The authors thank the Central Animal facility of the University Hospital Aachen for technical support. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Ta434/2-1, DFG SFB/TRR 57) and by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen. This work was further supported by the Core Facility &#8221;Two-Photon Imaging&#8221;, a Core Facility of the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen within the Faculty of Medicine at RWTH Aachen University.

NOTA: Los experimentos se realizaron de acuerdo con la legislación alemana sobre los estudios en animales después de la &#39;Guía para el cuidado y uso de animales de laboratorio &quot;(publicación del NIH, 8ª edición, 2011) y la Directiva 2010/63 / UE relativa a la protección de los animales utilizados para fines científicos (Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, 2010). Permiso oficial fue concedida desde el cuidado de los animales y la oficina gubernamental (LANUV Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Alemania). NOTA: Los pasos que pueden ser omitidos para la imagen a corto plazo (por ejemplo, tiros rápidos, pilas 3-D o también corta duración time-lapse microscopía) están marcados con asteriscos (*) para reducir el tiempo de preparación y simplificar el protocolo quirúrgico. Imaging también se puede realizar sin un amplio control de supervisión y la circulación si es necesario, sin embargo, el tiempo de supervivencia se redujo notablemente. 1. Configuración Microscopio y Pre-cirugía Preparación (5.10 millasn) <ol><li> Sistema Encienda (microscopio, Laboratorio de poder, láser, almohadilla eléctrica, cámara climática, web cam, dispositivo de bomba de jeringa, respirador). </li><li> Conecte oferta de O 2 a isoflurano Vapor y establecer el nivel de isoflurano al 1,5% en volumen (v / v), se conecta a un respirador de pequeños animales. <ol><li> Para imágenes corto plazo, mantener la anestesia utilizando isoflurano sólo después de la inducción de la anestesia inicial ip (véase el paso 2.2). A continuación, utilice 2 Vol% (v / v) isoflurano, y mantener el tiempo de formación de imágenes por debajo de 2 horas para garantizar la microcirculación hepática estable. </li></ol></li><li> Establecer la respiración a 120-140 ciclos respiratorios / min con un volumen de 150-200 l. </li><li> Configure etapa agarosa ratón. Preparar 100 ml de 3% (w / v) de agarosa, vertiéndola en un plato (aproximadamente 10 cm x 15 cm base) en un ángulo de 40 °. </li><li> Establecer área de trabajo quirúrgico recoger la instrumentación requerida. Para prevenir la infección microbiana, desinfectar instrumentos utilizando una solución al 1% de Sekusept Forte S (9,9% w / v), Glutaral 9,8% w / v, formaldehído durante 5 min antes del experimento (Figura 1A). </li><li> Obtener restantes componentes: desinfectante de la piel (por ejemplo, solución de povidona yodada al 10%), la etapa hepática (pilas y puente), solución de agarosa (3% (w / v) en PBS), bomba de jeringa con 5% (w / v) de solución de glucosa (G-5), la bomba de jeringa con solución anestésica I (ketamina 0,1 mg / ml, xilazina 0,5 mg / ml, Fentanilo 5 g / ml), hisopos de algodón, n-butil-2-Cyanoacrylat, y 1x PBS. Ponga plato etapa de agarosa en la cámara de incubación para el precalentamiento. </li></ol> 2. La traqueotomía (10-15 min) <ol><li> Utilice C57BL / 6 ratones de la casa en reproductoras de 25-28 g. La Casa de los ratones bajo condiciones específicas libres de patógenos, de conformidad con las directrices de FELASA, en un ambiente de temperatura y humedad controladas con 12 horas de luz / 12 h oscuridad ciclo. Permitir animales libre acceso a la dieta estándar de ratones (Sniff Dieta de roedores estándar) y agua ad libitum. </li><li> Anestesiar el ratón por initial intraperitoneal (ip) la inyección de 250 l de solución de anestésico ketamina II (0,1 mg / ml, xilazina 1 mg / ml, buprenorfina 10 g / ml). <ol><li> * Para el mantenimiento durante intravital de imágenes, administrar continuamente solución anestésica I por inyección ip continua (ketamina 0,1 mg / ml, xilazina 0,5 mg / ml, Fentanilo 5 g / ml) utilizando un dispositivo de bomba de jeringa con un caudal de 0,2 ml / hr en combinación con inhalación de isoflurano 0,5 Vol% (v / v). </li><li> Compruebe reflejos después de 5 minutos (por ejemplo, pata pellizco con fórceps), desinfectar la piel para traqueotomía, iniciar la preparación en caso ratón está en estado de anestesia quirúrgica tolerante. </li><li> Aplicar crema de protección para los ojos (por ejemplo, Dexpantenol 50 mg / g) para evitar que la córnea se seque (Figura 1B). </li></ol></li><li> Fijar ratón en la mesa de preparación exponer parte ventral con cinta adhesiva para las extremidades; estirar demasiado suavemente cuello, fijar en esta posición, por ejemplo., mediante el uso de una banda de goma enganchado to los incisivos. <ol><li> Desinfectar la piel y de la piel usando una solución de yodo povidona, mediante la aplicación de desinfectante con un hisopo de algodón. </li></ol></li><li> Realizar corte inicial en la piel (0,5-1 cm de longitud) directamente debajo de la barbilla (Figura 1C) <ol><li> Diseccionar cuidadosamente tejido conectivo entre las glándulas salivales (Figura 1D). </li><li> Corte con cuidado abierto musculoso tubo que rodea la tráquea (Figura 1 E, F). </li></ol></li><li> Coloque hilo quirúrgico debajo de la tráquea para más tarde fijación tubo de ventilación (Figura 1G). <ol><li> Tráquea abierta con micro-tijeras entre anillos cartilaginosos que realizan una incisión en forma de T (Figura 1H) </li></ol></li><li> Coloque el tubo de ventilación en la tráquea a través de la incisión (~ 0,5 cm). Para empujar el tubo hacia adelante, agarrar extremo caudal con pequeñas pinzas anatómicas y suavemente avanzar el tubo en la tráquea (Figura 1I) </li><li> Fijar tubo con hilo quirúrgico (por ejemplo, </em&gt;, 5-0) con hilo colocado en el paso 2.5 atar un nudo alrededor del tubo dentro de la tráquea; realizar segunda fijación craneal del tubo en la piel para evitar y retiro accidental (Figura 1J, K). </li><li> Seal corte con pegamento de tejido (por ejemplo, n-butil-2-Cyanoacrylat) (Figura 1L). </li><li> Fijar el tubo en la cabeza con cinta adhesiva. </li></ol> 3. laparotomía (15-20 min) <ol><li> Coloque el ratón en el cojín de calefacción para evitar la hipotermia. Afeitado abdomen, retire con cuidado el pelo de la piel. Desinfectar la piel afeitada y piel mediante el uso de una solución de yodo povidona. </li><li> Realizar una pequeña piel cortada debajo del esternón utilizando tijeras quirúrgicas (Figura 2A). Extienda el corte lateralmente debajo de las costillas a ambos lados, la cauterización de todos los vasos sanguíneos visibles para prevenir el sangrado. </li><li> Realizar con cuidado un pequeño corte en la línea alba debajo del esternón, abre el peritoneo (Figura 2B). Extienda el corte a ambos lados con cauterización para prevenir el sangrado (Figura 2 C, D). </li><li> Coloque el ratón en el plato etapa de agarosa (Figura 2E). Coloque pilas de altura adecuada en ambos lados del ratón (generalmente 12-14 cubreobjetos) (Figura 2F). </li><li> Coloque sensor de disparo respiratoria debajo espalda superior para sincronizar el microscopio con la respiración. Activar unidad de disparo (Figura 2G). </li><li> Coloque hilo quirúrgico (5-0) a través del esternón para retraer costillas (Figura 2I). </li><li> Cortar cuidadosamente ligamento que conecta el hígado y el diafragma (ligamento falciforme), así como el tracto gastrointestinal y el hígado utilizando tijeras quirúrgicas curvas. Cortar el ligamento falciforme hasta la aorta (Figura 2J). </li></ol> 4. Configuración de la muestra (10-15 min) <ol><li> Coloque ratón en el lado derecho con un ángulo de 45 ° para facilitar el acceso a lóbulo hepático grande. </li><li> Añadir puente puesta en escena debajo de las costillas, que cubre el abdomencavidad. Fabricación de un puente mediante el uso de una hoja de cubierta estándar con recubrimiento de cinta adhesiva para cubrir los bordes afilados (Figura 2K). </li><li> Coloque lóbulo hepático grande en el escenario. Deslizar con cuidado la sonda lápiz doble bola o una espátula acolchado debajo del hígado y mantenga la parte superior del órgano con un bastoncillo de algodón húmedo o toallitas húmedas. Levante lóbulo sobre el portaobjetos y aplique fricción suave. Lóbulo se puede doblar o plegar. Proporcionar un cuidado especial para sólo una manipulación suave del hígado (Figura 2 l). </li><li> Coloca estacas lateral de apoyo, por ejemplo, pilas de pequeñas cubreobjetos (20 mm x 20 mm), de aproximadamente la misma altura del lóbulo hepático junto a él para apoyar la hoja de la cubierta. </li><li> Coloque gran hoja de la cubierta (24 mm x 50 mm) en el lóbulo hepático. Asegúrese de que cubreobjetos se orienta más horizontal posible (Figura 2 M). NOTA: La hoja de la cubierta debe estar en contacto con el tejido sin apretar. Compruebe si hay signos visibles de deterioro del flujo sanguíneo (tejido blanco). Si microcirculación se interrumpe, agregar más el apoyo a las estacas. </li><li> * Coloque dos catéteres intraperitoneal independientes (Figura 2N) para la anestesia de largo plazo y el G-5 aplicación. Instale catéteres lateralmente en la parte inferior del abdomen junto a las patas traseras. NOTA: Los catéteres intraperitoneal puede ser hecho a sí mismo mediante la conexión de 27 agujas G con tubo de silicona flexible (Figura 3). </li><li> * Aguja Fixate con un bucle de hilo quirúrgico 5-0 a la piel para evitar el desplazamiento accidental. </li><li> * Adjuntar bomba de jeringa con solución anestesia I catéter 1, ajuste el caudal de 0,2 ml / h; adjuntar bomba de jeringa con G-5 a 2 de catéter, la tasa de flujo se establece en 0,1 ml / hr. </li></ol> 5. Monitoreo Ratón <ol><li> * Electrodos de ECG Place en la parte delantera y las extremidades traseras (Figura 4A). </li><li> * Fije el tubo de caducidad a CO 2 sensor de nivel. </li><li> Añadir sensor de temperatura externo conectado a la almohadilla de calor (Figura 4C). </li></ol> 6. Inclusión y fijación tisular (5-10 min) <ol><li> Preparar 100 ml de 3% (w / v) de agarosa en 1X PBS. Incrustar hígado cuando la temperatura es a 41 ° C usando una jeringa de 5 ml y una aguja de 18 G (Figura 5A). </li><li> Verter restante de agarosa en cubreobjetos y alrededor del ratón (Figura 5B, C). Espere hasta agarosa está totalmente gelatinizado. </li><li> Retire el exceso de agarosa utilizando la espátula Heidemann, preparar una lo suficientemente grande viewfield para escanear el lóbulo hepático preparado (Figura 5D, E). </li></ol> 7. Imaging <ol><li> Transferir el ratón en cámara climática microscopio. </li><li> Añadir 50-100 ml de PBS 1x (precalentado en 37 ° C). </li><li> Cubrir el plato de la muestra para evitar la evaporación (Figura 5F). </li><li> * Disminuir isoflurano por inhalación a 0,5 Vol% (v / v). </li><li> * Iniciar el software de control, registro ECG, frecuencia cardiaca y CO 2 espiratorio. </li><li> Comience imagen: abrir lapersianas SER, identificar campos de vista de su interés, definir límites superior e inferior para Z-pilas y comenzar la grabación de lapso de tiempo. Reajuste Z-pilas si es necesario para corregir la deriva de Z (por ejemplo., Debido a cambios en la presión arterial o fluctuación de la temperatura, la Figura (5G). NOTA: Después de la terminación del período de formación de imágenes o si la circulación o anestesia de los animales se vuelve inestable, sacrificar los ratones por dislocación cervical (sin el despertar de la anestesia). </li></ol>

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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser+scanning+microscopy+imaging+of+intact+spinal+cord+and+cerebral+cortex+reveals+requirement+for+CXCR6+and+neuroinflammation+in+immune+cell+infiltration+of+cortical+injury+sites.">Two-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging of intact spinal cord and cerebral cortex reveals requirement for CXCR6 and neuroinflammation in immune cell infiltration of cortical injury sites.</a> J Immunol Methods. 352 (1-2), 89-100 (2010).</li><li>Karlmark, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+recruitment+of+the+inflammatory+Gr1++monocyte+subset+upon+liver+injury+promotes+hepatic+fibrosis.">Hepatic recruitment of the inflammatory Gr1+ monocyte subset upon liver injury promotes hepatic fibrosis.</a> Hepatology. 50 (1), 261-274 (2009).</li><li>Heymann, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+macrophage+migration+and+differentiation+critical+for+liver+fibrosis+is+mediated+by+the+chemokine+receptor+C-C+motif+chemokine+receptor+8+in+mice.">Hepatic macrophage migration and differentiation critical for liver fibrosis is mediated by the chemokine receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 8 in mice.</a> Hepatology. 55 (3), 898-909 (2012).</li><li>Ramachandran, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+Ly-6C+expression+identifies+the+recruited+macrophage+phenotype,+which+orchestrates+the+regression+of+murine+liver+fibrosis.">Differential Ly-6C expression identifies the recruited macrophage phenotype, which orchestrates the regression of murine liver fibrosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (46), E3186-E3195 (2012).</li><li>Moles, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+TLR2/S100A9/CXCL-2+signaling+network+is+necessary+for+neutrophil+recruitment+in+acute+and+chronic+liver+injury+in+the+mouse.">A TLR2/S100A9/CXCL-2 signaling network is necessary for neutrophil recruitment in acute and chronic liver injury in the mouse.</a> J Hepatol. 60 (4), 782-791 (2014).</li><li>Hammerich, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemokine+receptor+CCR6-dependent+accumulation+of+&#947;&#948;+T+cells+in+injured+liver+restricts+hepatic+inflammation+and+fibrosis.">Chemokine receptor CCR6-dependent accumulation of &#947;&#948; T cells in injured liver restricts hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.</a> Hepatology. 59 (2), 630-642 (2014).</li><li>Syn, W. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKT-associated+hedgehog+and+osteopontin+drive+fibrogenesis+in+non-alcoholic+fatty+liver+disease.">NKT-associated hedgehog and osteopontin drive fibrogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> Gut. 61 (9), 1323-1329 (2012).</li><li>McDonald, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+CD44+and+hyaluronan+is+the+dominant+mechanism+for+neutrophil+sequestration+in+inflamed+liver+sinusoids.">Interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan is the dominant mechanism for neutrophil sequestration in inflamed liver sinusoids.</a> J Exp Med. 205 (4), 915-927 (2008).</li><li>Egen, J. 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The authors disclose no con&#64258;ict of interests.

El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue desarrollar un método altamente estandarizada, estable y reproducible para la imagen TPLSM intravital del hígado. Intravital de imágenes en general ha dado información valiosa sobre el comportamiento celular en condiciones reales siguientes vivienda y la interacción de las diferentes poblaciones de leucocitos en el desarrollo, la homeostasis y la enfermedad. Sin embargo, la posición anatómica algo difícil del hígado, debido a que las vías respiratorias y el movimiento intesti...

La visualización de las células y las funciones celulares en órganos enteros o incluso organismos enteros ha sido de gran interés durante más de 50 años, incluyendo prácticamente todas las partes del cuerpo 2. Por lo tanto, algunos de los primeros estudios que ya emplean intravital de imágenes del hígado 3,4. Sin embargo, existen varias limitaciones al día en cuanto a imágenes de alta resolución estable a largo plazo del tejido hepático. Debido a la posición anatómica del hígado en estrecho contacto con el diafragma y el tracto gastrointestinal 5, el problema más común para formación de imágenes intravital microscópico es el movimiento debido a la respiración y, en menor medida, peristáltica del tracto intestinal 6. En comparación con otros órganos sólidos, la cirugía del hígado es particularmente difícil. Debido a la estructura microvascular densa, la manipulación quirúrgica puede conducir a lesiones hemorrágicas masivas, alteración de la microcirculación 7 y también la activación de residente immune células tales como las células de Kupffer 8. Por lo tanto, la fijación mecánica del tejido que se publica en otra parte 6,9 es probable que interfiera con la formación de imágenes de microscopía intravital. En un hígado sano, el 10-15% del volumen total de sangre reside dentro de la vasculatura del hígado, y el órgano recibe alrededor de 25% del gasto cardíaco en general 10, haciendo que el órgano altamente susceptibles a cambios en la circulación (por ejemplo, fluctuaciones de la presión arterial ). Por lo tanto, las interrupciones en el flujo sanguíneo hepático debido a, por ejemplo, la tensión de cizallamiento, el desplazamiento, la lesión por la manipulación excesiva de los tejidos o la circulación centralizada dará lugar a alteraciones artificiales en el comportamiento migratorio de leucocitos, alteración de la oxigenación del hígado y, por tanto, un mayor daño del hígado, que afecta a la respuesta inmune del hígado, así como la preservación de órganos y el tiempo de vida general del animal. Los primeros estudios microscópicos se basaron en mi epifluorescencia intravitalesmicroscopia, pero varias limitaciones técnicas tales como blanqueo foto y poca profundidad de penetración limitan el uso de esta técnica para obtener imágenes del hígado a largo plazo 4,11,12. Con el desarrollo de la microscopía multifotónica en la década de 1990, las limitaciones de blanqueo foto o profundidad de penetración se resolvieron principalmente, ya que este nuevo método es técnicamente capaz de realizar estudios de imagen en prácticamente todos los órganos en virtud de situaciones de la vida real 13-15. Sin embargo, los principales desafíos pendientes con respecto a las imágenes del hígado fueron: los movimientos de la respiración, la autofluorescencia del tejido hepático, que aseguran el flujo de sangre sin alteraciones en los sinusoides hepáticos, y proyección de imagen especialmente estables durante periodos de varias horas 16 más. Aunque varios estudios abordaron la función y la migración de diversos leucocitos en el hígado 17, por ejemplo, la NKT-18-20 células, células T 21,22, los macrófagos del hígado 23,24 o neutrófilos 25, a largo plazo multifotónica mimágenes icroscopy aún no se había establecido con éxito, una tarea aún más difícil en los animales con enfermedad hepática aguda o crónica debido a los daños existentes y, por tanto, una mayor susceptibilidad a daños mayores 26. Sin embargo, el monitoreo del comportamiento migratorio y la función celular de los leucocitos en el hígado en tiempo real permite a los nuevos conocimientos en su papel particular en la homeostasis del hígado y la enfermedad 27. El CXCR6 receptor de quimioquinas se expresa en varios subgrupos de linfocitos, incluyendo las células asesinas naturales (NK), las células NKT y algunas poblaciones de células T 18,28. Estudios previos en ratones han indicado que CXCR6 y su CXCL16 ligando afín pueden controlar el patrullaje de las células NKT en sinusoides hepáticos durante la homeostasis. En consecuencia, el uso de ratones CXCR6.gfp (que lleva un knock-in de la proteína fluorescente verde [GFP] en el locus CXCR6) se ha descrito para investigar la migración de linfocitos en diversos órganos tales como el cerebro 29y también el hígado 18,20, mostrando aumento de la infiltración de células CXCR6.gfp sobre la inflamación. Con el método proporcionado en este estudio era posible seguir estos procesos durante un largo período de tiempo en condiciones estabilizadas. El procedimiento basado multifotónica intravital permitió imagen que era altamente reproducible con perturbación mínima del animal y el órgano; optimizado para la supervivencia de los animales a largo plazo por una extensa evaluación que sigue un estricto control de la respiración y la circulación; y altamente flexible y fácil de adoptar también a otros órganos parenquimatosos como el riñón o el bazo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1184">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Anesthetics</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:293px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Essex Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">997.00.00</td>
			<td>Analgeticum, 0.1 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fentanyl</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Rotex Medica</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">charge: 30819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fluovac anesthesia system</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">34-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Glucose 5%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ISOFLO (Isoflurane Vapor) vaporiser</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Eickemeyer</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">4802885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Forene Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">B 506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">DeltaSelect GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PZN 00765145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Ketamin 10%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ceva</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Charge: 36217/09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Xylazin 2%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">medistar</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Charge: 04-03-9338/23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Consumable supplies</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">20ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">250ml Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Schott Duran</td>
			<td>21 226 36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">25mL Beaker 2x</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Schott Duran</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">50-1150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">2ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-0 Vicryl suture</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">V7980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">commercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Bepanthen Eye and Nose ointment</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">6029009.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Change-A-Tip Deluxe High-Temp Cautery Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">18010-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cotton Gauze swabs</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fuhrmann GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">32014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cover Slip 24x50mm</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Durapore silk tape</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1538-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Feather disposable scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">02.001.30.011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fine Bore Polythene Tubing 0,58mm ID</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Smiths medical</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">800/100/200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Histoacryl</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1050052</td>
			<td>5x 0,5ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Leukoplast</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BSN Medical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Poly-Alcohol Haut&#8230;farblos Antisepticum</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Antiseptica GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">72PAH200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sterican needle 18 G x 1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">304622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sterican needle 27 3/4 G x 1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">4657705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Tissue paper</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">commercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amalgam burnisher 3PL</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gatz</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">0110?</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blair retractors (4 pronged (blunt)) x2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Storz&#38;Klein</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S-01134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont No.7 forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">91197-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Graefe forceps curved x1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11151-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Graefe forceps straight x2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heidemann spatula HD2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Stoma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">2030.00</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Needle holder Mathieu</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">12010-14</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14074-11</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Semken forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11008-13</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Small surgical scissors curved</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14029-10</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Small surgical scissors straight</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14028-10</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Standard pattern forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11000-12</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">ECG Trigger Unit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Rapid Biomedical</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">3000003686</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">MICROCAPSTAR End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">AD Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Minivent Typ 845</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>73-0043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Multiphoton microscope Trimscope I</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">LaVision</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Perfusor Compact</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">PowerLab 8/30 8 channel recorder</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">AD Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PL3508</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature controlled heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sygonix</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">26857617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature sensor</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">comercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature controlled System for Microscopes -Cube&#38;Box</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Life Imaging Services</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
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		</tr>
	</tbody>
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long term intravital multiphoton microscopy imaging of immune cells in healthy and diseased liver using cxcr6.gfp reporter mice

<html> Inflamación del hígado como respuesta a una lesión es un proceso altamente dinámico que implica la infiltración de distintos subtipos de leucocitos incluyendo monocitos, neutrófilos, subconjuntos de células T, células B, células asesinas naturales (NK) y las células NKT. Microscopía intravital del hígado para el seguimiento de la migración de células inmunes es particularmente difícil debido a los altos requisitos relativos a la preparación de muestras y fijación, la resolución óptica y la supervivencia de los animales a largo plazo. Sin embargo, la dinámica de los procesos inflamatorios, así como estudios de interacción celulares podrían proporcionar información crítica para comprender mejor la iniciación, progresión y regresión de la enfermedad inflamatoria del hígado. Por lo tanto, se estableció un método altamente sensible y fiable para estudiar la migración y célula-célula-interacciones de las diferentes células inmunes en el hígado del ratón durante períodos largos (alrededor de 6 hr) por intravital de dos fotones microscopía de escaneo láser (TPLSM) en combinación con cuidados intensivos monitoreo. ent &quot;&gt; El método proporcionado incluye una preparación suave y una fijación estable del hígado con perturbación mínima del órgano; intravital de imágenes a largo plazo usando microscopía multifotónica multicolor con prácticamente ninguna photobleaching o efectos fototóxicos durante un período de tiempo de hasta 6 horas, lo que permite el seguimiento de subconjuntos de leucocitos específicos, y las condiciones de imagen estable debido a un seguimiento exhaustivo de los parámetros vitales del ratón y la estabilización de la circulación, la temperatura y el intercambio de gases. Para investigar la migración de linfocitos en la inflamación del hígado CXCR6.gfp ronda en ratones fueron sometidos a formación de imágenes del hígado intravital en condiciones basales y después de daño hepático agudo y crónico inducida por la inyección intraperitoneal (s) de tetracloruro de carbono (CCl 4). CXCR6 es un receptor de quimioquinas expresado en los linfocitos, principalmente en células T asesinas naturales (NKT) -, asesinas naturales (NK) - y subconjuntos de linfocitos T, como las células T CD4, sino también associ mucosasATED invariante células (MAIT) T 1. Siguiendo el patrón migratorio y el posicionamiento de las células inmunes CXCR6.gfp + permitido una visión detallada de su comportamiento alterado en la lesión hepática y por lo tanto su potencial implicación en la progresión de la enfermedad.

Para validar nuestro enfoque TPLSM intravital, sometimos GFP / + ratones CXCR6 a imágenes TPLSM intravital. Los ratones se dejaron sin tratar como controles de línea de base o sometidos a una única inyección intraperitoneal de tetracloruro de carbono (CCl 4) para inducir daño hepático agudo 20. Las secuencias de vídeo fueron tomadas durante un período de tiempo de 2-5 horas, y las células fueron rastreadas con el tiempo debido a su fluorescencia verd...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice at JoVE.com

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

Largo Plazo intravital Multifotónica de imágenes de microscopía de células inmunitarias en sanos y enfermos de hígado utilizando ratones CXCR6.Gfp Reporter

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, ...

long-term-intravital-multiphoton-microscopy-imaging-immune-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.8K vistas.  RWTH University-Hospital Aachen. Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

Video: Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Siete pasos para células estrelladas

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

Imagen intravital del timo de ratón utilizando 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Crónica a largo plazo<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Infección de las vías respiratorias en los ratones

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick tissue samples and organs in health and disease. By controlling the scanning pattern in multi-photon microscopy and applying appropriate numerical algorithms, we developed a striped-illumination approach, which enabled us to achieve 3-fold better axial resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio, i.e. contrast, in more than 100 &#181;m tissue depth within highly scattering tissue of lymphoid organs as compared to standard multi-photon microscopy. The acquisition speed as well as photobleaching and photodamage effects were similar to standard photo-multiplier-based technique, whereas the imaging depth was slightly lower due to the use of field detectors. By using the striped-illumination approach, we are able to observe the dynamics of immune complex deposits on secondary follicular dendritic cells &#8211; on the level of a few protein molecules in germinal centers.

High-resolution intravital imaging with enhanced contrast up to 120 &#181;m depth in lymph nodes of adult mice is achieved by spatially modulating the excitation pattern of a multi-focal two-photon microscope. In 100 &#181;m depth we measured resolutions of 487 nm (lateral) and 551 nm (axial), thus circumventing scattering and diffraction limits.

Muy resuelto Microscopía intravital rayas-iluminación de centros germinales

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick ...

Intravital Microscopy Imaging of the Liver following Leishmania Infection: An Assessment of Hepatic Hemodynamics

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful optical imaging technique that has made possible the visualization, monitoring and quantification of various biological events in real time and in live animals. This technology has greatly advanced our understanding of physiological processes and pathogen-mediated phenomena in specific organs.
In this study, IVM is applied to the mouse liver and protocols are designed to image in vivo the circulatory system of the liver and measure red blood cell (RBC) velocity in individual hepatic vessels. To visualize the different vessel subtypes that characterize the hepatic organ and perform blood flow speed measurements, C57Bl/6 mice are intravenously injected with a fluorescent plasma reagent that labels the liver-associated vasculature. IVM enables in vivo, real time, measurement of RBC velocity in a specific vessel of interest. Establishing this methodology will make it possible to investigate liver hemodynamics under physiological and pathological conditions. Ultimately, this imaging-based methodology will be important for studying the influence of L. donovani infection&#160;on hepatic hemodynamics.
This method can be applied to other infectious models and mouse organs and might be further extended to pre-clinical testing of a drug&#8217;s effect on inflammation by quantifying its effect on blood flow.

Intravital Microscopy Imaging of the Liver following Leishmania Infection: An Assessment of Hepatic Hemodynamics

This article reports on a detailed method for the dynamic measurement and quantification of blood flow velocity within individual blood vessels of the mouse liver vasculature using intravital microscopy imaging in combination with a specific methodology for image acquisition and analysis.

Microscopia intravital de imágenes del hígado después<em&gt; Leishmania</em&gt; Infección: Una Evaluación de Hemodinámica hepática

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful optical imaging technique that has made possible the visualization, monitoring and quantification of various ...

Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this protocol, we describe intravital microscopy of mesentery veins. This can be performed in a short period of time with reproducible results showing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in vivo. We describe an inflammatory setting after LPS challenge of the endothelium. But in this model one can apply many different types of inflammatory conditions, like bacterial, chemical or biological and investigate the administration of drugs and their direct effects on the living animal and its impact on leukocyte recruitment. This protocol has been applied successfully to a number of different treatments of mice and their effects on inflammatory response in vessels. Herein, we describe the visualization of leukocytes and platelets by fluorescently labeling these with rhodamine 6G. Additionally, any specific imaging can be performed using targeted fluorescently labeled molecules.

This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

Interacciones intravital microscopía de leucocitos endoteliales y plaquetas de leucocitos en mesenterial venas en ratones

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this ...

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells. Inside the host cell the effector proteins manipulate cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. To better understand the control of type III secretion during host cell interaction, sensitive and accurate assays to measure translocation are required. We here describe the application of an assay based on the fusion of a Yersinia enterocolitica effector protein fragment (Yersinia outer protein; YopE) with TEM-1 beta-lactamase for quantitative analysis of translocation. The assay relies on cleavage of a cell permeant FRET dye (CCF4/AM) by translocated beta-lactamase fusion. After cleavage of the cephalosporin core of CCF4 by the beta-lactamase, FRET from coumarin to fluorescein is disrupted and excitation of the coumarin moiety leads to blue fluorescence emission. Different applications of this method have been described in the literature highlighting its versatility. The method allows for analysis of translocation in vitro and also in in vivo, e.g., in a mouse model. Detection of the fluorescence signals can be performed using plate readers, FACS analysis or fluorescence microscopy. In the setup described here, in vitro translocation of effector fusions into HeLa cells by different Yersinia mutants is monitored by laser scanning microscopy. Recording intracellular conversion of the FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase effector fusion in real-time provides robust quantitative results. We here show exemplary data, demonstrating increased translocation by a Y. enterocolitica YopE mutant compared to the wild type strain.

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Effector translocation into host cells via a type III secretion system is a common virulence strategy among gram-negative bacteria. A beta-lactamase effector fusion based assay for quantitative analysis of translocation was applied. In Yersinia infected cells, conversion of a FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase is monitored using laser scanning microscopy.

Análisis de<em&gt; Yersinia enterocolitica</em&gt; Efector translocación en las células huésped Usando beta-lactamasa Efector fusiones

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in vivo is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of leukocyte transendothelial migration and interaction with vascular endothelium. One powerful approach involves intravital microscopy on transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins in cells of interest.
Here we present a protocol for imaging monocytes and neutrophils in the CX3CR1gfp/wt mouse i.v. injected with orange dye-labeled neutrophils with an inverted confocal microscope. Time-lapse movies gathered from 30 min&#160;to several hours of imaging allow the analysis of leukocyte behavior in mesenteric veins under both steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also describe the steps to locally induce blood vessel inflammation with TLR2/TLR1 agonist Pam3SK4 and monitor the subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.
The presented technique can also be used to monitor other populations of leukocytes and investigate molecules implicated in leukocyte recruitment or trafficking using other stimuli or transgenic mice.

We detail a protocol to monitor the behavior of neutrophils and monocytes in mesenteric veins under steady state and inflammatory conditions using intravital confocal microscopy on anaesthetized mice.

Imaging neutrófilos y monocitos en mesentérica venas por Microscopia intravital en ratones anestesiados en Tiempo Real

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1&#946; Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that enhances the phagocytic functionality of neutrophils. Although extensive studies have unveiled the existence and importance of neutrophil priming during infection and injury, means of visualizing this process in vivo have been unavailable. The protocol provided enables monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals by combining three methodologies: 1) DsRed reporter signal &#8212; used as a measure of priming 2) in vivo neutrophil labeling &#8212; achieved by injection of fluorescence-conjugated anti-lymphocyte antigen 6G (Ly6G) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and 3) intravital confocal imaging. Several critical steps are involved in this protocol: oxazolone-induced mouse ear skin inflammation, appropriate sedation of animals, repeated injections of anti-Ly6G mAb, and prevention of focus drift during imaging. Although a few limitations have been observed, such as the limit of continuous imaging time (~ 8 hr) in one mouse and the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from blood vessels in the inflammatory state, this protocol provides a fundamental framework for intravital imaging of primed neutrophil behavior and function, which can easily be expanded to examination of other immune cells in mouse inflammation models.

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1&amp;#946; Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice

This current protocol employs fluorescent reporters, in vivo labeling, and intravital imaging techniques to enable monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals.

Imaging intravital de neutrófilos Cebado El uso de IL-1 promotor impulsado reportero ratones DsRed

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

Proyección de imagen de tuberculosis del Mycobacterium en ratones con reportero enzima fluorescencia

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...