These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

1. Tag vor dem Assay <ol><li> Sammeln Fliegen in frischen Lebensmitteln Fläschchen in Gruppen von 11 (gleichgeschlechtlichen) unter kurzen (1-5 min) CO 2. </li><li> Lassen Sie Fliegen auf O / N in der Lebensmittelfläschchen umwelt selbst kontrollierte Verkaufsflächen wiederherzustellen (in der Regel 25 ° C, 60% relative Feuchtigkeit, 12 h Hell / Dunkel-Zyklus). </li><li> Bereiten Ethanol-Lösung (en) durch Verdünnen reine (100%) in Ethanol gereinigt (≥18 MQ) Wasser auf eine Endkonzentration (n) für das geplante Experiment geeignet. Anschließend Lösung (en) auf RT O / N zurück. Hinweis: Die Verdünnung von Ethanol ist exotherm. </li></ol> 2. Tag der Assay <ol><li> Für jedes zu prüfende Ampulle von Fliegen, vorzubereiten (i) eine saubere, leere Konserven Fläschchen; dh Testfläschchen, (ii) ein neuer Celluloseacetat Stecker, (iii) ein Silicon-Stopfen und (iv) 1 ml Ethanollösung (siehe Tabelle 3). </li><li> Bereiten Testraum durch Einstellen der Temperatur auf 20-25 ° C und die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit um 55-65%. </li><li> Haben Sie eine andere Arbeitskraftvergeben Sie einen eindeutigen Code für jede Gruppe von Fläschchen und notieren Sie den Code für später. Zeigen codierten Röhrchen mit Fliegen im Testraum für ein paar Minuten akklimatisieren. </li><li> Beschriften Sie leere Testfläschchen bis hin zu Codes auf Fly Ampullen von 2,3 entsprechen. </li><li> Konstruieren Sie eine Hardcopy Testprotokoll in einer Tabellenkalkulation ähnlich Tabelle 1 Eingabe der Codes in Spalten (eine Spalte / Fläschchen). </li><li> Mit dem Testprotokoll als Leitfaden, ordnen codiert Essen Fläschchen mit Fliegen und leere Testfläschchen in entsprechende Felder in den Testraum. Hinweis: Eine sinnvolle maximale Anzahl der Fläschchen, um zu testen, ist 24 (dh, 6 Sätze von 4 Flaschen je). </li><li> Über fliegt aus der Nahrung in die Fläschchen abgestimmt / beschriftet leer Test Fläschchen und sofort legen Celluloseacetat Stecker in Testfläschchen bis Celluloseacetat Stecker sind 2 cm unterhalb der Flasche Tops. </li><li> Im Folgenden behandeln jede Zeile von vier Ampullen als Set zu gestaffelten 1-Minuten-Intervallen. </li><li> Für die Zeit 0 Beurteilung, fassen Jedes Fläschchen individuell with Daumen und Zeigefinger, und tippen Sie vorsichtig auf dem Tisch drei Mal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten Sie 30 Sekunden und dann zählen die Anzahl der Fliegen, die unbeweglich / tot sind. Notieren Sie sich die Anzahl der unbeweglich / tote Fliegen für jedes Fläschchen zum Zeitpunkt 0 min in dem gedruckten Testprotokoll. </li><li> Timer starten Zählen kontinuierlich zum Zeitpunkt 0 und beginnt sofort mit Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu Celluloseacetat Stecker in die Fläschchen für die erste Zeile / Set von 4 Flaschen. Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu der Celluloseacetat Topfen in die Fläschchen in 5 Sekunden-Intervallen in der Reihenfolge, wie sie getestet werden. Hinzufügen von Ethanol zu der Celluloseester-Stecker in einer kreisförmigen Bewegung, so daß das Ethanol gleichmäßig in der Celluloseacetat Topfen absorbiert. Wenn Ethanol wurde an alle 4 Testdurchstechflaschen in der Menge hinzugefügt wurde, legen Sie eine Silikonkappe in jedem Fläschchen, um sie zu versiegeln. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 1, 2, 3, 4 und 5 min, 1 ml Ethanol zu den zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von 4 Flaschen sind. Weiter Einsetzen Silikonstopper nachZugabe von Ethanol zu jedem Satz von 4 Flaschen. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 6 min, testen Sie den ersten Satz von 4 Durchstechflaschen durch Greifen einer Flasche mit Daumen und Zeigefinger, leichtes Klopfen auf den Tisch dreimal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten 30 Sekunden und dann Zählen und Aufzeichnen der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen, die sediert werden. Score fliegt wie betäubt, wenn sie (i) stehen auf dem Boden des Gefäßes, aber nicht zu Fuß oder (ii) liegen auf dem Rücken, mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen. </li><li> Fassen Sie das Fläschchen in der Höhe von 5 Sekunden-Intervallen mit dem Zeitplan in der Tabelle 2. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 7, 8, 9, 10 und 11 min, testen die zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Fläschchen, die jeweils wie für den ersten Satz durchgeführt. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 12 min, Testen des ersten Satzes von 4 Flaschen wiederum wie in 2.12 beschrieben, und weiterhin die Prüfung der zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Röhrchen bei 13, 14, 15, 16 und 17 min, auf. </li><li> Weiter Testfliegen wie in 2.12 beschrieben, bis alle Fliegen sind sedated. </li><li> Geben Sie die Gesamtzahl der Fliegen in jeder Flasche in der Papiertestprotokoll. Zensieren unbeweglich / tote Fliegen zum Zeitpunkt 0 aus der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die prozentuale aktive Fliegen an jedem Bewertungszeitpunkt und Plot-Daten als% aktive Fliegen (y-Achse) gegen die Zeit (x-Achse). Quantifizieren Ethanol Sedierung durch Interpolation Sedierung Zeit 50 Werte (ST50, Zeit zu 50% Sedierung) von Polynom dritter Ordnung oder S-förmigen Kurvenanpassungen oder Berechnung Fläche unter der Kurve. </li><li> Kompilieren von Daten aus decodiert Fläschchen und statistische Analysen durchführen (zB Einweg-ANOVA mit Bonferroni Mehrfachvergleichstest) gegebenenfalls für das experimentelle Design. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Einfache Tests, die reproduzierbar quantifizieren sinn Phänotypen sind von großem Wert für die Analyse des Verhaltens. Die hier beschriebenen Arbeiten werden mehrere praktische Aspekte eines Tests zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila. Obwohl nicht ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit, sind Verhaltensanalysen durch die Erhaltung der Umwelt und genetischen Hintergrund Konstante für Probanden in einer Studie erleichtert. Ferner sollten Vergleiche typischerweise zwische...

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein enormes Gesundheitsproblem weltweit (in 1 überprüft). Obwohl die Mechanismen, die der Entwicklung von AUD komplex sind, sind diese Erkrankungen einen wichtigen genetischen Komponente (zB 2). Die große Erblichkeit der AUD und der konservierten Verhaltensreaktionen auf auf viele Arten (in 3,4 prüft) haben starkes Interesse an der Verwendung von genetischen Modellorganismen, um die Beteiligung bestimmter Gene in Ethanol bezogene Verhaltensweisen gegenüber ein besseres Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen der Untersuchung erzeugten Ethanol AUD. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, hat als einer der führenden Modellorganismus für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen der Ethanol-Verhalten (in 3,4 prüft) entstanden. Studium der Fliegen haben Rollen für mehrere Signalwege in Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol (in 5 mit Beiträgen) hervorgehoben. Interessanterweise, die Verhaltens respons beeinflussen einige der Gene und Signalwegees zu Ethanol in Fliegen auch in Nagetier Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen und / oder menschlichen AUD (zB 6-14) in Verbindung gebracht. Die Erhaltung der Mechanismen, die Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen zwischen den Arten, zusammen mit der Suite von genetischer Werkzeuge zur Verfügung, in der Drosophila-Modellsystem, unterstreichen den Nutzen der Fruchtfliege Modell zur Untersuchung der Genetik von Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol. Empfindlichkeit 15,16 und der Toleranz (in 17 überprüft), um beim Menschen Ethanol wird zur Entwicklung von AUD verbunden. Beide Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol in Fliegen über eine Vielzahl von Labortests (in 3,4 Bewertung) modelliert werden. Alle der Fliegen Assays den Autoren bekannt sind auf beiden zeitabhängigen Ethanol-induzierten Sedierung / Inkoordination oder zeitabhängigen Rückgewinnung aus Ethanol Sedierung basiert. In einem früheren Artikel aus unserer Gruppe über die Genetik der Ethanolsensitivität und rapid Toleranz in Drosophila, einem Verhaltenstest basierend auf Ethanoldampf-induzierten Sedierung von Fliegen wurde 18 verwendet. Testing in diesem Test wurde durch die Übertragung von Live-Erwachsenen initiiert fliegt ohne Betäubung, um Nahrung zu leeren Fläschchen, Trapping die Fliegen in den Fläschchen mit einer Celluloseacetat-Stecker, Zugabe von Ethanol zu der Spitze (dh nicht-fly-Seite) des Celluloseacetats Stecker, und Abdichten der Ampulle, die Fliegen, Celluloseacetat Stecker und Ethanol mit einem Silikonstopper (siehe schematische Abbildung S3 Referenz 18). Mehrere Fläschchen, die verschiedene Gruppen von Fliegen wurden parallel untersucht, der Durchsatz erhöht dieses Assays. Die Fläschchen wurden eine anonyme Code gegeben und Experimentatoren wurden Behandlungsgruppe geblendet, um unbeabsichtigte Verzerrungen bei der Beurteilung der Sedierung zu vermeiden. In einer Standard-Experiment fliegt in Ampullen wurden sanft mit 6-Minuten-Intervallen abgegriffen und nach einer 30 Sekunden Erholung, wurde die Anzahl der sediert Fliegen in jedem Fläschchen gezählt und converted, um die prozentuale aktive Fliegen. Fliegen absorbiert Ethanoldampf aus dem Celluloseacetat-Plug in einem zeitabhängig, was zu einem progressiven Anstieg der internen Ethanol 18 und Sedierung (siehe Referenz 18 und 1A und 1B in diesem Bericht). Sedierung in diesem Test wurde operativ wie Fliegen (i) stehen in der Abwesenheit von Walking oder (ii) auf dem Rücken liegend mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen definiert. Hier wird diese Ethanol Sedierung Assay im Detail beschrieben, wird eine weitere Betriebsoptimierung relevant Verwendung vorgesehen, und der Assay wird verwendet, um den Beitrag der Nahrungsergänzung Optionen auf fly Sedierung Empfindlichkeit ansprechen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>food vials</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89092-772</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flugs</td>
			<td>Genesee/flystuff.com</td>
			<td>49-102</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silicone stopper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-704-1l</td>
			<td>#4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmaco-Aaper</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>200 proof</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein ernstes Gesundheitsproblem. Trotz einer großen erbliche Komponente auf AUD, wenige Gene wurden eindeutig in ihrer Ätiologie in Verbindung gebracht. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, ist ein leistungsfähiges Modell für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen, die alkoholbedingte Verhaltensweisen und hält daher ein großes Versprechen für die Identifizierung und das Verständnis der Funktion von Genen, die AUD beeinflussen. Die Verwendung der Drosophila-Modell für diese Art von Untersuchungen hängt von der Verfügbarkeit von Assays, die zuverlässig Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol zu messen. Dieser Bericht beschreibt eine für die Beurteilung Ethanol Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Fliegen-Assay. Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in diesem Test gemessen wird durch das Volumen und die Konzentration von Ethanol verwendet wird, eine Vielzahl von zuvor berichtet, genetische Manipulationen, und auch die Länge der Zeit beeinflusst die Fliegen ohne Nahrung unmittelbar vor der Prüfung untergebracht. Demgegenüber Ethanol sensitivity in diesem Test gemessen wird, nicht von der Kraft der Fliegen Handhabung, des Geschlechts der Fliegen, und Ergänzung des Wachstumsmediums mit Antibiotika oder lebende Hefe beeinflußt. Drei verschiedene Methoden zur Quantifizierung von Ethanol Empfindlichkeit beschrieben, die alle zu wesentlichen nicht unterscheidbar Ethanolsensitivität Ergebnisse. Durch die Skalierbarkeit dieses Tests, kombiniert mit seiner Gesamt Einfachheit zu Set-up und relativ niedrige Kosten, machen es für kleine und große genetische Analyse von Ethanolsensitivität und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila geeignet.

Die Rohdaten dieser Ethanol Sedierung Assays ist die Zahl der Fliegen, die als Funktion der Ethanoldampf Einwirkzeit sediert. Rohdaten werden auf die prozentuale aktive Fliegen als eine Funktion der Zeit umgewandelt werden (Primärdaten, die 1A, B, D - F). Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ethanol Sedierung von den primären Daten, wie Sedation Zeit 50 (ST50) quantifiziert werden, die Zeit für 50% der Fliegen erforderlich sedierten oder aea unter der Kurve (AUC) zu werden, durch Interpolation...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Eine preiswerte, skalierbare Behavioral Assay zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und Rapid Toleranz in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K Aufrufe.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Serie: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Die Kombination Behavioral Endokrinologie und Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung: Testosteron und Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Ein einfacher Weg zu Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in Flies Measure

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Eine allgemeine Methode zur Bewertung der Inkubation von Saccharose Craving in Ratten

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

Aufnahme und Analyse der zirkadianen Rhythmen in Laufen-Rad-Aktivität in Nagetiere

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Messung von Veränderungen in Taktile Empfindlichkeit in der Hinterpfote von Mäusen unter Verwendung eines elektronischen von Frey Apparat

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Eine einfache und kostengünstige Methode zur Bestimmung der Überempfindlichkeit auf Kälte und Anpassung an der Maus

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Ein Test zur Messung der Wirkung von Ethanol auf die Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeit der<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Ein Verhaltenstest für Mechanosensation der MARCM-basierte Klonen in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Elektrophysiologische Verfahren zur Aufzeichnung von intrazellulärer Spannung Antworten von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren und Inter auf Lichtreize<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Geschmackspräferenz Assay für Erwachsene<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...