Los autores desean agradecer a G. Shambat, C. Phillips, K. Aghaei para discusiones valiosas, F. Afshinmanesh para SEM imágenes, T. Marvdashti apoyo experimental, y MF Churbanov y GE Snopatin del Instituto de Química de alta pureza Sustancias y VG Plotnichenko y EM Dianov del Centro de Investigación de Fibra Óptica de la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia para la prestación del As 2 S 3 fibra. También estamos agradecidos por el apoyo de la Oficina de Investigación Naval, la NASA, la Fuerza Aérea Oficina de Investigación Científica, Agilent, y la Oficina de Tecnologías de Conjunto.

1. Disminución gradual de fabricación Configuración (Consulte Instalación Montado en la Figura 1) <ol><li> Asegure las etapas lineales motorizados en el tablero (más o menos centrada) de manera que las etapas están en contacto y se traducirán hacia y lejos el uno del otro </li><li> Prepare y coloque los soportes de fibra <ol><li> Adjuntar dos mensajes ópticos a las placas de etapa lineal motorizados (uno cada uno) utilizando los orificios más cercanos el uno al otro. </li><li> Fije los soportes de fibra óptica desnuda de la parte superior de los postes. Asegúrese de que las ranuras en V de la fibra están alineados. (Nota: La altura de los soportes de fibra óptica desnuda será más o menos ser la altura del haz del sistema Elija el futuro post y alturas de pedestal en consecuencia..) </li></ol></li><li> Prepare y coloque la entrada y salida de elementos de acoplamiento <ol><li> Fije las etapas de traducción lineales para las etapas lineales motorizados (uno para la entrada y uno para el lado de salida) con las placas adaptadoras. </li><li> Coloque la AR recubierto ZnSe entrada acoplamiento lens (montado en un soporte óptico con x y la traducción y en un pedestal) en la etapa de traducción entrada. Elija una distancia focal que da acoplamiento óptimo de la fuente de la bomba para el núcleo de la fibra. Asegúrese de que el centro de la lente está a la misma altura como las ranuras en V de las abrazaderas de fibra. </li><li> Coloque la lente de acoplamiento de salida de ZnSe sin recubrimiento (montado en un soporte óptico con x y la traducción y en un pedestal) en la etapa de traducción de salida. Asegúrese de que el centro de la lente está en la misma altura que la ranura en V. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar y colocar el elemento de calentamiento (tal como se muestra en la Figura 2) <ol><li> Máquina el bloque de aluminio a las dimensiones deseadas (~ 6 mm x 25,4 mm x 17,5 mm) con agujeros para la fibra (con una ranura para insertar y retirar la fibra) y para el control de la temperatura de la fibra, los agujeros para los calentadores de cartucho, y 8 / 32 agujeros roscados en la parte superior e inferior para el montaje y fijación de los calentadores de cartucho. </li><li> Inserte los calentadores de cartucho de tél agujeros correspondientes del bloque de aluminio y seguro con 8/32 tornillos de fijación. </li><li> Adjuntar un puesto de cerámica al tornillo 8/32 set top para el aislamiento térmico. </li><li> Adjuntar un puesto óptico para el poste de cerámica y el uso de un poste derecho abrazadera de ángulo con un puesto óptica adicional para asegurar el calentador a la etapa de XYZ lineal. </li><li> Fije la etapa lineal XYZ a la placa de prueba de manera que el orificio para el Como 2 S 3 de fibra en el calentador de aluminio puede estar centrada con las ranuras en V de las abrazaderas de fibra. </li><li> Traducir el calentador de aluminio con la etapa lineal XYZ para que el calentador ya no está cerca de las abrazaderas de fibra óptica desnuda, lo que permite que la fibra sea asegurado sin obstrucción. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Calcogenuros Preparación de fibra <ol><li> Soak una longitud deseada de la camisa de Como 2 S 3 de fibra (debe ser mayor que 8,5 cm-la longitud de la fibra con camisa necesario para cada cinta por fibra) en acetona durante aproximadamente 10 min o hasta que elchaqueta se vuelve suave. (Use el disolvente adecuado para la chaqueta si se utiliza una fibra diferente). </li><li> Retire suavemente la chaqueta ablandada con un KIMWIPE, la eliminación de una sección de no más de 5 cm a la vez. </li><li> Limpie la fibra desnuda con isopropanol en una KIMWIPE. </li><li> Utilice el castor cuchilla para romper un extremo del As 2 S 3 fibra. Imagen de la punta de la fibra desechado para inspeccionar la calidad unirá. </li><li> Mida y romper al menos una pieza de 6,35 cm de longitud de la fibra. Esta longitud de la fibra debe ser ~ 2 cm más largo que la longitud necesaria para la fibra que apenas sobresalen de las abrazaderas de fibra. </li><li> Utilice la cola de castor cuchilla para escindir el segundo extremo de la fibra. Imagen de la punta de la fibra desechado para inspeccionar la calidad unirá. Evite el contacto con el primer extremo cortado de la fibra. </li><li> Coloque la fibra en las abrazaderas de fibra de la configuración cónica. Evitar tocar el centro de la fibra (en el que se calienta la fibra). </li></ol> 3. Toque fibra In-situEring Procedimiento <ol><li> Pareja la fuente bomba de infrarrojo medio para el modo fundamental de la fibra con la lente de ZnSe recubierto con AR (f = 12,7 mm). Usar la lente de ZnSe sin revestir (f = 20 mm) a la imagen de la cara de salida de la fibra con la Pyrocam para asegurar el poder es principalmente en el modo fundamental. Asegúrese de que el haz de bombeo se propaga a lo largo del eje de la fibra. Si no lo es, el acoplamiento va a cambiar una vez que las etapas motorizadas comienzan a moverse. </li><li><ol><li> Coloque un helicóptero en frente de la fuente de bombeo. (Este paso es necesario para detectores acoplados de CA). </li><li> Pareja la salida de la fibra a través del monocromador y para el detector InSb utilizando los no recubiertos CaF 2 lentes (f = 20 mm) antes y después del monocromador. </li><li> Girar la rejilla del monocromador para permitir que el lado de longitud de onda larga del espectro pase a través del monocromador hasta que la señal transmitida es apenas por encima del ruido de fondo (en ~ 3,9 micras). En lugar de filtroING con el monocromador (pasos 3.2.2 y 3.2.3), un filtro óptico apropiado se puede utilizar para medir la potencia en longitudes de onda detectables más larga que la longitud de onda más larga contenido medible de la bomba. </li></ol></li><li> Traducir el calentador de aluminio hasta que la fibra se desliza a través de la hendidura y se centra en el agujero de la fibra del calentador de aluminio. </li><li> Coloque el nivel sensor RTD con uno de los calentadores de cartucho. Presione suavemente el sensor RTD contra el calentador de aluminio de modo que lo que está en contacto con el bloque, como se muestra en la Figura 2. Si el RTD no está en contacto con el calentador correctamente (o no de una manera repetible), la temperatura del bloque será desconocido y hacer que la fibra se rompa durante el ahusamiento. Asegúrese de que la señal para el monocromador no ha disminuido. <ol><li> Un pequeño RTD se puede colocar en el interior del otro orificio del bloque calentador para controlar la temperatura en el agujero. (Opcional) </li></ol></li><li> Utilice el microscopio digital para imago la fibra en el bloque del calentador para permitir la supervisión de la fibra durante el proceso de adelgazamiento. (Opcional) </li><li> Cubra la instalación con una caja (con agujeros para la entrada y salida de las vigas) para reducir el flujo de aire y permitir una temperatura disminuyendo estable. </li><li> Con los calentadores de IDT y el cartucho conectado, encienda el controlador de temperatura. Ajustar la temperatura a ~ 200 ° C, donde la fibra comienza a ablandarse (la temperatura exacta dependerá de las dimensiones del calentador, la temperatura ambiente, y el flujo de aire alrededor de la fibra). </li><li> Una vez la temperatura es estable alrededor del punto de ajuste, iniciar el programa Labview que traduce las etapas motorizadas de distancia el uno del otro en ~ 10 m / s en cada dirección. </li><li> Monitorear la señal del detector InSb, que es la señal de medición espectral. Una vez que la señal del detector alcanza su valor máximo (tenga cuidado de no saturar el detector), deje las platinas motorizadas y apague los calentadores de cartucho (controlador de temperatura). </li><li> Espere a ~ 10 min para la fibra para solidificar (la señal del detector disminuye un poco durante este proceso, muy probablemente debido a la dependencia de la temperatura del índice de refracción o la contracción térmica). </li><li> Traducir el bloque del calentador largo de la fibra hacia una abrazadera de fibra, donde la fibra es cilíndrica. Entonces traducir el bloque calentador lejos de la fibra utilizando la hendidura en el bloque del calentador para permitir que la fibra de pasar. </li><li> Caracterizar el SCG a través de mediciones espectrales con el monocromador. Un filtro de InAs puede ser necesaria para medir con precisión la parte de longitud de onda larga del espectro. </li><li> Retire la fibra si se desea. </li></ol>

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Una patente de Estados Unidos provisional se ha presentado la protección de la tecnología descrita en este artículo.

Hemos demostrado un nuevo procedimiento se estrecha fibra y verificado su validez mediante la realización de SCG en el infrarrojo medio. Para el mejor de nuestro conocimiento, el método alternativo para esta aplicación se basa en la determinación de la longitud de extracción de fibra necesaria para crear un diámetro de fibra cónica que añade suficiente dispersión de guía de onda para optimizar SCG en el cono de fibra a través de cálculo, sin embargo, ya que la longitud de extracción necesario para maximizar...

Después de haber sido producido por primera vez en la gama de longitud de onda visible 1,7 fuentes de SCG se han desplazado hacia el infrarrojo medio, en gran parte impulsado por las aplicaciones de la espectroscopia. 3, 4 fibras calcogenuro, que incluyen sulfuros, seleniuros y telururos, han sido un material popular para A mediados de los IR debido a su baja pérdida de propagación y alta no linealidad, 18 a menos de 100 dB / km y 19 ~ 200 veces mayor que la de la sílice para As 2 S 3, 20 respectivamente. Sin embargo, la longitud de onda GVD cero de la mayoría de los calcogenuros está situado en el infrarrojo medio, más allá de la longitud de onda central de la mayoría de las fuentes de la bomba ultrarrápidos disponibles, haciendo SCG un reto en un material a granel o un modo de fibra calcogenuro único estándar. Dispersión de guía de ondas se puede utilizar para modificar el punto de GVD cero para SCG. 7 Los métodos para la introducción de una fuerte dispersión de guía de ondas incluyen la fibra se estrecha, 8, 21 el uso de fibras microestructurados, 22-24 oincluso una combinación de los dos. 10 Al cambiar la longitud de onda GVD cero por debajo de la longitud de onda de la bomba, la bomba va a experimentar dispersión anómala en la fibra. En el régimen de dispersión anómala, la formación de solitones se produce a través de equilibrar el chirp lineal causada por modulación de fase uno mismo y escuchar los pitidos lineal causada por la EVI. Para una fuente de bomba de femtosegundo, ensanchamiento espectral es generalmente dominada por la fisión solitón o ruptura de pulso, que se produce después de una compresión temporal inicial como el pulso se propaga a lo largo de la fibra. 7 En el caso de la fibra se estrecha, el cálculo del total de GVD-incluyendo tanto materiales como guía de onda de dispersión puede proporcionar una aproximación de la forma cónica de diámetro final necesaria para producir un espectro ampliado significativamente. Debido a la fuerte dependencia de SCG en GVD y las fluctuaciones entre los ensayos experimentales, incluyendo cambios a la longitud de la fibra antes de la región cónica y el acoplamiento de la bomba a la fibra, la aproximación calculada no es suficiente fo alcanzar una forma cónica optimizada en un solo ensayo. Monitoreo espectral permite estas variaciones en la configuración experimental a ser observados y contabilizados en cónica in-situ. Por otra parte, la generación de una supercontinuum eficiente (SC) en una fibra corta cónica reduce la cantidad de ruido de amplificación no lineal preservar la coherencia del SCG y las propiedades peine de frecuencia de la fuente de bombeo. Gestión 25-27 adecuada dispersión, y por lo tanto la necesidad de en situ se estrecha, se hace aún más crítico cuando la longitud de la fibra es corta, como las escalas de tolerancia SCG con longitud. La configuración cónica in situ comienza con la fuente de la bomba, que es el subarmónico de un láser de modo bloqueado dopado con Er fibra, 9 acoplado en el núcleo de la Como 2 S 3 de fibra que va a ser cónica. La salida de la fibra se acopla a continuación a un dispositivo que caracteriza el perfil espectral. En la experimENT, un detector InSb después de un monocromador con ~ 20 nm de resolución se utiliza para supervisar una parte del espectro de salida donde existe inicialmente una señal de muy bajo de la fuente de la bomba (en ~ 3,9 micras) de modo que la fibra se puede monitorizar mientras ahusamiento. Cuando la fibra se estrecha y ensancha el espectro, se incrementa la señal de medición espectrales como la dispersión se optimiza para el experimento individual. Al monitorear el espectro durante el procedimiento de ahusamiento, que se estrecha puede ser detenido en el momento en que el ensanchamiento espectral se ha maximizado. Ahusada in situ permite la gestión de dispersión optimizado para SCG eficiente en una sola cinta por fibra. Ahusamiento con una, zona de calor estrecha estática produce un corto intermedio estrechado de fibra, 28 que permite la SCG bajo nivel de ruido. Juntos, estático in-situ se estrecha puede permitir coherente, bajo nivel de ruido, la octava que abarca SCG en el infrarrojo medio.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Linear Stages</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>MFA-PPD</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>ESP301</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Block</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dimensions will vary depending on desired taper length.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RTD Sensor</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>1PT100GX1510</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cartridge Heaters</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSS-01115/120V</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSC32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>CVI</td>
			<td>07TXS224</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>422-1S</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>XYZ Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>461</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Optical Breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB12</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AL72512-E</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Input coupling focal length depends on pump source and fiber mode field diameter.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>NT62-961</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Box</td>
			<td>Any type will do.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must be large enough to allow stage movement. Needs apertures for input and output coupling of light.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ceramic Optical Post</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Digital Microscope</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Table Clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CL5</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bare Fiber clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>HFF003</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 1. Tapering Setup Materials.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>As2S3 Optical Fiber</td>
			<td>Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors, such as CorActive. </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Beavertail Cleaver</td>
			<td>Fiber Network Tools</td>
			<td>S-315</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Hand cleaving or polishing fiber tips can also produce high quality fiber tips.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>KimWipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetone, Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 2. Materials for Chalcogenide Fiber Preparation.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pyrocam</td>
			<td>Ophir Photonics</td>
			<td>Pyrocam III Series</td>
			<td>Any camera with sensitivity at pump wavelength will work.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Monochromator</td>
			<td>Photon Technology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A 100 line/mm grating was used. Any spectral measurement device will work (e.g. longpass filter). </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CaF2 Lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LB5922</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>InAs Filter</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Amplified InSb Detector</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>P4631-03</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB X Series</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for motorized stages</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for collecting detector data</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1" Gold mirrors</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chopper and controller</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td>SRS Model SR540</td>
			<td>Optional. Depends on detector being used.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 3. Materials for In-situ Tapering Procedure.</td>
	 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

in-situ tapering of chalcogenide fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Generación supercontinuum (SCG) en una fibra de calcogenuro cónica es deseable para la ampliación del infrarrojo medio (o infrarrojo medio, más o menos el rango de longitud de onda de 2-20 micras) los peines de frecuencia 1, 2 para aplicaciones tales como huellas moleculares, la detección de gases traza 3, 4 aceleración de partículas por láser impulsado, 5 y de rayos X a través de la producción de generación de armónicos. 6 El logro de SCG eficiente en una fibra óptica cónico requiere un control preciso de la dispersión de velocidad de grupo (EVI) y las propiedades temporales de los impulsos ópticos en el comienzo de la fibra, 7 que dependen fuertemente de la geometría de la forma cónica. 8 Debido a las variaciones en la configuración de ahusamiento y el procedimiento para SCG sucesivos experimentos-tales como longitud de la fibra, disminuyendo la temperatura ambiente, o de tensión acoplada en la fibra, monitorización espectral in situ de los la SCG es necesario para optimizar el espectro de salida de un solo experimento. Fibra in situ se estrecha para SCG consiste en el acoplamiento de la fuente de bombeo a través de la fibra a ser cónico para un dispositivo de medición espectral. La fibra es entonces cónica, mientras que la señal de medición espectral se observa en tiempo real. Cuando la señal llega a su punto máximo, se detiene la cónica. El procedimiento se estrecha in situ permite la generación de un establo, octava-que abarca, peine de frecuencias IR medio de la sub armónica de un peine de frecuencia de IR cercano disponible comercialmente. 9 Este método reduce el coste debido a la reducción en el tiempo y materiales necesarios para la fabricación de un cono con una longitud óptima de la cintura de sólo 2 mm. La técnica se estrecha in situ se puede extender a la optimización de fibra óptica microestructurada (MOF) para SCG 10 o la sintonización de la banda de paso de MOF, 11 pares de fibra cónicos optimización para acopladores de fibra fundida 12 y multiplexores de división de longitud de onda (WDM), 13o la modificación de compensación de la dispersión para la compresión o estiramiento de los pulsos ópticos. 14-16

Después de completar con éxito el procedimiento de ahusamiento in situ, el espectro de la bomba amplió para cubrir 2,2-5 micras (en ~ 40 dB por debajo del pico), como se ve en la Figura 3. La energía del pulso de la bomba en el As 2 S 3 de fibra fue de ~ 250 Pj con una duración del impulso inicial de menos de 100 fs. La corta longitud de la cintura ahusada, ~ 2,1 mm, permite la generación de una banda ancha, coherente SC. Esto preserva las propiedades peine de frecue...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation at JoVE.com

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

Se describe un método para<em&gt; In-situ</em&gt; Ahusamiento de Como<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Fibras para lograr la generación supercontinuum infrarrojo medio eficiente. Por disminuyendo mientras se monitorea el espectro de la supercontinuum, la anchura espectral se puede maximizar para un cono de fibra.<em&gt; In-situ</em&gt; Fibra cónica se puede aplicar a optimizar el rendimiento de otros dispositivos basados ​​en fibra.

In-situ Disminución gradual de la fibra calcogenuro para Generación supercontinuum infrarrojo medio

Supercontinuum  generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared  (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength ...

in-situ-tapering-chalcogenide-fiber-for-mid-infrared-supercontinuum

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

12.2K vistas.  Stanford University. Se describe un método para In-situ Ahusamiento de Como 2 S 3 Fibras para lograr la generación supercontinuum infrarrojo medio eficiente. Por disminuyendo mientras se monitorea el espectro de la supercontinuum, la anchura espectral se puede maximizar para un cono de fibra. In-situ Fibra cónica se puede aplicar a optimizar el rendimiento de otros dispositivos basados ​​en fibra.

Video: In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

In Situ de neutrones polvo Difracción Uso de baterías de litio-ion por encargo

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

De fibra óptica para sensores distribuidos de alta resolución de mapeo de temperatura Campo

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

Electropulverización La deposición de espesor uniforme Ge<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt; Sb<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt; Y As<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt; calcogenura las películas de cristal

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

Alta Fabrication Temperatura de-estabilizada con itria-óxido de circonio andamios nanoestructurados (YSZ) por<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; carbono Templating xerogeles

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

Un nuevo método para<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Caracterización electromecánica de especímenes de nanoescala

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

Ion enfocado viga fabricación de Nanobatteries LiPON basado en estado sólido-ion de litio para la prueba In Situ

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

Método de instalación para mejorar el Control de calidad de fibra reforzado con anclajes de espiga de polímero

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

Punta de aguja ultrasónica tridimensional de seguimiento con un receptor de ultrasonido de fibra óptica

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

Procedimiento experimental para estudios de laboratorio de In Situ combustión: inflamabilidad y la eficiencia de quema de petróleo crudo

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

Diseño y fabricación de una fibra óptica hecha de agua

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...