These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

1. Día Antes de Ensayo <ol><li> Recoger moscas en viales de alimentos frescos en grupos de 11 (solo sexo) bajo breve (1-5 min) CO 2. </li><li> Permitir que las moscas se recuperen O / N en viales de alimentos en un espacio con ambiente controlado (normalmente 25 ° C, humedad relativa del 60%, 12 horas de luz / oscuridad ciclo). </li><li> Preparar la solución de etanol (s) diluyendo puro (100%) de etanol en (≥18 MΩ) agua purificada hasta una concentración final (s) apropiado para el experimento planeado. Deje que la solución (s) para volver a RT O / N. Nota: La dilución de etanol es exotérmica. </li></ol> 2. Día de Ensayo <ol><li> Para cada vial de moscas a ensayar, preparar (i) un vial limpio y vacío de alimentos; es decir, las pruebas de vial, (ii) un nuevo tapón de acetato de celulosa, (iii) un tapón de silicona y (iv) 1 ml de solución de etanol (véase la Tabla 3). </li><li> Preparar sala de pruebas mediante el ajuste de la temperatura a 20-25 ° C y humedad relativa de 55-65%. </li><li> Haga que otro trabajadorasignar un código único a cada grupo de viales y registrar el código para más tarde. Colocar los viales codificados con moscas en sala de pruebas para aclimatarse durante unos minutos. </li><li> Etiquetar viales de ensayo vacías para que coincida con los códigos de los viales de la mosca de 2,3. </li><li> Construir un registro de las pruebas en papel mediante la introducción de los códigos en columnas (una columna / vial) en una hoja de cálculo similar a la Tabla 1. </li><li> Utilizando el registro de las pruebas como guía, organizar viales alimentos codificados con las moscas y los viales de prueba vacíos en juego matrices en la sala de pruebas. Nota: un número máximo razonable de viales para poner a prueba es de 24 (es decir, 6 juegos de 4 viales de cada uno). </li><li> Transferencia vuela desde viales de alimentos en pareados viales de ensayo vacío / etiquetados e inserte inmediatamente tapones de acetato de celulosa en viales de prueba hasta tapones de acetato de celulosa son 2 cm por debajo de la parte superior del vial. </li><li> De aquí en adelante, manejar cada fila de cuatro viales como un conjunto a intervalos escalonados min 1. </li><li> Para la evaluación de tiempo 0, sujete cada vial individual wITH pulgar y el dedo índice, toque suavemente sobre la mesa tres veces para golpear las moscas a la parte inferior del vial, espere 30 segundos y luego contar el número de moscas que son inmóviles / muerto. Anote el número de moscas inmóviles / muertas para cada vial en el tiempo 0 min en el registro de la prueba en papel. </li><li> Iniciar temporizador con cuenta de forma continua en el tiempo 0 y comenzar inmediatamente la adición de 1 ml de etanol a tapones de acetato de celulosa en los viales para la primera fila / juego de 4 viales. Añadir 1 ml de etanol para los tapones de acetato de celulosa en los viales a intervalos de 5 seg en el orden en que se pondrá a prueba. Añadir etanol para los tapones de acetato de celulosa en un movimiento circular de modo que el etanol se absorbe de manera uniforme a través de los tapones de acetato de celulosa. Cuando el etanol se ha añadido a todos los viales de prueba 4 en el conjunto, insertar un tapón de silicona en cada vial para sellarlo. </li><li> A veces 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 minutos, añadir 1 ml de etanol para el segundo tercio cuarto, conjuntos, quinto y sexto de 4 viales, respectivamente. Continúe insertando tapones de silicona despuésadición de etanol a cada conjunto de 4 viales. </li><li> A la hora 6 minutos, probar la primera serie de 4 viales agarrando cada vial con el pulgar y el índice, golpeando suavemente sobre la mesa tres veces para golpear las moscas a la parte inferior del vial, espera 30 segundos y luego contar y registrar el número total de moscas que están sedados. Puntuación vuela como sedado si (i) se destacan en el suelo del vial, pero no caminan o (ii) se encuentran en la espalda con o sin batir sus alas. </li><li> Maneje cada vial dentro del conjunto a intervalos de 5 segundos con el horario en la Tabla 2. </li><li> A veces 7, 8, 9, 10 y 11 min, probar el segundo, tercero, cuarto, quinto y sexto juegos de viales, respectivamente, como se hizo para el primer set. </li><li> A la hora 12 min, probar la primera serie de 4 viales de nuevo como se describe en 2.12 y continuar probando la segunda tercera cuarta, conjuntos, quinto y sexto de viales a los 13, 14, 15, 16 y 17 minutos, respectivamente. </li><li> Continuar pruebas moscas como se describe en 2.12 hasta que todas las moscas son sedated. </li><li> Escriba el número total de moscas en cada vial en el registro de la prueba en papel. Censor moscas inmóviles / muertos en el tiempo 0 a partir del número total de moscas. </li><li> Calcular el porcentaje de moscas activas en cada punto de tiempo de evaluación y datos de la parcela como% moscas activos (eje y) en función del tiempo (eje x). Cuantificar la sedación etanol mediante la interpolación de Sedación Tiempo 50 valores (ST50, el tiempo a 50% sedación) de tercer orden curva polinómica o sigmoidal encaja o el cálculo del área bajo la curva. </li><li> Recopilar datos de viales decodificados y realizar análisis estadísticos (por ejemplo, un modelo lineal con Bonferroni test de comparación múltiple) según corresponda para el diseño experimental. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Ensayos sencillos que cuantifican reproducible fenotipos significativos son de gran valor para el análisis del comportamiento. El trabajo que se describe aquí aborda varios aspectos prácticos de un ensayo para medir la sensibilidad sedación etanol y rápida tolerancia en Drosophila. Aunque no es un tema central de este trabajo, análisis de comportamiento son facilitadas por el mantenimiento del medio ambiente y los antecedentes genéticos constante para los sujetos de prueba en un estudio. Además, por lo ...

Trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD) es un enorme problema de salud en todo el mundo (revisado en 1). Aunque los mecanismos que impulsan el desarrollo de AUD son complejos, estos trastornos tienen un componente genético importante (por ejemplo, 2). La gran heredabilidad de la AUD y las respuestas conductuales conservadas en etanol a través de muchas especies (revisado en 3,4) han generado un gran interés en el uso de organismos modelo genético para investigar la participación de genes específicos en los comportamientos relacionados con etanol hacia una mejor comprensión de las bases moleculares de AUD. La mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster, se ha convertido en un organismo líder en modelo para explorar los mecanismos moleculares genética de los comportamientos relacionados con etanol (revisado en 3,4). Los estudios en moscas han puesto de relieve los roles de varias vías de señalización en las respuestas conductuales a etanol (revisado en 5). Curiosamente, algunos de los genes y las vías que influir respons conductualeses a etanol en las moscas también se han implicado en los comportamientos relacionados con etanol de roedores y / o AUD humano (por ejemplo, 6-14). La conservación de los mecanismos de los comportamientos relacionados con la conducción de etanol a través de especies, junto con la suite de herramientas genéticas disponibles en el sistema modelo de Drosophila, ponen de relieve la utilidad del modelo de mosca de la fruta para la investigación de la genética de las respuestas de comportamiento a etanol. Sensibilidad 15,16 y la tolerancia (revisado en 17) a etanol en los seres humanos está relacionada con el desarrollo de AUD. Ambas de estas respuestas de comportamiento a etanol puede ser modelado en las moscas a través de una variedad de ensayos de laboratorio (revisado en 3,4). Todos los ensayos de moscas que se sabe que los autores se basan en cualquiera de tiempo-dependiente inducida por etanol sedación / falta de coordinación o de recuperación en función del tiempo de sedación etanol. En un artículo anterior de nuestro grupo sobre la genética de la sensibilidad de etanol y rtolerancia apid en Drosophila, se usó un ensayo de comportamiento basados ​​en etanol sedación inducida por vapor de moscas-18. Prueba en este ensayo se inició mediante la transferencia de adulto vivo vuela sin anestesia para vaciar viales de alimentos, atrapando las moscas en los viales con un tapón de acetato de celulosa, la adición de etanol a la parte superior (es decir, el lado no-fly) de la bujía de acetato de celulosa, y sellar el vial que contiene moscas, tapón de acetato de celulosa y el etanol con un tapón de silicona (véase el esquema de la Figura S3, referencia 18). Viales de múltiples que representan los diferentes grupos de moscas fueron evaluados en paralelo, aumentando el rendimiento de este ensayo. Los viales se les dio un código anónimo y experimentadores estaban cegados al grupo de tratamiento para evitar el sesgo no intencional en la evaluación de la sedación. En un experimento estándar, moscas en viales se golpeó suavemente a intervalos de 6 min y, después de una recuperación de 30 segundos, se contó y converte el número de moscas sedados en cada viald para ciento moscas activos. Las moscas absorben vapor de etanol a partir de la clavija de acetato de celulosa de una manera dependiente del tiempo, causando aumentos progresivos en etanol interno 18 y sedación (referencia cf 18 y la Figura 1A y 1B en este informe). Sedación en este ensayo se define operacionalmente como moscas (i) de pie en la ausencia de caminar o (ii) que se encuentra en la espalda con o sin batir sus alas. Aquí, este ensayo sedación etanol se describe en detalle, se proporciona una mayor optimización operativa relevante para su uso, y el ensayo se utiliza para tratar la contribución de opciones de administración de suplementos de alimentos sobre la sensibilidad a la sedación mosca.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>food vials</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89092-772</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flugs</td>
			<td>Genesee/flystuff.com</td>
			<td>49-102</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silicone stopper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-704-1l</td>
			<td>#4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmaco-Aaper</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>200 proof</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

Trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD) es un grave problema de salud. A pesar de un gran componente hereditario AUD, algunos genes se han implicado de forma inequívoca en su etiología. La mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster, es un poderoso modelo para explorar los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a los comportamientos genéticos relacionados con el alcohol y por lo tanto representa una gran promesa para la identificación y la comprensión de la función de los genes que influyen en AUD. El uso del modelo de Drosophila para estos tipos de estudios depende de la disponibilidad de ensayos que miden de forma fiable respuestas de comportamiento a etanol. Este informe describe un ensayo adecuado para evaluar la sensibilidad de etanol y rápida tolerancia en las moscas. Sensibilidad etanol medido en este ensayo está influenciada por el volumen y la concentración de etanol utilizado, una variedad de manipulaciones genéticas se informó anteriormente, y también la longitud de tiempo que las moscas se alojan sin alimentos inmediatamente antes de la prueba. En contraste, el etanol sensitivity medido en este ensayo no se ve afectada por el vigor de la manipulación de la mosca, el sexo de las moscas, y la suplementación de medio de crecimiento con antibióticos o levaduras vivas. Tres métodos diferentes para cuantificar la sensibilidad de etanol se describen, todo lo cual lleva a los resultados de sensibilidad etanol esencialmente indistinguibles. La naturaleza escalable de este ensayo, junto con su simplicidad general de puesta a punto y relativamente de bajo costo, lo hacen adecuado para el análisis genético pequeña y gran escala de sensibilidad etanol y rápida tolerancia en Drosophila.

Los datos brutos de este ensayo sedación etanol son los números de moscas que son sedados como una función de vapor de etanol tiempo de exposición. Los datos en bruto se convierten a las moscas por ciento activos como una función del tiempo (datos primarios, las figuras 1A, B, D - F). Sensibilidad a la sedación etanol a partir de los datos primarios se puede cuantificar como la sedación Tiempo 50 (ST50), el tiempo requerido para el 50% de las moscas para convertirse en sedado o A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Un ensayo de conducta Barato, escalable para medir etanol Sedación La sensibilidad y la tolerancia rápida en<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K vistas.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Video: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

La combinación del comportamiento de Endocrinología Experimental y Economía: Decisión de la testosterona y sociales que

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Una manera sencilla de medir la sensibilidad de etanol en las moscas

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Un método general para la evaluación de incubación de sacarosa en ratas Deseo

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Un método simple y barato para la Determinación de la sensibilidad al frío y Adaptación en ratones

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Un ensayo para medir los efectos del etanol sobre la velocidad de locomoción<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Un ensayo de conducta para Mechanosensation de clones en MARCM-basa<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Método electrofisiológico para registrar las respuestas de voltaje intracelular<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Los fotorreceptores y interneuronas a la luz Estímulos<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, reductionist, and scalable system for in-depth investigation of motivation using the mating drive of male Drosophila&#160;melanogaster (Drosophila), the methods for which we detail here. The behavioral paradigm centers on the finding that male mating drive decreases alongside fertility over the course of repeated copulations and recovers over ~3 d. In this system, the powerful neurogenetic tools available in the fly converge with the genetic accessibility and putative wiring diagram available for sexual behavior. This convergence allows rapid isolation and interrogation of small neuronal populations with specific motivational functions. Here we detail the design and execution of the satiety assay that is used to measure and alter courtship motivation in the male fly. Using this assay, we also demonstrate that low male mating drive can be overcome by stimulating dopaminergic neurons. The satiety assay is simple, affordable, and robust to influences of genetic background. We expect the satiety assay to generate many new insights into the neurobiology of motivational states.

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

This article describes a behavioral assay that uses male mating drive in Drosophila melanogaster to study motivation. Using this method, researchers can utilize advanced fly neurogenetic techniques to uncover the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie this motivation.

La medición y la modificación de acoplamiento de unidad en Male<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.