This research was funded by the Health Canada Genomics Research and Development Initiative (GRDI) and the Canadian Regulatory Strategy for Biotechnology (CRSB). The authors have no conflict of interests.

Ensure that all animal husbandry, housing, handling and experimentation adhere to local rules and regulations and that experimentation protocols are approved prior to commencing any study. For the described experiments, animal care, handling, and treatment were approved by the Health Canada Animal Care Committee. See the &#8220;Reagents table&#8221; for the suppliers&#8217; information.
1. Collecting Biological Samples
<ol>
	<li>Cells or Animal Tissues
	<ol>
		<li>Grow human alveolar adenoca...

<ol>
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Rev. 27 (2), 120-139 (2009).</li><li>Cadet, J., Bellon, S., Douki, T., Frelon, S., Gasparutto, D., Muller, E., Pouget, J. P., Ravanat, J. L., Romieu, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+DNA+damage:+formation,+measurement,+and+biochemical+features.">Radiation-induced DNA damage: formation, measurement, and biochemical features.</a> J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 23 (1), 23-23 (2004).</li><li>Weiss, J. M., Goode, E. L., Ladiges, W. C., Ulrich, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymorphic+variation+in+hOGG1+and+risk+of+cancer:+a+review+of+the+functional+and+epidemiologic+literature.">Polymorphic variation in hOGG1 and risk of cancer: a review of the functional and epidemiologic literature.</a> Mol. Carcinog. 42 (3), 127-141 (2005).</li><li>Culp, S. J., Cho, B. P., Kadlubar, F. F., Evans, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+Conformational+Analyses+of+8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.">Structural and Conformational Analyses of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2 (6), 416-422 (1989).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., Loft, S., Olinski, R., Evans, M. D., Bialkowski, K., Wagner, J. R., Dedon, P. C., M&#248;ller, P., Greenberg, M. M., Cadet, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+standardized+description+of+and+nomenclature+concerning+oxidatively+damaged+nucleobases+in+DNA.">Recommendations for standardized description of and nomenclature concerning oxidatively damaged nucleobases in DNA.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23 (4), 705-707 (2010).</li><li>Jang, Y. H., Goddard, W. A. 3. r. d., Noyes, K. T., Sowers, L. C., Hwang, S., Chung, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+principles+calculations+of+the+tautomers+and+pKa+values+of+8-oxoguanine:+implications+for+mutagenicity+and+repair.">First principles calculations of the tautomers and pKa values of 8-oxoguanine: implications for mutagenicity and repair.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15 (8), 1023-1035 (2002).</li><li>Park, J. -. H., Gopishetty, S., Szewczuk, L. M., Troxel, A. B., Harvey, R. G., Penning, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+(8-oxo-dGuo)+by+PAH+o-quinones:+involvement+of+reactive+oxygen+species+and+copper(ii)/copper(i)+redox+cycling.">Formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo) by PAH o-quinones: involvement of reactive oxygen species and copper(ii)/copper(i) redox cycling.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18 (6), 1026-1037 (2005).</li><li>Mangal, D., Vudathala, D., Park, J. H., Lee, S. H., Penning, T. M., Blair, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine+in+cellular+DNA+during+oxidative+stress.">Analysis of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA during oxidative stress.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22 (5), 788-797 (2009).</li><li>Ravanat, J. L., Douki, T., Duez, P., Gremaud, E., Herbert, K., Hofer, T., Lasserre, L., Saint-Pierre, C., Favier, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+background+level+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine:+an+isotope+based+method+to+evaluate+artefactual+oxidation+of+DNA+during+its+extraction+and+subsequent+work-up.">Cellular background level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine: an isotope based method to evaluate artefactual oxidation of DNA during its extraction and subsequent work-up.</a> Carcinogenesis. 23 (11), 1911-1918 (2002).</li><li>Gossen, J. A., De Leeuw, W. J. F., Tan, C. H. T., Zwarthoff, E. C., Berends, F., Lohman, P. H. M., Knook, D. L., Vijg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+rescue+of+integrated+shuttle+vectors+from+transgenic+mice:+A+model+for+studying+mutations+in+vivo.">Efficient rescue of integrated shuttle vectors from transgenic mice: A model for studying mutations in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (20), 7971-7975 (1989).</li><li>Van Campen, L. E., Murphy, W. J., Franks, J. R., Mathias, P. I., Toraason, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+DNA+damage+is+associated+with+intense+noise+exposure+in+the+rat.">Oxidative DNA damage is associated with intense noise exposure in the rat.</a> Hear Res. 164 (1-2), 164-161 (2002).</li><li>European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage (ESCODD). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+DNA+oxidation+in+human+cells+by+chromatographic+and+enzymic+methods.">Measurement of DNA oxidation in human cells by chromatographic and enzymic methods.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34 (8), 1089-1099 (2003).</li><li>Rebelo, I. A., Piedade, J. A., Oliveira-Brett, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+HPLC+method+with+electrochemical+detection+of+femtomoles+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine+and+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+in+the+presence+of+uric+acid.">Development of an HPLC method with electrochemical detection of femtomoles of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in the presence of uric acid.</a> Talanta. 63 (2), 323-331 (2004).</li><li>Ravanat, J. -. L., Turesky, R. J., Gremaud, E., Trudel, L. J., Stadler, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+8-oxoguanine+in+DNA+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+and+HPLC-electrochemical+detection:+overestimation+of+the+background+level+of+the+oxidized+base+by+the+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+assay.">Determination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and HPLC-electrochemical detection: overestimation of the background level of the oxidized base by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8 (8), 1039-1045 (1995).</li><li>Kawanishi, S., Murata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+bromate+differs+from+general+types+of+oxidative+stress.">Mechanism of DNA damage induced by bromate differs from general types of oxidative stress.</a> Toxicology. 221 (2-3), 172-178 (2006).</li><li>Tahara, S., Kaneko, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptibility+of+mouse+splenic+cells+to+oxidative+DNA+damage+by+x-ray+irradiation.">Susceptibility of mouse splenic cells to oxidative DNA damage by x-ray irradiation.</a> Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27 (1), 105-108 (2004).</li><li>Garratt, L. W., Mistry, V., Singh, R., Sandhu, J. K., Sheil, B., Cooke, M. S., Sly, P. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+oxidatively+generated+base+damage+in+cellular+DNA.">Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage in cellular DNA.</a> Mutat Res. 711 (1-2), 3-12 (2011).</li><li>Chomczynski, P., Mackey, K., Drews, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNAzol:+a+reagent+for+the+rapid+isolation+of+genomic+DNA.">DNAzol: a reagent for the rapid isolation of genomic DNA.</a> Biotechniques. 22 (3), 550-553 (1997).</li><li>Collins, A. R., Cadet, J., M&#246;ller, L., Poulsen, H. E., Vi&#241;a, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+we+sure+we+know+how+to+measure+8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine+in+DNA+from+human+cells.">Are we sure we know how to measure 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA from human cells.</a> Arch Biochem Biophys. 423 (1), 57-65 (2004).</li><li>Badouard, C., M&#233;n&#233;zo, Y., Panteix, G., Ravanat, J. L., Douki, T., Cadet, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+new+types+of+DNA+lesions+in+human+sperm.">Determination of new types of DNA lesions in human sperm.</a> Zygote. 16 (1), 9-13 (2008).</li><li>Cadet, J., Douki, T., Gasparutto, D., Ravanat, J. 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Although 8-oxo-dGuo has been reported as a useful biomarker of DNA oxidation, its reliable quantification can pose a challenge. Although several published methods exist, there is a need for a comprehensive, descriptive overview of protocol to permit researchers to deploy the method in their laboratories. Here we present a detailed overview of an HPLC-based protocol that will permit new users to establish an effective method for 8-oxo-dGuo detection and quantification.
Three major methods that ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose steady-state levels can increase during many pathological conditions and xenotoxic metabolism, contribute to an increased frequency of oxidative DNA damage. Among several possible nucleobases oxidation products, oxidative DNA damage can readily be measured using the stable marker 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo), which is one of the oxidized forms of 2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine (dGuo)1. 8-oxo-dGuo is the most abundant DNA lesion2 and, therefore, has been studied to greater detail as a DNA oxidation biomarker despite the existence of multiple DNA oxidation products 3. In humans, this damage can be repaired via base excision repair by 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1)4. If left unrepaired, 8-oxo-dGuo can contribute to the formation of base pair-substitution mutations (i.e., G to T transversions)4. Importantly, 8-oxo-dGuo is an established marker for DNA damage in relation to the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis2. Therefore, accurate quantification of 8-oxo-dGuo is a useful and desirable biomarker of oxidative DNA damage5.
There is widespread confusion in the literature regarding the correct names for oxidatively-damaged forms of 2-deoxyguanosine and, moreover, the correct name of the compound(s) routinely measured as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage6. The 6,8-diketo and 6-enol,8-keto tautomeric forms of 8-oxo-dGuo (shown in Figure 1) are the two most prominent tautomers discussed in the literature5,7. The 6,8-diketo form is the most prominent form at physiological pH of 7.4, and is the most prominent DNA oxidation product7. Therefore, 8-oxo-dGuo, rather than 8-hydroxy-dGuo is the most appropriate name for this oxidation product6. It is also important to note that 2-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), rather than nucleobase guanine (Gua) or ribonucleoside guanosine (Guo), respectively, is detected by most methods6.
Accurate detection and quantification of 8-oxo-dGuo is challenging due to: i) variability in the digestion of the DNA sample, ii) adventitious oxidation of dGuo to 8-oxo-dGuo that can occur during sample preparation, and iii) the need for effective validation of the analytical HPLC-ED method8. In this protocol, we aimed at achieving i) by providing conditions, favorable for complete DNA digestion and ii) by the inclusion metal chelator and chelator-treated solutions and a special DNA-isolating reagent, while iii) was only partially addressed by inclusion of positive controls and thus providing that the method is capable of detecting 8-oxo-dGuo in biological samples. Further validation is beyond the scope of this paper. However, we are confident that this protocol will help the prospective users determine the extent to which they need to formally validate the protocol, depending on their purposes. A list of steps required for the formal validation of the method is provided further. During the development and deployment of a method for 8-oxo-dGuo detection, published methods were reviewed and consolidated. Thus, this method eliminates the need to gather information from several published sources that often lack important experimental details while also providing rapid and straightforward means of testing if the method for the detection and quantification of 8-oxo-dGuo has been adopted successfully. This adapted method was employed to successfully analyze DNA samples from cultured cells and murine tissue. This video article will assist other groups in establishing an effective method for reliable detection and quantification of 8-oxo-dGuo by HPLC-ED.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>8-oxo-dGuo standard</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical Company</td>
			<td>89320</td>
			<td>Inappropriately referred to as &#34;8-hydroxy-2&#39;-deoxy Guanosine&#34; - see Fig. 1 and text for details</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline phosphatase&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5931</td>
			<td>From E.coli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chelex 100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7901</td>
			<td>Chelates heavy metals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desferoxamine mesylate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dGuo standard</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D7145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dibasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA from salmon sperm</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1626</td>
			<td>Sodium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4527</td>
			<td>TypeII, from bovine pancreas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAzol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10503-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4884</td>
			<td>The compound would not completely dissolve until solution pH is adjusted to 8.0 with e.g. NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12-K media</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guard column</td>
			<td>Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td>YBA 99S03 0204GC</td>
			<td>Protects colum from contamination; may also lead to pressure build-up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monobasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphodiesterase I enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3243</td>
			<td>Type II from Crotalus adamaneus venom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon homogenizer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>7724T-1 or 7724T-5 for 1 or 5 mL, respectively</td>
			<td>Volume (holding capacity) depends on the amount of sample to be processed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15050-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YMC-BASIC column with bonded spherical silica</td>
			<td>Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td>YBA 99S03 1546WT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hplc measurement of the dna oxidation biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in cultured cells and animal tissues

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of biomacromolecules, including DNA. Therefore, efficient detection of DNA oxidation is important for a variety of research disciplines, including medicine and toxicology. A common biomarker of oxidatively damaged DNA is 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo; often erroneously referred to as 8-hydroxy-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dGuo or 8-oxo-dG)). Several protocols for 8-oxo-dGuo measurement by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) have been described. However, these were mainly applied to purified DNA treated with pro-oxidants. In addition, due to methodological differences between laboratories, mainly due to differences in analytical equipment, the adoption of published methods for detection of 8-oxo-dGuo by HPLC-ED requires careful optimization by each laboratory. A comprehensive protocol, describing such an optimization process, is lacking. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the detection of 8-oxo-dGuo by HPLC-ED, in DNA from cultured cells or animal tissues. It illustrates how DNA sample preparation can be easily and rapidly optimized to minimize undesirable DNA oxidation that can occur during sample preparation. This protocol shows how to detect 8-oxo-dGuo in cultured human alveolar adenocarcinoma cells (i.e., A549 cells) treated with the oxidizing agent KBrO3, and from the spleen of mice exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC, formerly known as dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, DalP). Overall, this work illustrates how an HPLC-ED methodology can be readily optimized for the detection of 8-oxo-dGuo in biological samples.

dGuo was observed to have a retention time of 4.7 min whereas 8-oxo-dGuo had a retention time of approximately 6.4 min (Figure 2A and B). There is about 1,000-fold difference in the peak heights between the two analytes, as seen in Figure 2C. Voltammograms for 8-oxo-dGuo and dGuo were obtained by running standards at a working potential in the range of +0.2 to +1.1 V. The optimum working potential for 8-oxo-dGuo was determined to be +0.5 V, and +0.9 V for dGuo (F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2â€™-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues at JoVE.com

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&amp;#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

The goal of this protocol is the detection of the DNA oxidation marker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo) by HPLC-ED, in DNA from cultured cells or animal tissues.

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of ...

hplc-measurement-dna-oxidation-biomarker-8-oxo-78-dihydro-2

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

26.1K vistas.  Health Canada.  El objetivo de este protocolo es la detección del marcador de la oxidación del ADN, 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2 'desoxiguanosina (8-oxo-dGuo) por HPLC-ED, en el ADN de células cultivadas o tejidos animales. 