技术支持:支持这项研究是由美国国立卫生研究院（DK064862，NS058525和AA019357到GGF）。

1。短期LMA设置和程序<ol><li> 短期LMA笼成立 <ol><li>测试短期LMA一个单一的容纳鼠标内的家笼。为了促进的VTS依赖图像分析，使用床上用品用鼠标颜色（ 即深色白老鼠和黑鼠浅色床上用品床上用品）的高对比度。 </li><li>在短期LMA测试，覆盖有机玻璃笼有明确的¼11×¼英寸直径的孔，以支持适当通风。 </li></ol></li><li> 短期LMA检测室 <ol><li>测试小鼠在干净的环境中，它们已被驯化的至少24小时8。 </li><li>要照亮的测试环境，使用育雏钳灯与红色灯泡（125流明）。录像前，调整角度和位置灯有机玻璃笼顶以消除眩光或反射。 </li><li>删除或避免室内噪声低于70分贝。如果间歇背景噪声是不可避免的鼠标测试期间，使用白噪声发生器。 </li><li>覆盖测试笼子放置在考场屠夫或实验室工作台笼床上用品颜色相近的纸张表面，笼地板的情况下被暴露在摄像过程中。 </li></ol></li><li> 短期LMA录像 <ol><li>中心和至少120 GB以上的内存在测试室的记录区，放置安装在天花板上的夜视能力的摄像机。不要超过VTS所使用的网箱内放置太多的摄像机视图框架（ 如 Ethovision XT 7 Noldus信息技术（弗吉尼亚州利斯堡）可同时跟踪8只实时）的分辨能力。 </li></ol></li><li> 短期LMA测试程序 <ol><li>测试短期LMA在主动/暗的光周期阶段。确保时间相对光周期日在所有组中的相同，，LMA如下开化的格局，更多的活动在暗周期1期的早期和晚期。包括两个实验组和对照组，各组记录小鼠，以确保在LMA时空差异的潜在影响最小化。 </li><li>个别房子驯化老鼠至少在24小时前的LMA测试8开始。 </li><li>将分笼笼（含个体小鼠）直属相机。从笼子里移除所有嵌套/富集材料，因为这可能会妨碍鼠标的观点（ 例如，如果鼠标洞 ​​穴/遮掩自己的筑巢材料）和干扰VTS的准确性。记录每个笼子上放置​​一个透明有机玻璃盖。 </li><li>同时映像几个笼子时，要确保分辨率是与VTS选择兼容。为了缓解VTS分析，定位相同的笼子内每个分压器（ 即右上角）。 </li><li>开始录制。开始用石板标识所有相关实验资料，以确保正确识别独立于任何其他非视频文件的视频每个视频。使用定时器或秒表持续跟踪的LMA测试（5-10分钟）。如果定时信息被丢失，恢复从视频记录。 </li><li>对于重复的措施，使用短期LMA方法，让老鼠进入的非测量间隔期间的食物和水。 </li><li>在测试过程中，保持任何实验者的老鼠的视线，以免作为一个外部的视觉线索。 </li><li>当测试完成后，返回/替换嵌套/富集材料，以减少潜在的发展焦虑样行为8。 </li></ol></li><li> 短期LMA分析 <ol><li>从测试会话到归档介质兼容使用的VTS录像存储。对于Ethovision XT 7，一个硬盘驱动器的磁盘（硬盘）是用来。 </li><li>在VTS使用，分析其相关的媒体播放器中的视频实时视频重播。在图1中，检测变量为:2厘米/秒开始跟踪; 1.75厘米/秒停止跟踪。 </li><li>最初，选择整个笼地板的感兴趣区域（ROI）的跟踪。先进的分析方法，如评估thigmotaxis，创建多个网箱内的投资回报率。 </li><li>对于高通量研究，分析所有的网箱内的视频同时与个体笼地板的投资回报。 </li><li>使用的VTS，计算总的移动距离（厘米）的运动速度（厘米/秒）的运动的持续时间（秒）。对于XT 7 Ethovision，将数据导出到Microsoft Excel中用于存储和额外的分析。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。长期LMA测试设置和程序<ol><li> 长期LMA测试笼建设 <ol><li>在短端壁切5.5厘米直径的孔一个标准的鼠笼。创建一个覆盖为¼镀锌钢丝网孔。切网，创建几个半开口，让鼠标获得食物。打磨切割的网格，以除去锐边。 </li><li>使用额外的网格创建外部料斗直接连接到用于覆盖5.5厘米的开放网格。用于覆盖孔网状连接料斗，并使用铝铆钉连接组件笼。 </li><li>构建一个水瓶，一个标准的50毫升锥形（康宁）和1孔的橡胶塞（费希尔）钻允许无滴吸管插入（站纯系统）。水瓶固定笼魔术贴（3M）和插入吸管通过网覆盖开幕。 </li><li>在长期LMA测试，覆盖有机玻璃笼有明确的¼11×¼英寸直径的孔，以支持适当通风。 </li></ol></li><li> 长期LMA检测室<ol><li>长期LMA检测室设立短期LMA相同的。程序见1.2节。 </li></ol></li><li> 长期LMA录像 <ol><li>中心，并把吊顶安装的红外线，安全式，相机直接连接到一台PC以上的记录区考场。只记录一次使用（ 例如 Ethovision XT 7可同时跟踪在实时的8只小鼠）的VTS的能力，结果在个别决议笼内网箱数量。 </li></ol></li><li> 长期LMA测试程序 <ol><li>测试长期LMA在主动/暗的光周期阶段。确保时间相对光周期是一样的，在所有群体中，LMA如下黄昏模式，更多的活动在暗周期1期的早期和晚期。测试记录各组小鼠的实验和对照组，以确保尽量减少潜在的LMA时空差异的影响。 </li><li>个别的房子，并在修改后的至少24小时的笼驯化试验鼠。 </li><li>将分笼笼（含个体小鼠）直属相机。从笼子里取出所有嵌套/富集材料，以确保通畅的鼠标。鼠标挖洞进入排料将干扰的能力的VTS跟踪鼠标。放置一个透明有机玻璃盖每个网箱被记录上。 </li><li>当记录几个笼子，确保该决议是与VTS选择兼容。为了简化的VTS分析，位置相同的笼子里，在每个分（ 即右上角）。 </li><li>长期LMA的测试一般是在实时进行分析，通常不创建的视频记录。通过使用一个辅助摄像头，或者通过DVD刻录机连接到主摄像头，可以记录的视频记录。一定要保持个人的详细记录鼠标和组信息。 </li><li>设立VTS实时分析。整个笼地板应包括跟踪的投资回报率。设定投资回报的所有笼子里被记录。使用的VTS，计算总的移动距离（厘米）的运动速度（厘米/秒）的运动的持续时间（秒）。在图2中，检测变量为:2厘米/秒开始跟踪; 1.75厘米/秒停止跟踪。 </li><li>开始记录鼠标长期LMA。分析的计算机与通过时钟监视长期LMA测试的持续时间。 </li><li>在测试过程中，让所有实验者的老鼠的视线，以免作为一个外部的视觉线索。 </li><li>当测试完成后，返回/替换嵌套/富集材料，以减少潜在的发展焦虑样行为8。 </li></ol></li><li> 长期LMA分析 <ol><li>长期LMA分析的一代的视频记录的情况下发生在实时。导出到Microsoft Excel中的数据进行存储和分析，如果使用XT Ethovision 7。 </li><li>长期LMA要生成的视频记录，使用辅助摄像机。要确保副摄像头，拥有充足的存储容量足以存储潜在的冗长记录（S）。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Goulding, E. H., Schenk, A. K., Juneja, P., MacKay, A. W., Wade, J. M., Tecott, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+automated+system+elucidates+mouse+home+cage+behavioral+structure.">A robust automated system elucidates mouse home cage behavioral structure.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 20575-20582 (2008).</li><li>Kent, S., Bluth&#233;, R. M., Kelley, K. W., Dantzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sickness+behavior+as+a+new+target+for+drug+development.">Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development.</a> Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 24-28 (1992).</li><li>Dantzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine,+sickness+behavior,+and+depression.">Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression.</a> Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 29, 247-264 (2009).</li><li>Godbout, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exaggerated+neuroinflammation+and+sickness+behavior+in+aged+mice+following+activation+of+the+peripheral+innate+immune+system.">Exaggerated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in aged mice following activation of the peripheral innate immune system.</a> FASEB J. 19, 1329-1331 (2005).</li><li>York, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biobehavioral+and+neuroimmune+impact+of+low-dose+ionizing+radiation.">The biobehavioral and neuroimmune impact of low-dose ionizing radiation.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 218-227 (2012).</li><li>York, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individually+ventilated+cages+cause+chronic+low-grade+hypoxia+impacting+mice+hematologically+and+behaviorally.">Individually ventilated cages cause chronic low-grade hypoxia impacting mice hematologically and behaviorally.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 951-958 (2012).</li><li>Jennings, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refining+rodent+husbandry:+the+mouse.+Report+of+the+Rodent+Refinement+Working+Party.">Refining rodent husbandry: the mouse. Report of the Rodent Refinement Working Party.</a> Lab. Anim. 32, 233-259 (1998).</li><li>York, J. M., Blevins, N. A., Baynard, T., Freund, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+testing+methods+in+psychoneuroimmunology.">Mouse testing methods in psychoneuroimmunology.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 934, 243-276 (2012).</li><li>Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., Kelley, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+inflammation+to+sickness+and+depression:+when+the+immune+system+subjugates+the+brain.">From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 46-56 (2008).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+rodents.">Behavioral phenotyping of rodents.</a> Comp. Med. 53, 140-146 (2003).</li><li>Karelina, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+isolation+alters+neuroinflammatory+response+to+stroke.">Social isolation alters neuroinflammatory response to stroke.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 5895-5900 (2009).</li></ol>

作者宣称没有利益冲突。

小鼠疾病的症状包括嗜睡，利息损失在社会和环境方面的环境，全身乏力和厌食2-3。在小鼠和其他啮齿类动物，LMA可以被用来评估疾病的免疫激活后4-5。此外，长期LMA提供能够跟踪运动超过24小时（或更大）期间，允许分析治疗引起的昼夜行为或干扰睡眠/唤醒模式的改变。 LMA提供几个优势超过其他疾病的测试，因为它是无创，简单地进行重复测量或连续的方式，是微创混杂。与?...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="586">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="276">
			<td height="276">Video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>HDR-XR500V</td>
			<td>Other, similar video cameras may work as well. The file storage format (codec/container) must be compatible with the VTS used. It is recommended when initially establishing a VTS to choose the VTS first and work with the vendor in choosing an appropriate camera, especially with respects to file format and video resolution compatibility.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="331">
			<td height="331">Opaque cage dividers</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Custom fabricated based on specific cage dimensions. To facilitate image analysis, dividers should be of a similar color to the cage bedding. Structurally fixed dividers are preferrable because they speed setup between multi-mice experiments, such as those involving repeated measurements. Sturdy transportable cage dividers can be constructed of 1/2 inch opaque plastic and joined via a series of cross laps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74">Light or Dark bedding (opposite of mouse coat color)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Available from several laboratory animal supply distributors, depending on location.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37">Clear Plexiglas cage tops</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Custom fabricated based on cage dimensions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="92">
			<td height="92">Automated video tracking software (EthoVision XT 7)</td>
			<td>Noldus Information Technology</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>A variety of VTS manufacturers exist, use of other software may suffice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55">PC</td>
			<td>Dell Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>See VTS software providers minimum PC .requirements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83">White noise generator</td>
			<td>Dohm</td>
			<td>DS</td>
			<td>A variety of white noise generators are available, depending on need.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="146">
			<td height="146">Brooder clamp lights with red light bulbs</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Several sizes and styles available. Number required depends on room size/lighting needs. Do not exceed 125 lumens in the testing room.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62">Lab bench or butcher paper</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Paper should match or be very similar in color to the cage bedding.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse short- and long-term locomotor activity analyzed by video tracking software

自主活动（LMA）在老鼠及其他啮齿动物的行为是一种简单，方便地完成测量。视频目标跟踪软件（VTS）中的改进，使得它能够被连接到LMA的测试，方法与人工计分的线交叉时相比，显着提高的特异性和敏感性。此外，VTS使高通量实验。虽然类似的开放的现场测试（OFT）用于自动视频跟踪，LMA测试的独特之处在于它可以让老鼠留在他们家笼不利用导致焦虑的刺激，明亮的灯光明暗，在活跃期周期。传统上，LMA已被用于很短的时间（分钟），而较长的运动的研究（小时，天）是经常用的发射器和生物遥测植入。随着实时跟踪的选项，长，像短期LMA测试，现在可以进行录像。长期的LMA测试需要专门的但容易建造，笼，使食物和水（通常定位上笼顶）不妨碍摄像。重要的是，录像和VTS可量化的参数，如鼠标移动的路径，有困难或不可行的测量线道口和/或生物遥测。总之，LMA测试耦合到VTS中的鼠标移动，在一段较长的时间，它可以检查运动提供了一个更完整的描述。

重复测量的结果的一个例子中，短期LMA测试图1中所示。这一数字表明，脂多糖（LPS）管理后，小鼠独立通风笼具（IVC）坐落在短期复苏的自发活动的速度比周围环境隔离罩（AEC）6安置在小鼠。虽然最初的运动活性的损失LPS注射组之间是相似的，恢复至基底LMA更迅速的下腔静脉安置老鼠的移动速度（ 图1b）和持续时间的移动（ 图1c）。重复测量模型的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software at JoVE.com

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

运动活性（LMA）是一个简单而容易地进行测量，在小鼠的行为。视频跟踪软件（VTS）和LMA的耦合允许的特异性和灵敏度的提高，尤其是当同手动，线相交时，LMA分析方法相比。此外，VTS允许长期跟踪鼠标LMA。

鼠标短期和长期活动性分析视频跟踪软件

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

mouse-short-long-term-locomotor-activity-analyzed-video-tracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.1K 次观看.  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 运动活性（LMA）是一个简单而容易地进行测量，在小鼠的行为。视频跟踪软件（VTS）和LMA的耦合允许的特异性和灵敏度的提高，尤其是当同手动，线相交时，LMA分析方法相比。此外，VTS允许长期跟踪鼠标LMA。

视频: Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Studies of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, an activity-dependent synaptic phenomenon having properties that make it attractive as a potential cellular mechanism underlying learning and information storage, have long been used to elucidate the physiology of various neuronal circuits in the hippocampus, amygdala, and other limbic and cortical structures. With this in mind, transgenic mouse models of neurological diseases represent useful platforms to conduct long-term&#160;potentiation (LTP) studies to develop a greater understanding of the role of genes in normal and abnormal synaptic communication in neuronal networks involved in learning, emotion and information processing. This article describes methodologies for reliably inducing LTP in the freely behaving mouse. These methodologies can be used in studies of transgenic and knockout freely&#160;behaving mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Transgenic and knockout mouse models of neurological diseases are useful for studying the role of genes in normal and abnormal neurophysiology. This article describes methodologies which can be used to study long-term potentiation, a cellular mechanism which may underlie learning and memory, in transgenic and knockout freely&#160;behaving mouse models of neuropathology.

穿通通路 - 齿状回突触在自由活动的小鼠长时程增强

Studies of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, an activity-dependent synaptic phenomenon having properties that make it attractive as a potential ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

行为和运动测量使用一个开放的领域活动监控系统的骨骼肌疾病

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate objects and tools in our environment. Such behaviors are impaired by many sensorimotor disorders, yet our current understanding of their neural control is far from complete. Current technologies for investigating human reach-to-grasp movements often utilize motion tracking systems that can be expensive, require the attachment of markers or sensors to the hands, impede natural movement and sensory feedback, and provide kinematic output that can be difficult to interpret. While generally effective for studying the stereotypical reach-to-grasp movements of healthy sighted adults, many of these technologies face additional limitations when attempting to study the unpredictable and idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements of young infants, unsighted adults, and patients with neurological disorders. Thus, we present a novel, inexpensive, and highly reliable yet flexible protocol for quantifying the temporal and kinematic structure of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans. High speed video cameras capture multiple views of the reach-to-grasp movement. Frame-by-frame video analysis is then used to document the timing and magnitude of pre-defined behavioral events such as movement start, collection, maximum height, peak aperture, first contact, and final grasp. The temporal structure of the movement is reconstructed by documenting the relative frame number of each event while the kinematic structure of the hand is quantified using the ruler or measure function in photo editing software to calibrate 2 dimensional linear distances between two body parts or between a body part and the target. Frame-by-frame video analysis can provide a quantitative and comprehensive description of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements and will enable researchers to expand their area of investigation to include a greater range of naturalistic prehensile behaviors, guided by a wider variety of sensory modalities, in both healthy and clinical populations.

This protocol describes how to use frame-by-frame video analysis to quantify idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans. A comparative analysis of reaching in sighted versus unsighted healthy adults is used to demonstrate the technique, but the method can also be applied to the study of developmental and clinical populations.

人体特异 Reach-to-Grasp 运动的帧-帧视频分析

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

一种新的单动物运动功能跟踪系统, 使用简单、易于使用的软件

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

经典短时滞上只是一眨眼在一岁儿童中的调节作用

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among these traits, foraging behavior is one of the useful windows into functional advantages of behavioral trait evolution. Presented herein are updated methods for analyzing vibration attraction behavior (VAB: an adaptive foraging behavior) and imaging of associated mechanosensors of cave-adapted tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. In addition, methods are presented for high-throughput tracking of a series of additional cavefish behaviors including hyperactivity and sleep-loss. Cavefish also show asociality, repetitive behavior and higher anxiety. Therefore, cavefish serve as an animal model for evolved behaviors. These methods use free-software and custom-made scripts that can be applied to other types of behavior. These methods provide practical and cost-effective alternatives to commercially available tracking software.

Here, we present methods for high-throughput study of a series of the Mexican cavefish behaviors and vital staining of a mechanosensory system. These methods use free-software and custom-made scripts, providing a practical and cost-effective method for the studies of behaviors.

墨西哥辣鱼的行为跟踪与神经吻合

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among ...

Short Session High Intensity Interval Training and Treadmill Assessment in Aged Mice

High intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as a therapeutic approach to prevent, delay, or ameliorate frailty. In particular short session HIIT, with regimens less than or equal to 10 min is of particular interest as several human studies feature routines as short as a few minutes a couple times a week. However, there is a paucity of animal studies that model the impacts of short session HIIT. Here, we describe a methodology for an individually tailored and progressive short session HIIT regimen of 10 min given 3 days a week for aged mice using an inclined treadmill. Our methodology also includes protocols for treadmill assessment. Mice are initially acclimatized to the treadmill and then given baseline flat and uphill treadmill assessments. Exercise sessions begin with a 3 min warm-up, then three intervals of 1 min at a fast pace, followed by 1 min at an active recovery pace. Following these intervals, the mice are given a final segment that starts at the fast pace and accelerates for 1 min. The HIIT protocol is individually tailored as the speed and intensity for each mouse are determined based upon initial anaerobic assessment scores. Additionally, we detail the conditions for increasing or decreasing the intensity for individual mice depending on performance. Finally, intensity is increased for all mice every two weeks. We previously reported in this protocol enhanced physical performance in aged male mice and here show it also increases treadmill performance in aged female mice. Advantages of our protocol include low administration time (about 15 min per 6 mice, 3 days a week), strategy for individualizing for mice to better model prescribed exercise, and a modular design that allows for the addition or removal of the number and length of intervals to titrate exercise benefits.

Short session (&#8804;10 min) high intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as an alternative to longer exercise modalities, yet the shorter variants are rarely modeled in animal studies. Here, we describe a 10 min, 3 day a week, uphill treadmill HIIT protocol that enhances physical performance in male and female aged mice.

老年小鼠短期高强度间隔训练与跑步机评价

High intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as a therapeutic approach to prevent, delay, or ameliorate frailty. In particular short session HIIT, ...