Este trabajo fue financiado (en parte) por el Helmholtz Alianza ICEMED - Imágenes y Enfermedades Metabólicas de curado ambiental, a través del Fondo de Iniciativa y Red de la Asociación Helmholtz, una beca de la Fundación Else Kroener-Fresenius, y una beca de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ( SFB 655: Las células en los tejidos).

El trabajo se adhiere a la Declaración de Helsinski y la Declaración Animal ARVO. Los animales fueron utilizados para la recogida de tejido y se siguieron todos los procedimientos pertinentes de acuerdo con las instrucciones del Bioterio de la Universidad de Dresde. Los animales fueron tratados y acomodados de acuerdo con las pautas federales alemanes para el uso y cuidado de animales de laboratorio, y el estudio fue aprobado por el Landesdirektion Dresden. Por favor, consulte con la política veterinaria de su institución (IACUC o el otro tablero) con respecto a la metodología de la eutanasia apropiada. Títulos concretos y las concentraciones de trabajo de los reactivos se pueden encontrar en las Tablas de reactivos que acompañan este protocolo. 1. Dish Cultura Preparación <ol><li> Platos capa con un volumen suficiente de 75 mg / ml de poli-L-ornitina (es decir, 2 ml / pocillo de una placa de 6 pocillos) durante la noche en la incubadora de cultivo celular 2 días antes de la fecha programada de disección. </li><li&gt; Aspirar el poli-L-ornitina el siguiente día y lavar cada pocillo 2 veces con 3 ml de PBS durante 5 min. </li><li> Retire el lavado final, a continuación, agregar la fibronectina (diluido 1:250, 4 g / ml en PBS) a la placa y colocar los platos en la incubadora durante la noche. </li><li> Aspirar la fibronectina en el día de la disección y lavan los platos 2x con PBS. Vuelva a poner las placas todavía contienen la PBS de lavado final a la incubadora hasta que el tejido disociado está listo para el cultivo. En ese tiempo, retirar el PBS antes de la galjanoplastia del tejido. </li><li> Placas tienda recubiertos con poli-L-ornithinein la incubadora durante un máximo de 3 semanas. Las placas recubiertas con fibronectina pueden almacenarse hasta por 1 semana. Recubrimiento fibronectina se puede hacer en tan sólo 2 horas en caso de urgencia. La fibronectina es susceptible a la desnaturalización; no agitar la solución o permiten secado de la vajilla. </li></ol> 2. Disección / Revestimiento <ol><li> Este protocolo se aplica a la utilización de 3 ratas adultas (3-6 meses de edad). </li><li> ChilL el cerebro de seccionamiento de bloques en hielo antes de la eutanasia de la rata. </li><li> Colocar un tubo Falcon de 15 ml que contiene 5 ml de medio N2 con adición de bFGF en hielo. </li><li> La eutanasia a las ratas de acuerdo con la política veterinaria de su institución. </li><li> Retire el cerebro contra el cráneo al hacer una incisión en la línea media de la cabeza. El uso de fórceps para despegar el hueso que permite al cerebro a extraer con cuidado. </li><li> Coloque el cerebro en un plato de Petri de 10 cm que contiene hielo frío PBS. Esto eliminará cualquier pelo residual y sangre. (Figura 1A) </li><li> Coloque el cerebro en el bloque de corte frío. (Figura 1B) </li><li> Inserte una nueva hoja de afeitar limpia en el bloque como se muestra en la Figura 1C. </li><li> Inserte una segunda mm caudal de afeitar limpia hoja 3 a la primera, como se ilustra en la Figura 1D. </li><li> Levante con cuidado las hojas de la manzana, llevando con ellos la sección de interés. </li><li> Flote el secCIÓN fuera de la hoja por inmersión en PBS. (Figura 1) </li><li> Tejido de cosecha de la zona de interés (en este ejemplo se utiliza la comisura anterior, (anterior) ACA, Figura 1F) usando # 5 pinzas y recoger en un tubo cónico de 15 ml que contiene 1 ml de medio N2 contiene bFGF. </li><li> Mueva el tubo en una campana de cultivo de células de flujo laminar, continua el resto del protocolo en condiciones estériles. </li><li> Mecánicamente disociar el tejido usando una punta de pipeta de 1 ml unido a una pipeta P1000. De pipeta arriba y abajo varias veces (aproximadamente 20x a una velocidad de 1 ciclo de pipeteado por segundo) mientras presiona la abertura de la punta de la pipeta contra la parte inferior del tubo cónico (Figuras 1G 1-3). Deja de trituración cuando la solución se vuelve homogénea. </li><li> Deje que la solución repose durante 2 min para permitir que cualquier tejido no disociada grandes se asienten en el fondo. (Figura 1G 4) </li><li> Recoger el homogeneous sobrenadante y colocar en un tubo cónico que contiene 8,5 ml de medio N2 más 20 ng ml bFGF /, 500 ng ml Dll4 /, 500 ng / ml Ang2 y 200 nMJAK inhibidor. </li><li> Placa de ellos en 3 pocillos de una placa de 6 pocillos usando 3 ml de solución diluida de células / pocillo. </li><li> Colocar la placa en un incubador de células humidificado a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2, 5% de O 2. </li></ol> 3. Cuidado Diario <ol><li> Sustituya el medio en las placas de cultivo con N2 medio que contiene bFGF, Ang2, Dll4 y JAK inhibidor de 24 horas después de la siembra. </li><li> Añadir un bolo de bFGF, Dll4, Ang2, y el inhibidor de JAK en el día siguiente. </li><li> Continúe con este proceso de alternancia de los cambios de medios y adiciones de los factores para un total de 10 a 14 días. </li></ol> 4. Inducción de la diferenciación <ol><li> Retirar bFGF, Dll4, Ang2 y JAK inhibidor que contiene medio y sustituirlo por medio N2 que no contiene ningún factor adicional. </li><li> Cambie el medio cada dos días. </li><li> Fijar las células después de 10 días y realizar inmunocitoquímica. </li></ol> 5. La detección inmunocitoquímica <ol><li> Aspirar el medio y fijar placas de cultivo de células con 2 ml de 4% de paraformaldehído durante 20 min. </li><li> Lavar 2x con 3 ml de PBS durante 5 min cada uno. </li><li> Aspirar PBS, a continuación, permeabilizar las células y bloquear mediante la adición de 2 ml de PBS que contenía 5% de suero normal de burro (NDS) y 0,1% de Triton X-100 durante 20 min. </li><li> Preparar la mezcla de anticuerpo primario en PBS que contenía 5% de NDS. El anticuerpo anti-nestina se puede utilizar para la identificación de los SC, mientras que TuJ1 (clase III β-tubulina), los anticuerpos GFAP, y CNPase se puede utilizar junto para un triple tinción de marcadores de diferenciación. </li><li> Aspirar la solución de bloqueo y añadir 1,5 ml de la mezcla de anticuerpo primario a cada pocillo. Incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 90 min. </li><li> Eliminar los anticuerpos primarios y lavar 2 veces con 3 ml de PBS, y 1x con 3 ml de PBS que contenía 5% de NDS durante 5 min cada uno. </li><li> Prepare la secundaria de anticuerpos en PBS que contenía 5% de NDS. </li><li> Aspirar el lavado final y añadir 1,5 ml de solución de anticuerpo secundario a cada pocillo. Incubar en la oscuridad durante 40 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Retire la solución de anticuerpo secundario y agregar 2 ml de una mancha DAPI recién preparada (500 ng / ml en PBS). Incubar durante 3 min. </li><li> Aspirar la solución DAPI luego lavar 3 veces con 3 ml de PBS durante 5 minutos cada uno. Las células pueden ahora ser visualizadas con un microscopio de fluorescencia. </li></ol>

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No tenemos nada que revelar.

Muchos de los pasos críticos de éxito en el aislamiento, expansión y diferenciación de las células madre neurales del cerebro adulto se comparten en común con las técnicas de cultivo de tejidos. El objetivo a tener en cuenta es que los comités directivos nacionales aisladas del cerebro adulto deben mantener la mayor cantidad de sus características in vivo como sea posible (Figura 2J). A menudo, un equilibrio entre la necesaria cautela y velocidad adecuada necesita ser golpeado. Cuidado...

El dogma central de la neurobiología, establecido por las observaciones fundamentales de la citoarquitectura cerebral realizada por Ramón Y. Cajal hace más de un siglo, sostuvo que la neurogénesis es poco probable después de la adolescencia debido a la complejidad de las redes neuronales que se encuentran en el sistema nervioso central 1. A pesar del trabajo de Altman en la década de 1960, y más tarde de Kaplan, lo que demuestra que 3 H-timidina se pudo encontrar en neuronas maduras que indican que, de hecho, las neuronas se generaban en distintas áreas del cerebro adulto, el dogma continuó manteniendo 2, 3. Evidencia continuó creciendo con la investigación de Nottebohm describiendo los cambios estacionales en el número de neuronas presentes en los cerebros de pájaros cantores 4. No fue sino hasta 1999, cuando Gould et al. Trabajo publicado en la generación de neuronas en el hipocampo aumenta con el desempeño de las tareas de aprendizaje asociativo, en la rata, así como las observaciones de Kornack y Rakic ​​demostraciónTing continuó la neurogénesis en el macaco adulto que el concepto de un cerebro menos rígida, más plástico, se reconoció 5, 6. La búsqueda de la fuente celular para estas neuronas generadas de novo condujo al descubrimiento de una discreta población de células madre (SCS) que residen en áreas del cerebro conocida como nichos 7. La zona subventricular y la zona granular sub del hipocampo se considera que son las dos principales regiones neurogénicas 8,9. Las células aisladas de estos lugares muestran la característica clásica de las SC derivados embrionarios o fetales, la auto-renovación y diferenciación potencial. En el caso de las células madre neurales (NSC), que pueden diferenciarse en neuronas, astrocitos, y oligodendrocitos. Además, estos SC tinción positiva para los marcadores NSC fetales, tales como la proteína de los filamentos intermedia nestina 10. Trabajos más recientes destaca que las SC no puede estar limitada a estos two áreas, y están, de hecho, localizada en el cerebro como una población en gran parte inactiva de células estrechamente asociadas con la vasculatura 11. Las observaciones de que las SC se movilizan en respuesta a la lesión sugiere la posibilidad de ser capaz de utilizar estas células con fines regenerativos para ayudar en la recuperación de los trastornos neurodegenerativos y los accidentes cerebrovasculares 12, 13. Esto no es a diferencia de la función que las células madre mesenquimales (MSCs) juegan en la curación de los tejidos conectivos, que se encuentran como células perivasculares que tienen el potencial de convertirse en osteoblastos, condrocitos, y células de tejido adiposo 14. Sin embargo, NSC no pueden ser cosechadas en la misma forma que las MSC de la médula ósea por aspiración de rutina y técnicas de centrifugación en gradiente de densidad y posteriormente utilizados en terapias basados ​​en células autólogas. Como consecuencia, otras fuentes de células, tales como el uso de NSC fetales o precursores neuronales derivadas de embcélulas madre ryonic han explorado extensivamente en enfermedades de los animales y modelos de lesión con diversos grados de éxito 15. Tecnologías de células madre pluripotentes inducidas que utilizan fuentes de células somáticas ofrecen otra vía potencial para la producción de terapias basadas en células terapéuticamente útiles para una amplia gama de aplicaciones, la superación de la limitada disponibilidad y preocupaciones éticas con respecto al uso de células embrionarias y tejidos fetales 16. Sin embargo, la traducción clínica de estos hallazgos ha demostrado ser una tarea difícil, como se demuestra en las luchas de el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades neurológicas con terapéutica basada en SC enfoques 17,18, así como un camino tortuoso a la aprobación regulatoria. Como un enfoque alternativo, la introducción de los tratamientos farmacológicos específicos puede modular los números de NSC y facilitar la recuperación en los modelos de la enfermedad de Parkinson y accidente cerebrovascular 19. Cualquiera que sea la estrategia podría ser, entendiendo cómo manipular eficazmente estas célulasrequiere un sistema accesible in vitro. Culturas del NSC se pueden realizar ya sea como agregado culturas, también conocidos como neuroesferas, o como una monocapa 8,20. Ambas técnicas se han utilizado ampliamente, lo que permite el establecimiento de condiciones de cultivo definidos, es decir, el uso de Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico (EGF) o factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos básico (bFGF) como una fuente de mitógeno, que proporcionan para la expansión de precursores multipotentes. Mientras que los cultivos de neuroesferas pueden ser más adecuados para el estudio de la capacidad de propagación clonal de un tipo de célula aislada, el sistema se ha demostrado que produce una población mixta de células durante la expansión 21. Además, la estructura cerrada de neuroesferas hace que la manipulación farmacológica de las células poco práctico, y la interpretación de la influencia de estos factores pueden tener podría ser confundido por el microambiente establecido dentro de la propia neuroesfera. Los cultivos monocapa, por otro lado, pueden serempleado en las pantallas de alto rendimiento de bibliotecas de pequeñas moléculas, que proporciona una poderosa herramienta para explorar los mecanismos de transducción de señales que regulan el crecimiento y la diferenciación SC y se abre la oportunidad de descubrir nuevos compuestos que se dirigen específicamente a esta población celular. Como consecuencia, la capacidad de generar de forma reproducible culturas de NSC adultos de diferentes regiones de interés en el cerebro se puede utilizar en un amplio espectro de aplicaciones de investigación, que van desde los estudios del desarrollo del sistema nervioso central (SNC) para explorar enfoques de medicina regenerativa nuevos . El protocolo presentado aquí muestra cómo diseccionar y evaluar el potencial de diferenciación de las SC SNC aislados del cerebro de roedores adultos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">6-well tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353934</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="190" rowspan="1" style="height:190px;width:216px;">Poly-L-ornithine</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">P-3655</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			5 mg/ml stock solution prepared in double distilled water (Stable for several months at -20 &#176;C).
			Working concentration 0.5 mg/ml in water (Stable for 1 month at 4 &#176;C).
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1030-Fn</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Do not agitate stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Filtration Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430769</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-090-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">See note below for complete N2 media preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-2036</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-0516</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:216px;">Putrescine</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-5780</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 M stock solution in ddH2O (Stable at 20 &#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:216px;">Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-5261</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 &#181;M stock solution in ddH2O (Stable at -20 &#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-8783</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 &#181;M stock solution in ethanol (Stable at -20&#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-040-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">233-FB</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration 20 ng/ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Delta4 (Dll4)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1389-D4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration&#160; 500 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Angiopoetin 2 (Ang2)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">623-AN</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration&#160; 500 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">JAK Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420099</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration 200 nM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-2058</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">15- and 50-ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430053, 430829</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="243">
			<td colspan="4" height="243" style="height:243px;width:596px;">Other necessary items include: General dissection instruments, including razor blade and forceps, Adult rat (3-6 months old; Sprague-Dawley or Long Evans), CO2 intoxication chamber, Laminar flow hood for cell culture and incubator Incubator (humidified, 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, 5% O2). Note: For complete N2 media preparation, to one bottle of DMEM/F-12 (500 ml) add 0.05 g of apotransferin, 0.0125 g of insulin (freshly predissolved in 1 ml of 10 mM NaOH), 50 &#956;l of putrescine, 30 &#956;l of sodium selenite, 100 &#956;l of progesterone stocks, and 5 ml of penicillin/streptomycin solution.&#160; Adjust pH to 7.2, if needed. Filter-sterilize and store at 4 &#176;C for up to 3 weeks and protect from light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence Reagents Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15719</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-8417</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5 mg/ml stock solution in methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Primary Antibody Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Nestin</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB353</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:400
			Species: Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Hes3</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">sc-25393</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:100
			Species: Rabbit IgG
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Sox2</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB2018&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:100
			Species: Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">CNPase</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB326</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">&#946;-tubulin III (TUJ1)</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB1195</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:500
			Species: Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Dako North America</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">Z0334</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor 1:500
			Species: Rabbit
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Secondary Antibody Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Alexa&#160;&#160; 568</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">A-21124</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Alexa 488</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">A-21131</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Cy5</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">59883</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Rabbit
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

growing neural stem cells from conventional and nonconventional regions of the adult rodent brain

Un trabajo reciente demuestra que el sistema nervioso central (SNC) la regeneración y la tumorigénesis involucra poblaciones de células madre (SCS) residentes en el cerebro adulto. Sin embargo, los mecanismos de estas células normalmente quiescentes emplean para garantizar el buen funcionamiento de las redes neuronales, así como su papel en la recuperación de la lesión y la mitigación de los procesos neurodegenerativos son poco comprendidos. Estas células residen en las regiones a que se refiere como &quot;nichos&quot; que ofrecen un ambiente sustentable que implica señales moduladoras tanto de la vascular y el sistema inmunológico. El aislamiento, el mantenimiento, y la diferenciación de las SC SNC bajo condiciones de cultivo empleadas que excluyen factores desconocidos, los hace accesibles a tratamiento por medios farmacológicos o genéticos, lo que proporciona una idea de su comportamiento in vivo. Aquí le ofrecemos información detallada sobre los métodos para la generación de culturas de las SC SNC desde distintas regiones del cerebro adulto y enfoques para evaluar su dpotencial ifferentiation en neuronas, astrocitos y oligodendrocitos in vitro. Esta técnica produce una población de células homogénea como un cultivo en monocapa que se puede visualizar para estudiar las SC individual y su progenie. Además, se puede aplicar a través de diferentes sistemas de modelos animales y muestras clínicas, siendo utilizado previamente para predecir respuestas regenerativas en el sistema nervioso adulto dañado.

Identificación de la región de interés de la que para cosechar las células madre neurales es el primer paso crítico y definirá la cantidad de tiempo que tarda en llegar una placa confluente de células. Por ejemplo, la SVZ es una zona neurogénica clásico y por lo tanto tiene una mayor proporción relativa de células madre neurales. Sin embargo, la técnica presentada aquí se puede utilizar con otras regiones no reconoce a menudo como teniendo un potencial neurogénica robusto durante la edad adulta. A los fine...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain at JoVE.com

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Las células madre neurales cosechadas desde el cerebro adulto están aumentando utilizan en aplicaciones que van desde la investigación básica del desarrollo del sistema nervioso para la exploración de potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en medicina regenerativa. Esto hace que el control riguroso de las condiciones de aislamiento y cultivo utilizadas para cultivar estas células críticas para sonar los resultados experimentales.

Cultivo de células madre neurales de Regiones convencionales y no convencionales del cerebro adulto de roedores

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

growing-neural-stem-cells-from-conventional-nonconventional-regions

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.1K vistas.  University of Dresden.  Las células madre neurales cosechadas desde el cerebro adulto están aumentando utilizan en aplicaciones que van desde la investigación básica del desarrollo del sistema nervioso para la exploración de potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en medicina regenerativa. Esto hace que el control riguroso de las condiciones de aislamiento y cultivo utilizadas para cultivar estas células críticas para sonar los resultados experimentales. 

Video: Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Growth and Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Arctic Ground Squirrel Neural Stem Cells

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These animals also resist ischemic injury to the brain in vivo 2,3 and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro 4,5. These unique qualities provided the impetus to isolate AGS neurons to examine inherent neuronal characteristics that could account for the capacity of AGS neurons to resist injury and cell death caused by ischemia and extremely cold temperatures. Identifying proteins or gene targets that allow for the distinctive properties of these cells could aid in the discovery of effective therapies for a number of ischemic indications and for the study of cold tolerance. Adult AGS hippocampus contains neural stem cells that continue to proliferate, allowing for easy expansion of these stem cells in culture. We describe here methods by which researchers can utilize these stem cells and differentiated neurons for any number of purposes. By closely following these steps the AGS neural stem cells can be expanded through two passages or more and then differentiated to a culture high in TUJ1-positive neurons (~50%) without utilizing toxic chemicals to minimize the number of dividing cells. Ischemia induces neurogenesis 6 and neurogenesis which proceeds via MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathways contributes to ischemia resistance in vivo7 and in vitro 8 (Kelleher-Anderson, Drew et al., in preparation). Further characterization of these unique neural cells can advance on many fronts, using some or all of these methods.

Neural stem cells were prepared from the hippocampus of adult non-hibernating yearling Arctic ground squirrels (AGS). These neural stem cells can be expanded through numerous passages, differentiated and maintained as a nearly 50:50 neuron to glial culture.

Crecimiento y diferenciación de las células del hipocampo adulto ardilla de tierra del Ártico troncales nerviosas

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

El aislamiento y la expansión de las células troncales nerviosas de ratones adultos mediante el ensayo de neuroesfera

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células de la cresta neural de embriones murinos del Tubo Neural

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

Un ratón, dos culturas: Aislamiento y cultivo de adultos Neural las células madre de las dos zonas neurogénicos de ratones individuales

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

Derivación-Feeder libres de Células Progenitoras de la cresta neural Pluripotentes Células Madre

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Clasificación celular del Neuronales madre y progenitoras Las células del adulto Ratón zona subventricular y Live-imágenes de sus Dinámica del Ciclo Celular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre adultas neural de la Zona subcallosal Ratón

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

Uso de Zinc sináptica histoquímica para revelar las diferentes regiones y láminas en el cerebro en desarrollo y adulto

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or nucleus accumbens. The challenge in this work is to dissect the correct area while preserving the microenvironment to be examined. In this paper, we describe a simple, low-cost method using resources readily available in most labs. This method preserves nucleic acid and proteins by keeping the tissue frozen throughout the process. Brains are cut into 0.5&#8211;1.0 mm sections using a brain matrix and arranged on a frozen glass plate. Landmarks within each section are compared to a reference, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and regions are dissected using a cold scalpel or biopsy punch. Tissue is then stored at -80 &#176;C until use. Through this process rat and mouse mPFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and other regions have been successfully analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western assays. This method is limited to brain regions that can be identified by clear landmarks.

This procedure describes the collection of discrete frozen brain regions to obtain high-quality protein and RNA using inexpensive and commonly available tools.

Colección de regiones cerebrales de roedores congelados para análisis posteriores

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Entrega intra-arterial de células madre neuronales a la rata y el cerebro del ratón: aplicación a la isquemia cerebral

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...