We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html> Tutti i partecipanti sono stati informati sulle procedure e hanno firmato un modulo di consenso prima dell&#39;inizio dello studio. I McMaster University Health Sciences e Healthcare Research Ethics Boards di San Giuseppe ha approvato tutte le procedure. Nota: In questo protocollo, vengono utilizzati 47 femmine destri di età compresa tra 16 e 24 anni tra. Di cui, 15 partecipanti soffrono di MDD (diagnosi medico-confermato), e stanno vivendo un episodio depressivo al momento dello studio. Questo gruppo di persone è indicata come il &quot;gruppo di MDD&quot;. Il gruppo a rischio in questo protocollo si compone di 16 partecipanti che hanno un parente di primo grado (genitore o un fratello) con una diagnosi di MDD, ma diagnosticati con un disturbo psichiatrico e che non sono attualmente depressi. Il gruppo di controllo in questo protocollo si compone di 16 partecipanti che non hanno parenti di primo grado con la depressione, non hanno una diagnosi vita di un disturbo psichiatrico e che non sono attualmente depressi. _title &quot;&gt; 1. I partecipanti Selezione <ol><li> Reclutare di controllo sani ea rischio partecipanti di sesso femminile tra gli annunci internet e stampa nella comunità locale, e attraverso il Dipartimento di Psicologia, Neuroscienze e Comportamento presso l&#39;università locale. Reclutare i partecipanti depressi attraverso il Mood Disorders Clinic presso l&#39;ospedale locale. NOTA: i pazienti di qualificazione sono ammessi a partecipare se sono donne e sono stati diagnosticati con un disturbo dell&#39;umore primario secondo i criteri del DSM-IV 27, e hanno clinicamente significativi punteggi cut-off standardizzati sulla Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II ) e Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) di questionari, come determinato dal completamento di tali misure al momento dell&#39;arrivo. </li><li> Condurre iniziale del telefono o di persona le interviste con i partecipanti interessati ad accertare l&#39;ammissibilità. Escludere i partecipanti che non soddisfano i requisiti di sicurezza scanner, o criteri di ammissibilità per l&#39;MDD, at-rischio o gruppi di controllo, e tutti i partecipanti con una storia attuale o passato di psicosi, mania o disturbo d&#39;ansia generalizzato (GAD). Inoltre, escludere i partecipanti che hanno subito un trauma cranico che porta a perdita di coscienza, o hanno avuto un precedente trattamento con terapia elettroconvulsiva o la stimolazione magnetica transcranica. </li><li> Invitate il gruppo selezionato di individui per test approfonditi, e una risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI) scansione funzionale utilizzando i seguenti parametri [3T, acquisizione SPGR assiali T1 pesate con: 132-160 fette (1 mm di spessore). fMRI scan, bobina testa a 8 canali, 31 sezioni assiali (4 mm di spessore, senza gap), TR / TE = 2,500 / 35 msec, FOV = 24 cm di altezza, matrice = 64 x 64, flip angle 90 °]. NOTA: Escludere partecipanti GAD come si prevede che possano sperimentare livelli più elevati di ansia durante la parte risonanza magnetica dello studio, interferendo con la concentrazione e la conformità compito. </li><li> Scansione partecipanti durante i primi 12giorni del loro ciclo mestruale (fase follicolare) per ridurre le potenziali influenze delle fluttuazioni ormonali. </li></ol> 2. Costruire Pensiero soppressione Task <ol><li> Costruire una versione modificata del paradigma soppressione descritto da Mitchell e colleghi 18, che verrà visualizzato dai partecipanti nello scanner. Il paradigma è costituito da 4 blocchi, ognuno caratterizzato da uno schermo di recente presentato. </li><li> Utilizzare psicologia software edificio paradigma per programmare il paradigma. Utilizzando il software, il montaggio di testo e immagine diapositive da presentare in serie, con le risposte raccolte con tempismo millisecondo. Il primo blocco presenta una dichiarazione bersaglio sullo schermo per 12,5 sec. Formattare il paradigma in modo che un segnale stradale a 3 colori è presente sul lato sinistro di schermi successivi. </li><li> Configurare il paradigma di presentare un segnale di semaforo rosso per 30 secondi sulla seguente schermata. Programmare il paradigma di presentare un semaforo verde per 30 secondi sul nexschermo t presentato. <ol><li> Configurare la schermata finale di presentare una luce gialla lampeggiante. Flash la luce quattro volte ad intervalli pseudocasuali tra 1.500 - 2.500 msec a parte. Ripetere questa serie di schermi 12 volte. </li><li> Inserire le dichiarazioni di destinazione nel paradigma durante i partecipanti di visitare, e quindi costruire il paradigma in un modo che rende facilmente modificabile. Durante i partecipanti visitare, istruire i partecipanti di sopprimere il target pensato quando la luce rossa è presentato, per liberare pensare quando la luce verde è presentato, e premere il tasto di risposta ogni volta la luce gialla lampeggia. Il completamento di questa operazione nello scanner MRI consentire la valutazione di attività neurale differenza durante ogni task istruito. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Partecipante Visita <ol><li> All&#39;arrivo, valutare la gravità della depressione e lo stato psichiatrico di tutti i partecipanti con la BDI-II, HAM-D e Mini Internazionale Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)questionari. Raccogliere informazioni riguardanti lo stato di farmaci e lo sfondo educativo. NOTA: I questionari sono stati completati come parte di un&#39;indagine più ampia, comprese altre misure non elencate qui. </li><li> Chiedere ai partecipanti di elencare pensieri preoccupanti o preoccupazioni che sono state ripetutamente rivisitare nelle ultime settimane e che non sono stati in grado di scuotere. Registrare queste dichiarazioni orali mentre discuterne con il partecipante. Lavorare con il partecipante, parafrasare la dichiarazione, accorciando a 7-10 parole di lunghezza e individuare una parola chiave che è emotivamente significativo ed esplicitamente trasmette il senso della frase di destinazione al partecipante. </li><li> Prima della scansione, istruire il partecipante per osservare il semaforo sullo schermo tutto il paradigma. Istruire il partecipante di sopprimere la dichiarazione di destinazione presentato quando la luce rossa è presentato. Chiedere al partecipante di pensare liberamente di tutto e di lasciarele loro menti vagano quando la luce verde è presentato. </li><li> Istruire i partecipanti a premere il pulsante sulla scatola di risposta dello scanner ogni volta il bersaglio pensava riemerge sia durante la repressione pensiero e periodi di libero pensiero. Infine, chiedere ai partecipanti di premere il pulsante di dialogo di risposta ogni volta che una luce gialla lampeggiante è presentato. NOTA: L&#39;ordine dei blocchi in ogni seduta funzionale è la seguente: a) obiettivo economico del periodo di presentazione b) personale o distrattore pensato periodo di soppressione, c) periodo di libero pensiero, e d) periodo di risposta del motore per il controllo per l&#39;attivazione delle aree motorie indotte durante pressioni del tasto nella soppressione pensiero e blocca libero pensiero. Questo schema si ripete 12 volte, quattro volte in ciascuna delle 3 piste. </li><li> Inserire le dichiarazioni di destinazione personalmente relativi e distrattori e le parole chiave nel paradigma. All&#39;interno di ogni corsa, assicurarsi il primo blocco è costituito da due blocchi di soppressione di pensiero personale e due distrattore pensiero suppBlocchi ression (vedi figura 1). <ol><li> Presentare le dichiarazioni accorciati e le parole chiave in un ordine successivo e per ogni 1TR, seguito dal segnale semaforo per il resto del periodo di presentazione del conto di destinazione. Controbilanciare l&#39;ordine dei periodi di pensiero personali e distrattori all&#39;interno di ciascuna delle 3 scansioni fMRI e tra i partecipanti. Nota: le dichiarazioni di destinazione e le parole chiave saranno costituiti da entrambe personalmente rilevanti pensieri meditativi negativi forniti dal partecipante (per esempio: &quot;Pensate di non entrare in università&quot;), e le dichiarazioni distrattori neutri presi da una batteria preparata da Nolen-Hoeksema (ad esempio : &quot;Pensate a una fila di bottiglie di shampoo in mostra&quot; 2). </li></ol></li><li> Scansione ogni partecipante con tre scansioni MRI funzionali. </li></ol> 4. la risonanza magnetica funzionale acquisizione dati e analisi <ol><li> Condurre l&#39;imaging su un intero bo 3Tdy scanner foro breve con una bobina testa ricevitore parallelo a 8 canali. Eseguire un T1 ponderata tridimensionale SPGR assiale anatomica scansione con 132-160 fette (spessore 1 mm). Acquisire tre risonanza magnetica funzionale viene eseguito utilizzando una sequenza EPI gradient-echo che dispone di 31 assiali (4 mm di spessore, senza intervallo) a partire al vertice cerebrale e che comprende l&#39;intero cervello (TR / TE = 2,500 / 35 msec, FOV = 24 cm matrix = 64 x 64, flip angle 90 °). </li><li> Trasferire le immagini acquisite da una stazione di lavoro. <ol><li> Trasforma anatomiche insiemi di dati di risonanza magnetica in Talairach spazio 28 per eseguire co-registrazione sul set di dati funzionali e media per generare un&#39;immagine composita. </li><li> Temporalmente correggere set di dati funzionali 29. Movimento 3D correggere set di dati funzionali 29. Riallineare i set di dati funzionali al 5 ° fotogramma di ogni corsa 29. Smooth utilizzando un kernel gaussiano 6 millimetri e normalizzare a Talairach spazio 29. </li></ol></li><li> Utilizzare un evento-riferirsid metodo di analisi durante l&#39;analisi dei dati. Costruire un protocollo di analisi che estrae intervalli di tempo associata a soppressione pensiero, il pensiero riemergere e di successo ri-soppressione, come illustrato di seguito. </li><li> Definire un evento riemergere come l&#39;intervallo di inizio 500 msec prima premere il pulsante (riemergere di pensiero prima di premere il pulsante) e proseguendo per 2.000 msec dopo il pulsante di stampa, durante la soppressione pensiero o blocco libero pensiero. Il tempo che attraversa il blocco soppressione pensiero con eventi ri-emergenza esclusi è quello di definire la soppressione pensiero al protocollo di analisi. NOTA: Definire successo ri-soppressione del protocollo di analisi come la soppressione sostenuto, senza un evento intrusione, entro un TR dopo l&#39;evento ri-soppressione. Definire controllo motorio nel protocollo, come orari degli eventi quando la luce gialla balenò durante il periodo di risposta del motore. </li><li> Utilizzando il software di neuroimaging, contrasto mappe di attivazione utilizzando un li generalevicino il modello per identificare i cluster di attività associate con contrasti tra e all&#39;interno dei gruppi. Condurre un casuale analisi degli effetti (3 x 2) con un test di ipotesi a priori. Condurre tra il gruppo contrasti di riflessione soppressione vs. controllo del motore e ho pensato riemergere contro re-soppressione per il controllo / a rischio contro depresso, controllare vs. depresso, controllo contro a rischio, e a rischio contro depresso gruppi. </li><li> Contrasti corretti per confronti multipli utilizzando il tasso di scoperta falso (FDR, fissato a p = 0,05) metodologia implementata nel software neuroimaging. </li></ol>

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J., Cowen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+modulation+of+anterior+cingulate+cortex+in+young+people+at+increased+familial+risk+of+depression.">Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression.</a> Br J Psychiatry. 192, 356-361 (2008).</li><li>Koenigs, M., Huey, E. D., Calamia, M., Raymont, V., Tranel, D., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+regions+of+prefrontal+cortex+mediate+resistance+and+vulnerability+to+depression.">Distinct regions of prefrontal cortex mediate resistance and vulnerability to depression.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 12341-12348 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Elementi di circuiti neurali perturbato in depressione 15,16,25 sono anche associati con la regolazione del pensiero cosciente 17,18. Esaminando l&#39;elaborazione neurale soppressione legati in a rischio ei partecipanti depressi siamo stati in grado di verificare se ci sono alterazioni nel pattern di attivazione cerebrale che sono comuni a entrambi i soggetti con una predisposizione genetica alla depressione e un episodio depressivo corrente. In linea con le nostre ipo...

Un tratto comune nei soggetti con disturbo depressivo maggiore (MDD) è la tendenza a impegnarsi in pensiero ruminative 1. Questo meccanismo di coping è considerato disadattivi in quanto comporta la fissazione passiva su pensieri negativi ed eventi con nessun tentativo di risoluzione di 2-5. La ruminazione è associata ad un aumentato rischio di sviluppare la depressione 1,6-9 e una maggiore durata e la gravità degli episodi depressivi 10. Gli individui che ruminare regolarmente spesso cercare di ridurre la frequenza di questi pensieri negativi sopprimendo attivamente 11. Tuttavia, impegnandosi in soppressione pensiero può rendere tali pensieri più accessibili e in grado di rapidamente riemergere nei pensieri della persona 12. Questo può essere visto più spesso in individui depressi come la loro capacità di sopprimere attivamente pensieri possono essere compromessi. Inoltre, la soppressione pensato ha dimostrato di aumentare la probabilità di oti suoi pensieri negativi nei soggetti disforici 13. Pertanto, per le persone depresse la soppressione di pensieri meditativi può portare ad un aggravamento dei sintomi; un prodotto di maggiore ciclismo di intrusioni meditativi e pensiero negativo accresciuta. Modelli neuropatologici di depressione postulano una disregolazione del sistema limbico, striatale, talamo, e circuiti cerebrali corticali 14. Riposo interruzioni del metabolismo regionale e il flusso di sangue sono costantemente riportate in MDD, con livelli basali accresciuta osservata nell&#39;amigdala, corteccia frontale orbitale, ventrale mediale corteccia prefrontale e nel talamo mediale. Inoltre, i livelli ridotti si trovano nella corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale e subgenual e dorsale corteccia cingolata anteriore rispetto ai controlli sani 15,16. Queste osservazioni hanno portato alla nozione che MDD comporta una riduzione dell&#39;attività di regioni dorsali e accresciuta attività emotiva limbic in più Brai ventraleregioni n. Teorie cognitive in merito alla regolamentazione del pensiero hanno individuato un ruolo per due meccanismi separati in soppressione pensiero. Si suggerisce che il primo meccanismo di controllo è costantemente impegnato al fine di mantenere un livello basale di soppressione pensiero e il secondo meccanismo è transitoriamente attivato nuovamente sopprimerà pensieri indesiderati che riescono a introdursi sopra questa linea di base 17. Dati MRI funzionale implicano un certo numero di regioni del cervello in questi processi tra cui la dorsolaterale prefrontale e ventrolaterale cortecce 18,19, l&#39;insula 19,20, corteccia cingolata anteriore 20, e la corteccia prefrontale dorsomediale 19,21 durante la manutenzione della soppressione pensiero. Inoltre, il riemergere di un pensiero repressa è stata specificamente associata con impegno della corteccia cingolata anteriore 18. Così, sembra che vi sia una considerevole sovrapposizione tra le regioni del cervellodimostrato di essere disregolazione nella depressione tra cui la corteccia dorsolaterale prefrontale, insula, corteccia cingolata anteriore, la corteccia prefrontale dorsomediale 22 e coloro che sono coinvolti nella repressione pensiero. Ciò suggerisce che un solo un link comportamentale neurofisiologica, e non, tra il pensiero e la soppressione depressione esiste. Le giovani donne che si impegnano nel pensiero ruminative sono a maggior rischio di sviluppare la depressione 23. Rischio per la depressione è conferito anche geneticamente; individui con un genitore o un fratello con la depressione sono molto più probabilità di sviluppare depressione rispetto a individui con una storia familiare della malattia 24. Questo studio è stato condotto per esplorare i sistemi neurali coinvolti nella soppressione pensiero in un gruppo di giovani donne con un rischio familiare per la depressione, un gruppo di giovani donne attualmente vivendo la depressione, e un gruppo di controlli sani. Abbiamo sviluppato un nuovo paradigma di soppressione pensiero meditativo per esaminare lacambiamenti nelle attività neurale associata con soppressione sostenuta e transitori pensiero di entrambi i pensieri neutri e personalmente pertinenti. Questo progetto ci ha permesso di indagare se vi fossero differenze di attività neurale per la soppressione dei pensieri personalmente rilevanti relativi ai pensieri neutri. Inoltre, testando il gruppo a rischio fornito l&#39;opportunità di esplorare potenziali marcatori vulnerabilità di depressione determinando se il rischio per la depressione è associata con la grandezza del livello di ossigeno nel sangue segnale dipendente (BOLD) nelle regioni implicate nella depressione. Sulla base della letteratura che circonda l&#39;attività neurale in depressione 15,16, e gli studi sulla ruminazione e la soppressione 25,26 pensato è stato previsto che la soppressione dei pensieri sarebbe associato a ridotta impegno della corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale nei partecipanti con MDD rispetto ai controlli . Ci si aspettava che la maggiore vulnerabilità alla Depression nel gruppo a rischio si tradurrebbe in livelli di attività corticale dorsolaterale che rientrano tra quello del controllo e dei gruppi depressi. Inoltre, ci si aspettava che il riemergere di pensieri repressi sarebbe associato con attivazione della corteccia cingolata anteriore, e che questa attivazione sarebbe maggiore nei controlli rispetto al gruppo a rischio. Inoltre, ci si aspettava di osservare significativamente inferiore anteriore attivazione corteccia cingolata nei partecipanti depressi rispetto sia al controllo e a rischio partecipanti durante riemergere di pensieri repressi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td>
			<td >General Electric</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td>
			<td >Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >E-prime&#160;</td>
			<td >Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Pennsylvania, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&#8211;296&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &#38; Neglect 27: 169&#8211;190.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEO-FFI Neuroticism questionnaire</td>
			<td colspan="3">Costa, P. T., &#38; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO&#8208;PI&#8208;R) and NEO Five&#8208;Factor Inventory (NEO&#8208;FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &#38; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &#8220;Mini-mental state.&#8221; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&#8211;198.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

Block Stato Analisi: Soppressione pensiero contro Motor Control ANOVA analisi sono stati utilizzati per determinare l&#39;attivazione del cervello associata con periodi di blocco di soppressione pensiero (con intrusioni rimossi) rispetto ad un controllo del motore. Contrasto risultati per il controllo e a rischio contro MDD, controllo contro MDD, controllo contro a rischio, e a rischio contro MDD sono dettagliati nella tabella 1. Non ci sono state tra o all&#39;interno di diffe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Il nostro obiettivo è di identificare il correlati neurali sottostanti soppressione pensiero costante e transitorio, e ho pensato che riemergere nei controlli, a rischio e le persone depresse. L&#39;attivazione è stata maggiore per i controlli rispetto al a rischio e il gruppo depresso nella corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale durante soppressione pensiero e corteccia cingolata anteriore durante pensiero riemergere.

Progettazione e Realizzazione di uno studio fMRI Esaminare Pensiero Suppression in Donne giovani con e a rischio, per la depressione

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

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10.4K Views.  McMaster University.  Il nostro obiettivo è di identificare il correlati neurali sottostanti soppressione pensiero costante e transitorio, e ho pensato che riemergere nei controlli, a rischio e le persone depresse. L'attivazione è stata maggiore per i controlli rispetto al a rischio e il gruppo depresso nella corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale durante soppressione pensiero e corteccia cingolata anteriore durante pensiero riemergere. 

Video: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

Valutazione e valutazione del neonato ad alto rischio: La scala NICU Network neurocomportamentali

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

Risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI) con Auditory Stimulation in uccelli canori

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

Trasferimento di compiti cognitivi Tra Brain Imaging Modalità: Implicazioni per attività di disegno e interpretazione dei risultati in studi fMRI

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance production. The most straightforward manner of musical production is singing, but, from an imaging perspective, it still presents more challenges than listening because it involves motor activity. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires integration between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control in order to correctly produce each note. This protocol presents a method that permits the monitoring of neural activations associated with the vocal production of consonant and dissonant intervals. Four musical intervals, two consonant and two dissonant, are used as stimuli, both for an auditory discrimination test and a task that involves first listening to and then reproducing given intervals. Participants, all female vocal students at the conservatory level, were studied using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of the singing task, with the listening task serving as a control condition. In this manner, the activity of both the motor and auditory systems was observed, and a measure of vocal accuracy during the singing task was also obtained. Thus, the protocol can also be used to track activations associated with singing different types of intervals or with singing the required notes more accurately. The results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater participation of the neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of external feedback from the auditory and sensorimotor systems than does singing consonant intervals.

The neural correlates of listening to consonant and dissonant intervals have been widely studied, but the neural mechanisms associated with production of consonant and dissonant intervals are less well known. In this article, behavioral tests and fMRI are combined with interval identification and singing tasks to describe these mechanisms.

Mapping fMRI dell&#39;attività del cervello associata alla produzione vocale di intervalli consonanti e dissonanti

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

Progettazione e utilizzo di un apparatus per la presentazione di oggetti afferbenati nell'area di lavoro 3D

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Valutazione della coerenza delle brevi narrazioni dei genitori per quanto riguarda il loro bambino utilizzando la procedura di campionamento del discorso di cinque minuti

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

Esame dei cambiamenti nella HRV e nelle emozioni dopo l'artmaking con tre diversi materiali artistici

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub Per studiare l'etanolo indotto disinibie comportamentali e sensibilitazione

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

Toolkit vibrante tattile e piattaforma di simulazione di guida per la ricerca relativa alla guida

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying "implementation strategies" that support putting the clinical intervention into day-to-day practice. A novel clinical intervention, for example, might consist of a new medication, a new protocol, a new device, or a new program. As clinical interventions are not self-implementing, however, they nearly always require effective implementation strategies in order to succeed. Implementation strategies set out to engage healthcare providers, staff and patients in ways that increase the likelihood of the new initiative being successfully adopted, a process that often involves behavior change and new ways of thinking by participants. One of the challenges in studying implementation is that it can be difficult to collect data about the status and progress of implementation, including participants' own perspectives and experiences concerning implementation to date. This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score, or PRIUS. The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of qualitative and quantitative data that can provide a detailed and nuanced account of implementation over time and from multiple viewpoints. This longitudinal method can enable researchers, as well as implementation leaders and organizational stakeholders, to monitor implementation progress more closely, conduct formative evaluation, identify improvement opportunities, and gauge the effect of any implementation changes on a rolling basis.

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS). The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of data over time and from multiple viewpoints in healthcare settings.

PRIUS (Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score): un nuovo metodo per acquisire dati relativi all'implementazione nel tempo

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying ...