We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html> Todos los participantes fueron informados acerca de los procedimientos y firmaron un formulario de consentimiento antes de iniciar el estudio. Los McMaster University Ciencias de la Salud y Salud Juntas de Ética de Investigación de San José aprobó todos los procedimientos. Nota: En este protocolo, se utilizan 47 hembras diestros entre las edades de 16 y 24 años. De los cuales, 15 participantes sufren de trastorno depresivo mayor (diagnóstico médico confirmado) y están experimentando un episodio depresivo en el momento del estudio. Este grupo de personas se denota como el &quot;grupo MDD&quot;. El grupo de riesgo en este protocolo consta de 16 participantes que tienen un familiar de primer grado (padres o hermanos) con un diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo mayor, pero diagnosticados con un trastorno psiquiátrico y no están deprimidas actualmente. El grupo de control en este protocolo consta de 16 participantes que no tienen familiares de primer grado con la depresión, no tienen un diagnóstico de por vida de un trastorno psiquiátrico y que no están actualmente deprimido. _title &quot;&gt; 1. Los participantes Selección <ol><li> Reclutar control sano y en riesgo las mujeres participantes a través de Internet e imprimir anuncios en la comunidad local, ya través del Departamento de Psicología, Neurociencia y Comportamiento en la universidad local. Reclutar a los participantes con depresión a través de la Clínica de Trastornos del estado de ánimo en el hospital local. NOTA: los pacientes que califican son elegibles para participar si son mujeres y han sido diagnosticados con un trastorno del humor primaria de acuerdo con los criterios del DSM-IV 27, y tienen puntos de corte normalizados clínicamente significativos en el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-Versión II (BDI-II ) y Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) cuestionarios, según lo determinado por la finalización de estas medidas a la llegada. </li><li> Realizar telefónica inicial o en persona entrevistas con los participantes interesados ​​para establecer la elegibilidad. Excluir los participantes que no cumplan con los requisitos de seguridad del escáner, o criterios de elegibilidad para el MDD, AT-riesgo o de los grupos de control, y todos los participantes con un historial actual o pasada de la psicosis, manía o trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG). Además, excluir a los participantes que han sufrido una lesión cerebral que conduce a pérdida de conocimiento, o han tenido tratamiento previo con terapia electroconvulsiva o la estimulación magnética transcraneal. </li><li> Invite al grupo seleccionado de personas por extensas pruebas, y una imagen de resonancia magnética (fMRI) exploración funcional utilizando los siguientes parámetros [3T, adquisición SPGR axial potenciada en T1 con: 132-160 rebanadas (1 mm de espesor). fMRI escanear, bobina de la cabeza de 8 canales, 31 cortes axiales (4 mm de espesor, sin gap), TR / TE = 2500/35 ms, FOV = 24 cm, de matriz = 64 x 64, el ángulo flip 90 °]. NOTA: Excluir los participantes con trastorno de ansiedad ya que se prevé que puedan experimentar los niveles más altos de ansiedad durante la parte de exploración de resonancia magnética del estudio, lo que interfiere con la concentración y el cumplimiento de tareas. </li><li> Analiza los participantes durante el primer 12día de su ciclo menstrual (fase folicular) para reducir las posibles influencias de las fluctuaciones hormonales. </li></ol> 2. Construir Pensamiento Supresión de tareas <ol><li> Construir una versión modificada del paradigma de supresión descrito por Mitchell y sus colegas 18, que será visto por los participantes en el escáner. El paradigma consta de 4 bloques, cada uno marcado por una pantalla recién presentado. </li><li> Utilice software de creación de paradigma psicología para programar el paradigma. Usando el software, ensamble de texto e imágenes diapositivas que se presentará en serie, con las respuestas recogidas con la sincronización de milisegundos. El primer bloque presenta una declaración de destino en la pantalla de 12,5 seg. Formatear el paradigma de modo que una señal de tráfico de 3 colores está presente en el lado de la mano izquierda de todas las pantallas posteriores. </li><li> Configure el paradigma de presentar una señal de semáforo en rojo durante 30 segundos en la siguiente pantalla. Programar el paradigma de presentar una señal de tráfico verde durante 30 segundos en el nexpresentó pantalla t. <ol><li> Configure la pantalla final para presentar una luz amarilla intermitente. Parpadeará la luz cuatro veces a intervalos pseudoaleatorios entre 1500 - 2500 ms de diferencia. Repita esta serie de pantallas de 12 veces. </li><li> Inserte las declaraciones de destino en el paradigma en los participantes visitar, y por lo tanto, construir el paradigma de una manera que hace que sea fácilmente modificable. Durante los participantes visitar, instruir a los participantes para suprimir el objetivo pensó cuando se presenta la luz roja, para liberar a pensar cuando se presenta la luz verde, y presionar el botón de respuesta cada vez que la luz amarilla parpadea. Completar esta tarea en el escáner de resonancia magnética permitirá la evaluación de la diferencia de la actividad neuronal durante cada tarea se le indique. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Participante Visita <ol><li> A su llegada, evaluar la gravedad de la depresión y el estado psiquiátrico de todos los participantes con el BDI-II, HAM-D y Mini Internacional neuropsiquiátricos inventario (MINI)cuestionarios. Recopilar información sobre el estado de la medicación y la formación académica. NOTA: Estos cuestionarios se completaron como parte de una investigación más amplia que incluye otras medidas diferentes a los mencionados aquí. </li><li> Pida a los participantes a la lista pensamientos preocupantes o preocupaciones que han sido revisitar repetidamente durante las últimas semanas y que han sido incapaces de sacudirse. Registre estas declaraciones orales mientras se discute con el participante. Trabajar con el participante, parafraseando la declaración, acortando a 7-10 palabras de extensión e identificar una palabra clave que es emocionalmente significativa y explícitamente transmite el significado de la frase de destino para el participante. </li><li> Antes de la exploración, instruir al participante para observar la señal de tráfico en la pantalla durante todo el paradigma. Indique al participante para suprimir la declaración presentada objetivo cuando se presentó la luz roja. Pida al participante a pensar libremente sobre cualquier cosa y dejarsus mentes vagan cuando se presenta la luz verde. </li><li> Indique a los participantes que pulsar el botón en el cuadro de respuesta escáner cada vez que el objetivo pensó re-emerge tanto durante la supresión del pensamiento y los períodos de pensamiento libre. Por último, pedir a los participantes que pulsar el botón cuadro de respuesta cada vez que una luz amarilla intermitente se presenta. NOTA: El orden de los bloques en cada carrera funcional es el siguiente: a) período de presentación de los estados de destino b) personal o distractor pensaron período de supresión, c) Período de pensamiento libre, y d) Plazo de respuesta del motor para controlar la activación de áreas motoras inducidas durante pulsaciones de botones en la supresión de pensamiento y bloques de pensamiento libre. Este patrón se repite 12 veces, cuatro veces en cada una de las 3 carreras. </li><li> Inserte declaraciones objetivo personal relativos y distractores y palabras clave en el paradigma. Dentro de cada plazo, asegurar el primer bloque consta de dos bloques de supresión de pensamiento personal y dos distractor supl pensamientobloques resión (Ver Figura 1). <ol><li> Presentar las declaraciones más cortas y palabras claves en una orden posterior y para 1TR cada uno, seguido por la señal de semáforo para el resto del período de presentación de los estados de destino. Contrarrestar el orden de los períodos de pensamiento personales y distractor dentro de cada uno de los 3 escaneos fMRI ya través de los participantes. Nota: Las declaraciones de destino y palabras clave consistirán en ambos pensamientos negativos rumiativos personalmente relevantes proporcionados por el participante (por ejemplo: &quot;Piense en no entrar en la universidad&quot;), y las declaraciones distractores neutrales toman de una batería preparada por Nolen-Hoeksema (por ejemplo, : &quot;Piense en una fila de botellas de champú en la exhibición&quot; 2). </li></ol></li><li> Analiza cada participante con tres resonancias magnéticas funcionales. </li></ol> 4. Resonancia Magnética Funcional Imaging Adquisición de Datos y Análisis <ol><li> Realizar imágenes de toda una bo 3Tdy escáner corto orificio con una bobina de la cabeza del receptor paralelo de 8 canales. Realizar un T1 ponderado tridimensional SPGR axial anatómica exploración con 132 a 160 rebanadas (1 mm de espesor). Adquirir tres resonancia magnética funcional se ejecuta utilizando una secuencia EPI-eco de gradiente formado por 31 cortes axiales (4 mm de espesor, ningún hueco) que comienza en el vértice cerebral y que abarca todo el cerebro (TR / TE = 2500/35 ms, FOV = 24 cm, matriz = 64 x 64, el ángulo flip 90 °). </li><li> Transfiera las imágenes adquiridas a una estación de trabajo. <ol><li> Transformar los conjuntos de datos de RM anatómicas en el espacio de Talairach 28 para realizar co-registro en conjuntos de datos funcionales y medio para generar una imagen compuesta. </li><li> Temporalmente corregir los datos funcional establece 29. Movimiento 3D corregir los datos funcional establece 29. Vuelva a alinear los conjuntos de datos funcionales a la quinta fotograma de cada carrera 29. Smooth usando un kernel gaussiano 6 mm y normalizar a Talairach espacio 29. </li></ol></li><li> Utilice un evento de relacionarsed método de análisis en el análisis de los datos. Construir un protocolo de análisis que extrae intervalos de tiempo asociado con supresión del pensamiento, el pensamiento resurgimiento y exitosa re-represión, como se indica a continuación. </li><li> Definir un evento de resurgimiento como el intervalo de 500 milisegundos antes de comenzar el botón de prensa (resurgimiento del pensamiento antes de pulsar el botón) y continuando durante 2000 milisegundos después el botón de prensa, durante la supresión de pensamiento o bloque de libre pensamiento. El tiempo que abarca el bloque de supresión de pensamiento con los eventos de re-emergencia excluidos es definir supresión del pensamiento en el protocolo de análisis. NOTA: Definir éxito re-supresión en el protocolo de análisis como la supresión mantenida, sin un evento de intrusión, el plazo de un TR después del evento re-represión. Definir el control motor en el protocolo como los tiempos de eventos cuando la luz amarilla brilló durante el período de respuesta del motor. </li><li> Utilizando el software de neuroimagen, contrastar mapas de activación mediante un li generalescerca de modelo para identificar grupos de actividad relacionados con los contrastes entre y dentro de grupos. Llevar a cabo un análisis de efectos aleatorios (3 x 2) con una prueba de hipótesis a priori. Llevar a cabo entre el grupo de contrastes para la supresión de pensamiento frente a control del motor y el pensamiento re-emergencia contra la re-supresión para el control / en riesgo frente deprimida, controlar vs. deprimido, control frente a frente en situación de riesgo y en situación de riesgo deprimida grupos. </li><li> Contrastes correctos para comparaciones múltiples utilizando la tasa de falso descubrimiento (FDR, puesta a p = 0,05) metodología implementada en el software de neuroimagen. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

Elementos de los circuitos neuronales alterado en la depresión 15,16,25 también están asociados con la regulación del pensamiento consciente 17,18. Mediante el examen de procesamiento neural relacionada supresión-in-riesgo y los participantes deprimidos pudimos examinar si existen alteraciones en los patrones de activación cerebral que son comunes en los individuos con una predisposición genética a la depresión ya un episodio depresivo actual. De acuerdo con nu...

Un rasgo común en las personas con trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) es la tendencia a participar en el pensamiento reflexivo 1. Este mecanismo de defensa se ​​considera de mala adaptación, ya que implica la fijación pasiva en los pensamientos negativos y eventos con ningún intento de resolución 2-5. Rumiación se asocia con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar depresión 1,6-9 y el aumento de la longitud y la severidad de los episodios depresivos 10. Las personas que rumian regularmente a menudo tratan de reducir la frecuencia de estos pensamientos negativos suprimiendo activamente 11. Sin embargo, la participación en la supresión de pensamiento puede hacer tales pensamientos más accesible y es probable que pronto volverá a surgir en los pensamientos del individuo 12. Esto puede ser visto con más frecuencia en las personas deprimidas como su capacidad para suprimir activamente pensamientos pueden ser comprometidos. Además, la supresión pensado se ha demostrado que aumenta la probabilidad de otsus pensamientos negativos en las personas con disforia de 13. Por lo tanto, para las personas deprimidas la supresión de pensamientos rumiativos puede dar lugar a una exacerbación de los síntomas; un producto de un aumento de la bicicleta de intrusiones rumiativos y el pensamiento negativo mayor. Modelos neuropatológicos de depresión postulan una desregulación del límbico, estriado, tálamo, y los circuitos cerebrales corticales 14. Descansar perturbaciones del metabolismo regional y el flujo de sangre se reportan consistentemente en el TDM, con niveles basales aumentados observados en la amígdala, la corteza frontal orbital, ventral medial prefrontal y el tálamo medial. Además, los niveles reducidos se encuentran en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y subgenual y dorsal anterior corteza cingulada en comparación con los controles sanos 15,16. Estas observaciones han llevado a la idea de que MDD implica una reducción en la actividad de las regiones dorsal y mayor actividad límbico emocional en más brai ventraln regiones. Las teorías cognitivas respecto a la regulación del pensamiento han identificado un papel por dos mecanismos separados en la supresión de pensamiento. Se sugiere que el primer mecanismo de control está destinado continuamente a fin de mantener un nivel de referencia de supresión del pensamiento y el segundo mecanismo es transitoriamente activado para volver a suprimir cualquier pensamientos no deseados que logran introducirse por encima de esta línea de base 17. Los datos de resonancia magnética funcionales implican una serie de regiones del cerebro en estos procesos incluyendo el dorsolateral prefrontal ventrolateral y cortezas 18,19, la ínsula 19,20, corteza cingulada anterior 20, y la corteza prefrontal dorsomedial 19,21 durante el mantenimiento de la supresión de pensamiento. Además, el resurgimiento de un pensamiento reprimido se ha asociado específicamente con la participación de la corteza cingulada anterior 18. Por lo tanto, parece que hay un considerable solapamiento entre las regiones del cerebrodemostrado que se dysregulated en la depresión incluyendo la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral, la ínsula, la corteza cingulada anterior, la corteza prefrontal dorsomedial 22 y los que participan en la represión del pensamiento. Esto sugiere que existe un sólo un enlace de comportamiento neurofisiológica, y no, entre la supresión pensamiento y la depresión. Las mujeres jóvenes que se involucran en el pensamiento reflexivo están en mayor riesgo de desarrollar depresión 23. Riesgo para la depresión también se confiere genéticamente; individuos con un padre o hermano con la depresión son mucho más propensos a desarrollar depresión que las personas con antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad 24. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para explorar los sistemas neuronales implicados en la supresión de pensamiento en un grupo de mujeres jóvenes con un riesgo familiar para la depresión, un grupo de mujeres jóvenes actualmente experimentan depresión, y un grupo de controles sanos. Hemos desarrollado un novedoso paradigma supresión del pensamiento reflexivo para examinar lacambios en la actividad neuronal asociada con la supresión del pensamiento sostenido y transitoria de ambos pensamientos neutros y personalmente relevantes. Este diseño nos permitió investigar si existían diferencias en la actividad neuronal para la supresión de pensamientos personalmente pertinentes relativos a los pensamientos neutros. Por otra parte, las pruebas del grupo en riesgo brindó la oportunidad de explorar marcadores de vulnerabilidad potenciales de la depresión mediante la determinación de si el riesgo para la depresión está asociada con la magnitud del nivel de oxígeno en sangre señal dependiente (BOLD) en las regiones implicadas en la depresión. Con base en la literatura que rodea la actividad neuronal en la depresión 15,16, y los estudios sobre la rumia y el pensamiento de supresión 25,26 se predijo que la supresión de pensamientos estaría asociada con la participación reducida de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral en los participantes con trastorno depresivo mayor en comparación con los controles . Se esperaba que la mayor vulnerabilidad a DEPresión en el grupo de riesgo se refleja en los niveles de actividad cortical dorsolateral que caen entre el de los grupos control y deprimidas. Por otra parte, se esperaba que la reaparición de pensamientos reprimidos estaría asociado con la activación de la corteza cingulada anterior, y que esta activación sería mayor en los controles que en el grupo de riesgo. Además, se esperaba para observar activación de la corteza cingulada anterior significativamente menor en los participantes deprimidos en comparación con el control y en riesgo los participantes durante la re-emergencia de pensamientos suprimidas.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td>
			<td >General Electric</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td>
			<td >Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >E-prime&#160;</td>
			<td >Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Pennsylvania, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&#8211;296&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &#38; Neglect 27: 169&#8211;190.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEO-FFI Neuroticism questionnaire</td>
			<td colspan="3">Costa, P. T., &#38; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO&#8208;PI&#8208;R) and NEO Five&#8208;Factor Inventory (NEO&#8208;FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &#38; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &#8220;Mini-mental state.&#8221; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&#8211;198.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

Bloque Análisis Estado: supresión del pensamiento frente de Control de Motores ANOVA análisis se utiliza para determinar la activación del cerebro asociada con períodos de bloque de supresión del pensamiento (con intrusiones eliminado) con relación a un control de motor. Contrasta los resultados de control y en situación de riesgo frente MDD, controlan frente MDD, control frente al riesgo, y se detallan en la Tabla 1 en situación de riesgo frente MDD. No había entre o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Nuestro objetivo es identificar el neuronal se correlaciona supresión del pensamiento sostenido y transitorios subyacente, y pensamos volver a la emergencia en los controles, en situación de riesgo y las personas deprimidas. La activación fue mayor para los controles en comparación con la situación de riesgo en el grupo y deprimida en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral durante la supresión del pensamiento y la corteza cingulada anterior durante pensamiento resurgimiento.

Diseño e Implementación de un Estudio de fMRI Examinar supresión del pensamiento en las Mujeres Jóvenes con y en situación de riesgo, para la depresión

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

design-implementation-an-fmri-study-examining-thought-suppression

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.4K vistas.  McMaster University.  Nuestro objetivo es identificar el neuronal se correlaciona supresión del pensamiento sostenido y transitorios subyacente, y pensamos volver a la emergencia en los controles, en situación de riesgo y las personas deprimidas. La activación fue mayor para los controles en comparación con la situación de riesgo en el grupo y deprimida en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral durante la supresión del pensamiento y la corteza cingulada anterior durante pensamiento resurgim...

Video: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

Valoración y Evaluación del neonato de alto riesgo: La Escala UCIN Red neuroconductual

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

Resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI) con estimulación auditiva en Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

Transferencia de tareas cognitivas entre el cerebro de imágenes Modalidades: implicaciones para el diseño de tareas y resultados de interpretación en los estudios de resonancia magnética funcional

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance production. The most straightforward manner of musical production is singing, but, from an imaging perspective, it still presents more challenges than listening because it involves motor activity. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires integration between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control in order to correctly produce each note. This protocol presents a method that permits the monitoring of neural activations associated with the vocal production of consonant and dissonant intervals. Four musical intervals, two consonant and two dissonant, are used as stimuli, both for an auditory discrimination test and a task that involves first listening to and then reproducing given intervals. Participants, all female vocal students at the conservatory level, were studied using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of the singing task, with the listening task serving as a control condition. In this manner, the activity of both the motor and auditory systems was observed, and a measure of vocal accuracy during the singing task was also obtained. Thus, the protocol can also be used to track activations associated with singing different types of intervals or with singing the required notes more accurately. The results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater participation of the neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of external feedback from the auditory and sensorimotor systems than does singing consonant intervals.

The neural correlates of listening to consonant and dissonant intervals have been widely studied, but the neural mechanisms associated with production of consonant and dissonant intervals are less well known. In this article, behavioral tests and fMRI are combined with interval identification and singing tasks to describe these mechanisms.

Mapeo fMRI de la actividad cerebral asociada con la producción vocal de los intervalos consonante y disonante

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

Diseño y uso de un aparato para presentar objetos agarrables en el espacio de trabajo 3D

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Evaluar la coherencia de las narrativas cortas de los padres con respecto a su hijo utilizando el procedimiento de muestra de habla de cinco minutos

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

Examen de los cambios en la VDH y la emoción después del arte con tres materiales de arte diferentes

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub para estudiar la desinhibición conductual inducida por etanol y la sensibilización

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

Kit de herramientas vibratoria táctil y plataforma de simulación de conducción para la investigación relacionada con la conducción

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying "implementation strategies" that support putting the clinical intervention into day-to-day practice. A novel clinical intervention, for example, might consist of a new medication, a new protocol, a new device, or a new program. As clinical interventions are not self-implementing, however, they nearly always require effective implementation strategies in order to succeed. Implementation strategies set out to engage healthcare providers, staff and patients in ways that increase the likelihood of the new initiative being successfully adopted, a process that often involves behavior change and new ways of thinking by participants. One of the challenges in studying implementation is that it can be difficult to collect data about the status and progress of implementation, including participants' own perspectives and experiences concerning implementation to date. This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score, or PRIUS. The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of qualitative and quantitative data that can provide a detailed and nuanced account of implementation over time and from multiple viewpoints. This longitudinal method can enable researchers, as well as implementation leaders and organizational stakeholders, to monitor implementation progress more closely, conduct formative evaluation, identify improvement opportunities, and gauge the effect of any implementation changes on a rolling basis.

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS). The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of data over time and from multiple viewpoints in healthcare settings.

La actualización y puntuación de implementación informada por el participante (PRIUS): un método novedoso para capturar datos relacionados con la implementación a lo largo del tiempo

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying ...