5 unidades formadoras de placa) durante 3-4 días hasta que todas las células han redondea y son desalojados fácilmente pulsando el matraz. </li><li> Retire el medio a tubos de centrífuga estériles y se centrifuga en Sorvall Legend RT a 4 ° C y 3.500 rpm durante 15 min. Después de eliminar el sobrenadante (ver 1,3), se resuspende el pellet grande de cada tubo de 50 ml con 5 ml del total de los medios de comunicación. Someter a ultrasonidos durante 1 min en dos ráfagas de 30 seg. </li><li> Remover el sobrenadante y poner en 50 ml tubos estériles de Oak Ridge, y centrifugar a 9.000 rpm, durante 1 hora a 4 ° C en un Beckman J2-21 centrífuga. Esto es para producir un pequeño sedimento viral. Eliminar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Combine ultrasonidos de 1,2 ingenioh pellet de 1,3 y sonicar de nuevo durante 45 segundos. Centrífuga Sorvall Legend en RT a 1.500 rpm durante 5 min a 4 ° C. Guardar el sobrenadante. Esto constituye la reserva de virus que se divide en alícuotas y se almacenó a -70 ° C. </li><li> Título de virus en células Vero. Por lo general la placa de 10 0 a 10 -8 dilución (cada una siendo una dilución de 10-veces) 2x de 2 conjuntos de dilución separados. La titulación de virus se realiza en placas de 12 pocillos estériles. </li></ol> 2. Infección del ratón <ol><li> Inyectar cada ratón con 0,1 ml de anestésico cocktail/20 g de peso corporal del ratón (ketamina, 60 mg / kg + xilazina 5 mg / kg que se diluyó en HBSS). Este cóctel se utiliza porque es uno de los medios más seguros de la anestesia cuando se utilizan dosis adecuadas y los efectos de esta droga son de muy corta duración. </li><li> Cuando los ratones se anestesian rayar la córnea del ojo derecho con una aguja de calibre 30 utilizando un microscopio de disección para asegurarse de que la córnea no es perforada. </li><li> Cada rece ratónIVED una inyección intraperitoneal de 1 ml de suero humano agrupado (Sigma, Temecula, CA; anti-HSV reactividad con una dosis eficaz para el 50% de neutralización viral de 1:800) con el fin de proteger a las córneas de los daños durante la infección primaria. </li><li> Número de los ratones con clips para las orejas, ya sea por el oído o punzón. </li><li> Después de que todos los ratones se han numerado; utilizando una pipeta 20 l, se infectan cada ojo con 10 6 PFU (5 l). Nos infectar un solo ojo y típicamente el ojo derecho. También ponemos 5 l de HBSS para el otro ojo para mantenerla húmeda mientras están anestesiados. 5 ul es suficiente para mantener la hidratación de los ojos, ya que los procedimientos se realizan en menos de 10 min, y los animales son dosificados con anestésico en consecuencia. La infección se confirmó en muestras de secreciones ratones 3 días después de la infección con un aplicador de algodón estéril que fue hidratado en 1 ml de medio de Vero. Entonces, 100 l se añade a las células Vero cultivadas en placas de 48 pocillos. Estas placas están monitoreando diariamente por efectos citopáticos<html> (CPE). </li></ol> 3. Reactivación de ratones de la latencia <ol><li> Los ratones son anestesiados por lo menos 5 semanas después de la infección primaria. Cabe señalar que hemos reactivado ratones hasta un año después de la infección primaria y no han observado diferencias significativas en la respuesta. </li><li> Una vez anestesiados se colocan TM20 cromato-Vu transiluminador, que emite radiación UV-B en una longitud de onda máxima de 302 nm tal que solamente un solo ojo se expone a la luz UV-B. Cada ratón se expone a la luz mJ 250 cm de UV-B 2. </li><li> La reactivación se determinaron en muestras de secreciones ojos con aplicador de algodón estéril que se coloca primero en 1 ml de medio de Vero en el día 0 (antes de la exposición UV-B en el control de excretores espontáneas) y después en los días 1 a 7 después de la irradiación UV-B. El material de frotis se evaluaron como se describe en 2,5). Para aquellos que tienen hisopos virus infeccioso de la cantidad de virus se tituló por un ensayo de placa estándar usando placas de 12 pocillos. </li></ol>ove_title &quot;&gt; 4. Evaluación Clínica <ol><li> Los ratones se evalúan para la enfermedad de ojo clínico de un observador enmascarado utilizando un microscopio binocular de disección. </li><li> La opacidad corneal se califica en una escala de 0 a 4, donde 0 indica estroma claro, 1 indica opacificación estromal leve, 2 indica opacidad moderada con discernibles características del iris, 3 indica opacidad densa con pérdida de detalle definido iris excepto los márgenes de la pupila, y 4 indica opacidad total sin vista posterior. </li><li> La neovascularización se califica en una escala de 1 a 8 dividiendo la córnea en 4 cuadrantes iguales y determinar el grado de vascularización en cada uno de estos cuadrantes. </li><li> La blefaritis se mide de la siguiente manera: 0, sin lesiones: 1, hinchazón de párpados mínimo, 2, descarga ocular moderada hinchazón y costras, 3, inflamación severa, moderada pérdida de pelo periocular, y lesiones en la piel, y 4, inflamación grave con ojos cerrados con costra, pérdida severa del pelo periocular y lesiones cutáneas. </li><li> Evidencia de la encefalitis inclusiónded espalda encorvada, de pelo rizado, y evidentes anomalías neurológicas. Los ratones son sacrificados cuando muestran importantes signos de encefalitis. </li></ol> 5. Los resultados representativos El modelo recurrente que se ha descrito anteriormente se publicó por primera Shimeld, et al. 1-3. Probaron y nuestro laboratorio ha estado usando una versión modificada de este modelo a publicar muchos manuscritos durante los 4-15 años. El modelo se utilizó para definir el papel que la citocina interferón γ-juega en recurrente por VHS-1 enfermedad 10. Como se muestra en la Figura 3, los ratones que carecen de IFN muestra peor enfermedad corneal que hizo ratones de tipo salvaje 14. También fue utilizado con éxito para definir el valor terapéutico de la vacuna varias distintas construcciones 6,10,11. Tenga en cuenta que en un caso prueba la vacuna funcionó bien profilácticamente pero no demostrar ser terapéuticamente eficaz 6. Sin embargo,cuando una vacuna incompetente para la replicación viral fue probado, no fue sólo profilácticamente eficaz, pero también fue muy eficaz terapéuticamente 10,11, véase la Figura 5 en la referencia 10. Más recientemente, hemos utilizado este modelo para determinar si las diferencias de género fueron detectables en ratones sometidos a HSK recurrente. Como muestra la Figura 1 muestra, los ratones machos C57BL / 6 muestran significativamente menos opacidad corneal que hacer C57BL hembra / 6 ratones. Del mismo modo, cuando la neovascularización corneal se evaluó, los ratones machos demostrado el crecimiento de vasos significativamente menos nuevo en la córnea que los ratones hembra (Figura 2). Actualmente estamos estudiando si este fenotipo es cepa específica mediante la realización de análisis similares en otras cepas de ratones. También determinará si la diferencia se debe a la falta de testosterona o la presencia de estrógenos. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4276/4276fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Enfermedad corneal en C57BL macho y hembra / 6 cepas de ratón después de UV-B reactivación inducida. Ratones con infección latente se indujeron para reactivar con irradiación UV-B y los ratones se monitorizaron para la opacidad de la córnea durante 35 días. El número de ratones utilizados en estos estudios fueron los siguientes: machos, n = 15; hembras, n = 15. Los resultados indican media ± SEM. * No fue significativamente mayor inducida por el virus de la enfermedad en ratones hembra C57BL / 6 de 14 a 35 días (P = 0,001 a 0,01). <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4276/4276fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Enfermedad corneal en C57BL macho y hembra / 6 cepas de ratón después de UV-B reactivación inducida. Ratones con infección latente se indujeron para reactivar con irradiación UV-B y los ratones se monitorizaron para la neovascularización corneal durante 35 días. El número de ratones utilizados en estos estudios fueron los siguientes: machos, n= 15; hembras, n = 15. Los resultados indican media ± SEM. * No fue significativamente mayor inducida por el virus de la enfermedad en ratones hembra C57BL / 6 de 14 a 28 días (P = 0,001 a 0,01).

<ol>
	<li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, B., Easty, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+model+of+recurrent+herpetic+eye+disease+in+mice.">An improved model of recurrent herpetic eye disease in mice.</a> Curr. Eye Res. 8, 1193-1205 (1989).</li><li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, W. A., Easty, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactivation+of+latent+infection+and+induction+of+recurrent+herpetic+eye+disease+in+mice.">Reactivation of latent infection and induction of recurrent herpetic eye disease in mice.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 71, 397-404 (1990).</li><li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, W. A., Easty, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+immunization+protects+the+mouse+eye+from+damage+after+herpes+simplex+virus+infection+by+limiting+spread+of+virus+in+the+nervous+system.">Passive immunization protects the mouse eye from damage after herpes simplex virus infection by limiting spread of virus in the nervous system.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 71, 681-687 (1990).</li><li>Laycock, K. A., Lee, S. F., Brady, R. H., Pepose, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+murine+model+of+recurrent+herpes+simplex+viral+keratitis+induced+by+ultraviolet+B+radiation.">Characterization of a murine model of recurrent herpes simplex viral keratitis induced by ultraviolet B radiation.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32, 2741-2746 (1991).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-10+ameliorates+corneal+disease+in+a+mouse+model+of+recurrent+herpetic+keratitis.">IL-10 ameliorates corneal disease in a mouse model of recurrent herpetic keratitis.</a> Microbial Path. 38, 13-21 (2005).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Miller, J. K., Hook, K. K., Fenoglio, E. D., Francotte, M., Slaoui, M., Stuart, P. M., Pepose, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+a+recombinant+glycoprotein+D+subunit+vaccine+on+the+development+of+primary+and+recurrent+ocular+infection+with+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+in+mice.">Efficacy of a recombinant glycoprotein D subunit vaccine on the development of primary and recurrent ocular infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 in mice.</a> J. Inf. Dis. 176, 331-338 (1997).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proinflammatory+cytokines+IL-1+and+TNF-a+are+required+for+recurrent+herpetic+keratitis+in+NIH+mice.">Proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a are required for recurrent herpetic keratitis in NIH mice.</a> Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 41, 96-102 (2000).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Usui, N., Laycock, K. A., Kumano, Y., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corneal+cytokine+expression+in+a+murine+model+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis.">Corneal cytokine expression in a murine model recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis.</a> Ocular Immunol. Inflam. 9, 193-205 (2001).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morris, J. L., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4++and+CD8++cells+are+key+participants+in+the+development+of+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis+in+mice.">CD4+ and CD8+ cells are key participants in the development of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice.</a> Microbial Path. 32, 255-262 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morrison, L. A., Morris, J. L., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+immunization+with+a+virion+host+shutoff-defective,+replication-incompetent+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+strain+limits+recurrent+herpetic+ocular+infection.">Therapeutic immunization with a virion host shutoff-defective, replication-incompetent herpes simplex virus type 1 strain limits recurrent herpetic ocular infection.</a> J. Virol. 76, 3615-3625 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Morris, J. L., Leib, D. A., Morrison, L. A., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+vaccination+with+vhs(-)+herpes+simplex+virus+reduces+the+severity+of+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis+in+mice.">Therapeutic vaccination with vhs(-) herpes simplex virus reduces the severity of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2361-2365 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morris, J. L., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+aminoguanidine+on+primary+and+recurrent+ocular+herpes+simplex+virus+infection.">The effects of aminoguanidine on primary and recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus infection.</a> Nitric Oxide. 13, 247-253 (2005).</li><li>Stuart, P. M., Morris, J. E., Sidhu, M., Keadle, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CCL3+protects+mice+from+corneal+pathology+during+recurrent+HSV-1+infection.">CCL3 protects mice from corneal pathology during recurrent HSV-1 infection.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 4407-4415 (2008).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Alexander, D. E., Leib, D. A., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon+gamma+is+not+required+for+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis.">Interferon gamma is not required for recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis.</a> Virology. 380, 46-51 (2008).</li><li>Carr, D. J., Austin, B. A., Halford, W. P., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+Interferon-gamma+by+an+adenovirus+vector+blocks+herpes+simplex+virus+Type+1+reactivation+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+independent+of+RNase+L+and+double-stranded+RNA-dependent+protein+kinase+pathways.">Delivery of Interferon-gamma by an adenovirus vector blocks herpes simplex virus Type 1 reactivation in vitro and in vivo independent of RNase L and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase pathways.</a> J. Neuroimmunol. 206, 39-43 (2009).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El modelo recurrente de la queratitis estromal herpética (HSK) aquí descrito permite al investigador para estudiar HSK humano en un modelo que sea más coherente con la que se observa durante la enfermedad humana. Por lo tanto, los puntos fuertes del modelo son que la enfermedad se produce en el contexto de un sistema inmune que ya tiene por estimulada durante la enfermedad primaria. Dado que estos ratones tienen ya una respuesta inmune a HSV-1, los factores que reactivan que la respuesta inmune son probablemente dife...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-005-C1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/ Strep</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fungizone</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15290018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall</td>
			<td>Legend RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>52-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transilluminatior</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td>95-0452-02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicatior</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>Sonifier 450</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oak Ridge Tubes</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>Z 720410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flasks- 7150</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430823</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plates- 12 well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 3513</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plates- 48 well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 3548</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Conical Tubes- 30 ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 430828</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Cotton-tipped Applicators</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>23-400-125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G Needles</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>305106</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G Needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309602</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice, a model for studying human hsk

Enfermedad herpética ocular, denominada queratitis herpética estromal (HSK), es una infección potencialmente cegamiento de la córnea que causa más de 300.000 visitas clínicas cada año para su tratamiento. Entre 1 y 2 por ciento de los pacientes con enfermedad clínica experimentará la pérdida de la visión de la córnea infectada. La gran mayoría de estos casos son el resultado de la reactivación de una infección latente por el herpes simplex virus tipo I y no debido a la enfermedad aguda. Curiosamente, la infección aguda es el modelo más utilizado para estudiar esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, se consideró que un modelo recurrente de HSK sería más un reflejo de lo que ocurre durante la enfermedad clínica. Los modelos animales recurrentes para HSK han empleado tanto en conejos y ratones. La ventaja de los conejos es que experimentan reactivación de la latencia en ausencia de cualquier estímulo conocido. Dicho esto, es difícil de explorar el papel que juegan muchos factores inmunológicos en HSK recurrente debido a que el modelo de conejo no tiene la inmunidadrecursos metodológicos y genéticos que tiene el mouse. Hemos elegido utilizar el modelo de ratón para el HSK recurrente, ya que tiene la ventaja de que hay muchos recursos disponibles y también sabemos que cuando la reactivación se produce debido a la reactivación es inducida por la exposición a la luz UV-B. Hasta el momento, este modelo ha permitido a los laboratorios de usarlo para definir varios factores inmunológicos que son importantes para esta enfermedad. También ha permitido poner a prueba tanto terapéutico y eficacia de la vacuna.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK at JoVE.com

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

La mayoría de los estudios de la enfermedad corneal herpética utilizar un modelo de infección primaria. Sin embargo, la infección primaria con el virus HSV-1 no suele conducir a la enfermedad humana. Aquí se describe un modelo de la enfermedad herpética recurrente corneal, que más estrechamente imita la enfermedad humana.

Queratitis herpética estromal recurrente en ratones, un modelo para el estudio HSK Humanos

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical ...

recurrent-herpetic-stromal-keratitis-mice-model-for-studying-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.8K vistas.  Saint Louis University. La mayoría de los estudios de la enfermedad corneal herpética utilizar un modelo de infección primaria. Sin embargo, la infección primaria con el virus HSV-1 no suele conducir a la enfermedad humana. Aquí se describe un modelo de la enfermedad herpética recurrente corneal, que más estrechamente imita la enfermedad humana.

Video: Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

This protocol outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. C. rodentium is a gram negative, murine specific bacterial pathogen that is closely related to the clinically important human pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Upon infection with C. rodentium, immunocompetent mice suffer from modest and transient weight loss and diarrhea. Histologically, intestinal crypt elongation, immune cell infiltration, and goblet cell depletion are observed. Clearance of infection is achieved after 3 to 4 weeks. Measurement of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, bacterial load, and histological damage at different time points after infection, allow the characterization of mouse strains susceptible to infection.
The virulence mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens colonize the intestinal tract of their hosts, as well as specific host responses that defend against such infections are poorly understood. Therefore the C. rodentium model of enteric bacterial infection serves as a valuable tool to aid in our understanding of these processes. Enteric bacteria have also been linked to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). It has been hypothesized that the maladaptive chronic inflammatory responses seen in IBD patients develop in genetically susceptible individuals following abnormal exposure of the intestinal mucosal immune system to enteric bacteria. Therefore, the study of models of infectious colitis offers significant potential for defining potentially pathogenic host responses to enteric bacteria. C. rodentium induced colitis is one such rare model that allows for the analysis of host responses to enteric bacteria, furthering our understanding of potential mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis; essential in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic treatments.

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

Citrobacter rodentium infection provides a valuable model to study enteric bacterial infections as well as host immune responses and colitis in mice. This protocol outlines the measurement of barrier integrity, pathogen load and histological damage allowing for the thorough characterization of pathogen and host contributions to murine infectious colitis.

La<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Mouse Modelo: Estudiar Contribuciones patógeno y del huésped a la colitis infecciosa

This protocol  outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and  colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modelo para estudiar la heterogeneidad de diferenciación de los macrófagos humanos y polarización

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

4D de imágenes multimodalidad<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Las infecciones en ratones

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Aislamiento de células estromales murinas en nódulos linfáticos

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways activated during cardiovascular pathologies are, however, limited by the lack of robust and physiologically relevant methods. In order to model pathological vascular events we have developed an in vitro assay for studying the interaction between endothelium and whole blood. The assay consists of primary human endothelial cells, which are placed in contact with human whole blood. The method utilizes native blood with no or very little anticoagulant, enabling study of delicate interactions between molecular and cellular components present in a blood vessel.
We investigated functionality of the assay by comparing activation of coagulation by different blood volumes incubated with or without human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Whereas a larger blood volume contributed to an increase in the formation of thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complexes, presence of HUVEC resulted in reduced activation of coagulation. Furthermore, we applied image analysis of leukocyte attachment to HUVEC stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF&#945;) and found the presence of CD16+ cells to be significantly higher on TNF&#945; stimulated cells as compared to unstimulated cells after blood contact. In conclusion, the assay may be applied to study vascular pathologies, where interactions between the endothelium and the blood compartment are perturbed.

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The accessibility of reliable models to investigate vascular blood interactions in humans is lacking. We present an in vitro model of cultured primary human endothelial cells combined with human whole blood to investigate cellular interactions both in the blood (ELISA) and the vascular compartment (microscopy).

Una Novela<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modelo para el estudio de las interacciones entre Whole Sangre humana y del endotelio

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&#947; Responses

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been highly informative on the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and specific cytokines in host immunity against intracellular pathogens. Production of IFN-&#947; by innate cells during sublethal infection with L. monocytogenes is important for activating macrophages and early control of the pathogen1-3. In addition, IFN-&#947; production by adaptive memory lymphocytes is important for priming the activation of innate cells upon reinfection4. The L. monocytogenes infection model thus serves as a great tool for investigating whether new therapies that are designed to increase IFN-&#947; production have an impact on IFN-&#947; responses in vivo and have productive biological effects such as increasing bacterial clearance or improving mouse survival from infection. Described here is a basic protocol for how to conduct intraperitoneal infections of C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes and to measure IFN-&#947; production by NK cells, NKT cells, and adaptive lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, procedures are described to: (1) grow and prepare the bacteria for inoculation, (2) measure bacterial load in the spleen and liver, and (3) measure animal survival to endpoints. Representative data are also provided to illustrate how this infection model can be used to test the effect of specific agents on IFN-&#947; responses to L. monocytogenes and survival of mice from this infection.

Experimental Infection with &lt;em&gt;Listeria monocytogenes&lt;/em&gt; as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&amp;#947; Responses

This protocol describes how to inoculate C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and to measure interferon-&#947; (IFN-&#947;) responses by natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and adaptive T lymphocytes post-infection. This protocol also describes how to conduct survival studies in mice after infection with a modified LD50 dose of the pathogen.

La infección experimental con<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; Como un modelo para el estudio de host Respuestas interferón gamma

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been ...

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and resilience of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors with biofilm-specific targets in order to separate the effect of the small molecule inhibitors on planktonic growth from their effect on biofilm formation. Next, we focus on how inoculation conditions affect the sensitivity of multicellular, floating B. subtilis cultures to small molecule inhibitors. The results suggest that discrepancies in the reported effects of such inhibitors such as D-amino acids are due to inconsistent pre-culture conditions. Furthermore, a recently developed protocol is described for evaluating the contribution of small molecule treatments towards biofilm resistance to antibacterial substances. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are presented to analyze the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in a B. subtilis biofilm. SEM facilitates insight into the three-dimensional biofilm architecture and the matrix texture. A combination of the methods described here can greatly assist the study of biofilm development in the presence and absence of biofilm inhibitors, and shed light on the mechanism of action of these inhibitors.

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This study presents the development of reproducible methodologies to study biofilm inhibitors and their effects on Bacillus subtilis multicellularity.

Metodologías para el estudio<em&gt; B. subtilis</em&gt; Las biopelículas como modelo para la caracterización de Pequeño Biofilm inhibidores de moléculas

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

Análisis de citometría de flujo de las células asesinas naturales lítico Actividad en sangre entera humana

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

Análisis de 18FDG PET/CT la proyección de imagen como una herramienta para estudiar la tuberculosis del Mycobacterium infección y tratamiento en Primates no humanos

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

Implantación y monitorización por PET/CT de un modelo ortotópico de mesotelioma pleural humano en ratones atímicos

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...