Soporte: Esta investigación fue financiada por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (DK064862, NS058525 y AA019357 a GGF).

1. Corto plazo Set Up LMA y del Procedimiento <ol><li> Corto plazo LMA jaula creada <ol><li> Pruebe LMA a corto plazo dentro de la jaula de un ratón de un solo alojados. Para facilitar el análisis de imágenes VTS-dependiente, use ropa de cama en alto contraste con el color del ratón (es decir, ropa de cama de color oscuro para los ratones blancos y ropa de cama de color claro para ratones negros). </li><li> Durante las pruebas de LMA corto plazo, cubrir las jaulas con ¼ claro en Plexiglas con 11 x ¼ de diámetro para apoyar la ventilación adecuada. </li></ol></li><li> Corto plazo sala de pruebas LMA <ol><li> Prueba de ratones en un ambiente limpio en el que se han aclimatado a por lo menos 24 horas 8. </li><li> Para iluminar el entorno de prueba, utilice criadoras luces abrazadera con bombillas de color rojo (&lt;125 lúmenes). Antes del video, ajustar el ángulo y la posición de las luces para eliminar brillos o reflejos de la parte superior de jaula de plexiglás. </li><li> Eliminar o evitar el ruido en las habitacionespor encima de 70 dB. Use un generador de ruido blanco si el ruido de fondo intermitente es inevitable durante la prueba del ratón. </li><li> Cubrir la superficie de prueba sobre la cual las jaulas se colocan en la sala de pruebas con papel de carnicero o banco de laboratorio de color similar al de la ropa de cama jaula, en caso de que el suelo de la jaula está expuesto durante videografía. </li></ol></li><li> Corto plazo LMA videografía <ol><li> Centro y coloque una noche cámara de vídeo con capacidad de visión desde el techo al menos 120 GB de memoria por encima de la zona de control en la sala de pruebas. No exceda la capacidad de resolución de los VTS usados ​​poniendo demasiadas jaulas dentro del marco de la vista de cámara de vídeo (por ejemplo Ethovision XT 7 por Noldus Tecnología de la Información (Leesburg VA) puede seguir simultáneamente 8 ratones en tiempo real). </li></ol></li><li> Procedimiento de ensayo LMA corto plazo <ol><li> Pruebe LMA a corto plazo durante la fase activa / oscura del ciclo de luz. Asegúrese de que el tiempo en relación con el ciclo de luz es the misma en todos los grupos, como LMA sigue un patrón crepuscular, con más actividad durante los períodos tempranos y tardíos del ciclo de oscuridad 1. Incluya ambos sujetos experimentales y de control en cada grupo de ratones registrados para garantizar los posibles efectos de las diferencias temporales en la LMA se reducen al mínimo. </li><li> Individualmente casa y los ratones se aclimatan al menos 24 horas antes del inicio de las pruebas de LMA 8. </li><li> Coloque los separadores jaulas y jaulas (que contienen ratones individuales) directamente debajo de la cámara. Retire todo el material de nidificación / enriquecimiento de las jaulas, ya que podría obstruir la vista del ratón (por ejemplo, si el ratón madrigueras / se cubre con material de anidación) e interferir con VTS precisión. Coloque una tapa de plexiglás transparente en cada jaula registrado. </li><li> Cuando videoing varias jaulas al mismo tiempo, asegúrese de que la resolución es compatible con los VTS seleccionadas. Para facilitar el análisis de VTS, colocar las jaulas de forma idéntica dentro de cada división (es decir, la esquina superior derecha). </li><li> Inicie la grabación. Comience cada video con una pizarra que identifica a toda la información experimental pertinente para garantizar la correcta identificación del video independiente de cualquier documentación que no sea de vídeo adicional. Utilice un reloj o cronómetro para seguir duración de LMA pruebas (5-10 min). Si se pierde la información de tiempo, recuperarlo de la grabación de vídeo. </li><li> Por medidas repetidas utilizando el método de LMA corto plazo, permiten acceder a los ratones a los alimentos y el agua durante los intervalos sin medida. </li><li> Durante las pruebas, los experimentadores mantener fuera de la vista de los ratones para no actuar como señal visual externa. </li><li> Una vez finalizada la prueba, vuelta / substituye el material de nidificación / enriquecimiento, para reducir el potencial de desarrollo de la ansiedad-como el comportamiento 8. </li></ol></li><li> Análisis LMA corto plazo <ol><li> Guarde las grabaciones en vídeo de la sesión de pruebas a un medio de archivo compatibles con el VTS usados. Para Ethovision XT 7, una unidad de disco duro se utiliza (HDD). </li><li> Reproducir los videos de los VTS utilizando su reproductor de medios, el análisis de los vídeos en tiempo real. En la Figura 1, las variables de detección fueron: 2 cm / seg se inicia el seguimiento; 1,75 cm / seg seguimiento se detiene. </li><li> Inicialmente, elegir todo el suelo de la jaula como la región de interés (ROI) para el seguimiento. Para los análisis avanzados, como la evaluación de thigmotaxis, crear regiones de interés dentro de la jaula múltiple. </li><li> Para los estudios de alto rendimiento, analizar todas las jaulas en el vídeo de forma simultánea con ROIs piso todo jaula individual. </li><li> Utilice el VTS para calcular la distancia total se trasladó (cm), la velocidad de movimiento (cm / seg) y la duración de movimiento (seg). Para Ethovision XT 7, exportar los datos generados en Microsoft Excel para el almacenamiento y el análisis adicional. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Prueba LMA largo plazo configurar y Procedimiento <ol><li> Construcción de jaula pruebas LMA largo plazo <ol><li> Corte un agujero de 5,5 cm de diámetro en la pared del extremo cortode una caja estándar para ratón. Creación de una cubierta para el agujero con ¼ de malla de acero galvanizado. Cortar la malla, la creación de varios ½ en las aberturas para permitir el acceso a la alimentación del ratón. Bruña cualquier malla corte para eliminar los bordes afilados. </li><li> Utilizar malla adicional para crear una tolva externa directamente conectado a la malla utilizada para cubrir la abertura de 5,5 cm. Conecte la tolva a la malla utilizada para cubrir el agujero y fijar el conjunto a la jaula con remaches de aluminio. </li><li> Construir una botella de agua a partir de un estándar de 50 ml cónico (Corning) y un tapón de goma 1-agujero (Fisher) que está sobre-perforado para permitir la inserción de anti-goteo tubo para sorber (Sistemas de Sta-Pure). Sujete la botella de agua a la jaula con cinta Velcro (3M) e inserte el tubo para sorber a través de la abertura cubierta de malla. </li><li> Durante las pruebas de LMA a largo plazo, cubrir las jaulas con ¼ claro en Plexiglas con 11 x ¼ de diámetro para apoyar la ventilación adecuada. </li></ol></li><li> A largo plazo sala de pruebas LMA<ol><li> A largo plazo sala de pruebas LMA establecido es idéntica a LMA corto plazo. Consulte la sección 1.2 para el procedimiento. </li></ol></li><li> A largo plazo LMA videografía <ol><li> Centro y colocar un plafón de infrarrojos, al estilo de la seguridad, la cámara directamente conectada a una PC por encima de la zona de grabación en la sala de pruebas. Sólo registrar el número de jaulas a la vez que da lugar a la resolución jaula individual dentro de la capacidad de los VTS utilizados (por ejemplo Ethovision XT 7 puede seguir simultáneamente 8 ratones en tiempo real). </li></ol></li><li> Procedimiento de ensayo LMA largo plazo <ol><li> Pruebe LMA a largo plazo durante la fase activa / oscura del ciclo de luz. Asegúrese de que el tiempo en relación con el ciclo de la luz es la misma en todos los grupos, como LMA sigue un patrón crepuscular con más actividad durante los períodos anteriores y posteriores de la oscuridad ciclo 1. Pruebe ambos sujetos experimentales y de control en cada grupo de ratones registrados para garantizar la minimización del potencialefectos de las diferencias temporales en la LMA. </li><li> Individualmente casa y aclimatar los ratones de prueba en las jaulas modificadas durante al menos 24 horas. </li><li> Coloque los separadores jaulas y jaulas (que contienen ratones individuales) directamente debajo de la cámara. Retire todo el material / enriquecimiento de anidación de las jaulas para garantizar una obstrucción de vista del ratón. Ratón madriguera en el material de anidación va a interferir con la capacidad de los STM para rastrear el ratón. Coloque una tapa de plexiglás transparente en cada una de las jaulas para ser grabados. </li><li> Al grabar varias jaulas a la vez, asegúrese de que la resolución es compatible con los VTS seleccionadas. Para facilitar VTS jaulas análisis, posición idéntica dentro de cada división (es decir, la esquina superior derecha). </li><li> LMA pruebas a largo plazo se suele analizar en tiempo real, y un registro de video por lo general no crea. Un registro de vídeo se puede grabar mediante el uso de una cámara secundaria o por medio de un grabador de DVD vinculado a la cámara primaria. Asegúrese de mantener registros detallados de personaratón y la información de grupo. </li><li> Configure el STM para el análisis en tiempo real. Todo el piso de la jaula debe abarcar el ROI de seguimiento. Configure ROIs para todas las jaulas a grabar. Utilice el VTS para calcular la distancia total se trasladó (cm), la velocidad de movimiento (cm / seg) y la duración de movimiento (seg). En la Figura 2, las variables de detección fueron: 2 cm / seg se inicia el seguimiento; 1,75 cm / seg seguimiento se detiene. </li><li> Comience a registrar ratón LMA largo plazo. Supervisar la duración de la prueba LMA a largo plazo a través del reloj asociado con el equipo el análisis. </li><li> Durante la prueba, mantenga todos los experimentadores fuera de la vista de los ratones a fin de no actuar como señal visual externa. </li><li> Una vez finalizada la prueba, vuelta / substituye el material de nidificación / enriquecimiento, para reducir el potencial de desarrollo de la ansiedad-como el comportamiento 8. </li></ol></li><li> Análisis LMA largo plazo <ol><li> Análisis LMA a largo plazo se produce en tiempo real, sin la generación de un registro de vídeo. Exportar los datos a Microsoft Excel para el almacenamiento y el análisis, si se utiliza Ethovision XT 7. </li><li> Para generar un registro de video de LMA a largo plazo, el uso de una cámara secundaria. Asegúrese de que la cámara secundaria tiene una amplia capacidad de almacenamiento suficiente para almacenar el potencialmente largo de grabación (s). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Goulding, E. H., Schenk, A. K., Juneja, P., MacKay, A. W., Wade, J. M., Tecott, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+automated+system+elucidates+mouse+home+cage+behavioral+structure.">A robust automated system elucidates mouse home cage behavioral structure.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 20575-20582 (2008).</li><li>Kent, S., Bluth&#233;, R. M., Kelley, K. W., Dantzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sickness+behavior+as+a+new+target+for+drug+development.">Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development.</a> Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 24-28 (1992).</li><li>Dantzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine,+sickness+behavior,+and+depression.">Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression.</a> Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 29, 247-264 (2009).</li><li>Godbout, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exaggerated+neuroinflammation+and+sickness+behavior+in+aged+mice+following+activation+of+the+peripheral+innate+immune+system.">Exaggerated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in aged mice following activation of the peripheral innate immune system.</a> FASEB J. 19, 1329-1331 (2005).</li><li>York, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biobehavioral+and+neuroimmune+impact+of+low-dose+ionizing+radiation.">The biobehavioral and neuroimmune impact of low-dose ionizing radiation.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 218-227 (2012).</li><li>York, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individually+ventilated+cages+cause+chronic+low-grade+hypoxia+impacting+mice+hematologically+and+behaviorally.">Individually ventilated cages cause chronic low-grade hypoxia impacting mice hematologically and behaviorally.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 951-958 (2012).</li><li>Jennings, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refining+rodent+husbandry:+the+mouse.+Report+of+the+Rodent+Refinement+Working+Party.">Refining rodent husbandry: the mouse. Report of the Rodent Refinement Working Party.</a> Lab. Anim. 32, 233-259 (1998).</li><li>York, J. M., Blevins, N. A., Baynard, T., Freund, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+testing+methods+in+psychoneuroimmunology.">Mouse testing methods in psychoneuroimmunology.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 934, 243-276 (2012).</li><li>Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., Kelley, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+inflammation+to+sickness+and+depression:+when+the+immune+system+subjugates+the+brain.">From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 46-56 (2008).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+rodents.">Behavioral phenotyping of rodents.</a> Comp. Med. 53, 140-146 (2003).</li><li>Karelina, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+isolation+alters+neuroinflammatory+response+to+stroke.">Social isolation alters neuroinflammatory response to stroke.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 5895-5900 (2009).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de interés.

Los síntomas de la enfermedad en ratones incluyen letargo, pérdida de interés en el entorno social y ambiental, malestar y anorexia 2-3. En los ratones y otros roedores, LMA se puede utilizar para evaluar la enfermedad después de la activación inmune 4-5. Además, LMA largo plazo ofrece la posibilidad de seguir el movimiento en un 24 horas (o más) período, permitiendo el análisis de las alteraciones inducidas por el tratamiento en el comportamiento o alteraciones en los patrones de sueño /...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="586">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="276">
			<td height="276">Video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>HDR-XR500V</td>
			<td>Other, similar video cameras may work as well. The file storage format (codec/container) must be compatible with the VTS used. It is recommended when initially establishing a VTS to choose the VTS first and work with the vendor in choosing an appropriate camera, especially with respects to file format and video resolution compatibility.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="331">
			<td height="331">Opaque cage dividers</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Custom fabricated based on specific cage dimensions. To facilitate image analysis, dividers should be of a similar color to the cage bedding. Structurally fixed dividers are preferrable because they speed setup between multi-mice experiments, such as those involving repeated measurements. Sturdy transportable cage dividers can be constructed of 1/2 inch opaque plastic and joined via a series of cross laps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74">Light or Dark bedding (opposite of mouse coat color)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Available from several laboratory animal supply distributors, depending on location.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37">Clear Plexiglas cage tops</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Custom fabricated based on cage dimensions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="92">
			<td height="92">Automated video tracking software (EthoVision XT 7)</td>
			<td>Noldus Information Technology</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>A variety of VTS manufacturers exist, use of other software may suffice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55">PC</td>
			<td>Dell Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>See VTS software providers minimum PC .requirements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83">White noise generator</td>
			<td>Dohm</td>
			<td>DS</td>
			<td>A variety of white noise generators are available, depending on need.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="146">
			<td height="146">Brooder clamp lights with red light bulbs</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Several sizes and styles available. Number required depends on room size/lighting needs. Do not exceed 125 lumens in the testing room.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62">Lab bench or butcher paper</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Paper should match or be very similar in color to the cage bedding.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse short- and long-term locomotor activity analyzed by video tracking software

La actividad locomotora (LMA) es una medición simple y de fácil realización de comportamiento en ratones y otros roedores. Las mejoras en el software de seguimiento de vídeo (VTS) han permitido que se acopla a las pruebas de LMA, mejorando notablemente la especificidad y la sensibilidad en comparación con el método de cruces de la línea con puntuación manual. Además, VTS permite la experimentación de alto rendimiento. Aunque es similar a la de seguimiento de vídeo automatizado utilizado para la prueba de campo abierto (OFT), LMA prueba es única, ya que permite que los ratones se mantienen en sus jaulas y no utiliza el estímulo anxiogenic de luz brillante durante la fase activa de la luz-oscuridad ciclo. Tradicionalmente, la MLA se ha utilizado durante períodos cortos de tiempo (minutos), mientras que los estudios de movimiento más largos (HRS-día) a menudo han utilizado implantado transmisores y biotelemetría. Con la opción de seguimiento en tiempo real, de largo, al igual que las pruebas de LMA a corto plazo, puede ahora llevarse a cabo utilizando videografía. LMA pruebas a largo plazo requiere un organismo especializado, Pero de fácil construcción, jaula para que los alimentos y el agua (que se coloca generalmente en la cima de la jaula) no impida videografía. Es importante destacar que, videografía y VTS permite la cuantificación de los parámetros, tales como la trayectoria de movimiento del ratón, que son difíciles o imposible de medir con la línea de cruce y / o biotelemetría. En suma, las pruebas de LMA acoplado a VTS proporciona una descripción más completa de movimiento del ratón y la capacidad de examinar la locomoción durante un período prolongado de tiempo.

Un ejemplo de los resultados de medidas repetidas, prueba de LMA a corto plazo se muestra en la Figura 1. Esta figura muestra que después de la administración de lipopolisacárido (LPS), los ratones alojados en jaulas ventiladas individualmente (IVC) recuperar la actividad locomotora a corto plazo más rápido que los ratones alojados en jaulas entorno ambiental (AEC) 6. Mientras que la pérdida inicial de la actividad locomotora es similar entre los grupos inyectados con LPS, la recuperaci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software at JoVE.com

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

La actividad locomotora (LMA) es una medición simple y de fácil realización de comportamiento en ratones. Acoplamiento de software de seguimiento de vídeo (VTS) y LMA permite la mejora de la especificidad y la sensibilidad, especialmente cuando se compara con el manual, el método de cruce de línea de análisis LMA. Además VTS permite el seguimiento a largo plazo de ratón LMA.

Ratón de corto y largo plazo la actividad locomotriz analizados por el software de seguimiento de vídeo

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

mouse-short-long-term-locomotor-activity-analyzed-video-tracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.0K vistas.  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. La actividad locomotora (LMA) es una medición simple y de fácil realización de comportamiento en ratones. Acoplamiento de software de seguimiento de vídeo (VTS) y LMA permite la mejora de la especificidad y la sensibilidad, especialmente cuando se compara con el manual, el método de cruce de línea de análisis LMA. Además VTS permite el seguimiento a largo plazo de ratón LMA.

Video: Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Studies of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, an activity-dependent synaptic phenomenon having properties that make it attractive as a potential cellular mechanism underlying learning and information storage, have long been used to elucidate the physiology of various neuronal circuits in the hippocampus, amygdala, and other limbic and cortical structures. With this in mind, transgenic mouse models of neurological diseases represent useful platforms to conduct long-term&#160;potentiation (LTP) studies to develop a greater understanding of the role of genes in normal and abnormal synaptic communication in neuronal networks involved in learning, emotion and information processing. This article describes methodologies for reliably inducing LTP in the freely behaving mouse. These methodologies can be used in studies of transgenic and knockout freely&#160;behaving mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Transgenic and knockout mouse models of neurological diseases are useful for studying the role of genes in normal and abnormal neurophysiology. This article describes methodologies which can be used to study long-term potentiation, a cellular mechanism which may underlie learning and memory, in transgenic and knockout freely&#160;behaving mouse models of neuropathology.

La potenciación a largo plazo de la Vía Perforante-giro dentado sinapsis en comportarse libremente Ratones

Studies of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, an activity-dependent synaptic phenomenon having properties that make it attractive as a potential ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

Las mediciones del comportamiento y del aparato locomotor utilizando un sistema de supervisión de la actividad de campo abierto para las Enfermedades del músculo esquelético

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

Con una cinta de cinturón de Split para evaluar la generalización de la adaptación humana Aparato Locomotor

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

Una novela única función Motor Animal utilizando el Software Simple, fácilmente disponible del sistema de seguimiento

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

Automatizado, ensayo conductual a largo plazo para las funciones cognitivas en múltiples modelos genéticos de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, utilizando IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

Clásico corto retardo Eyeblink acondicionado en niños menores de un año

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Medición activa y pasiva mansedumbre por separado en ratones

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

Elevado más laberinto prueba combinada con Video Tracking Software para investigar el efecto ansiolítico de suplementos exógenos de cetogénicas

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among these traits, foraging behavior is one of the useful windows into functional advantages of behavioral trait evolution. Presented herein are updated methods for analyzing vibration attraction behavior (VAB: an adaptive foraging behavior) and imaging of associated mechanosensors of cave-adapted tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. In addition, methods are presented for high-throughput tracking of a series of additional cavefish behaviors including hyperactivity and sleep-loss. Cavefish also show asociality, repetitive behavior and higher anxiety. Therefore, cavefish serve as an animal model for evolved behaviors. These methods use free-software and custom-made scripts that can be applied to other types of behavior. These methods provide practical and cost-effective alternatives to commercially available tracking software.

Here, we present methods for high-throughput study of a series of the Mexican cavefish behaviors and vital staining of a mechanosensory system. These methods use free-software and custom-made scripts, providing a practical and cost-effective method for the studies of behaviors.

Seguimiento conductual y Neuromast proyección de imagen de mexicana Cavefish

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

Mediciones automatizadas de sueño y actividad locomotriz en mexicano Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...