Questa ricerca è stata finanziata dal Canada Genomics di Ricerca e Sviluppo Health Initiative (GRDI) e la strategia di regolamentazione canadese per la biotecnologia (CRSB). Gli autori non hanno alcun conflitto di interessi.

<ol>
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Rev. 27 (2), 120-139 (2009).</li><li>Cadet, J., Bellon, S., Douki, T., Frelon, S., Gasparutto, D., Muller, E., Pouget, J. P., Ravanat, J. L., Romieu, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+DNA+damage:+formation,+measurement,+and+biochemical+features.">Radiation-induced DNA damage: formation, measurement, and biochemical features.</a> J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 23 (1), 23-23 (2004).</li><li>Weiss, J. M., Goode, E. L., Ladiges, W. C., Ulrich, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymorphic+variation+in+hOGG1+and+risk+of+cancer:+a+review+of+the+functional+and+epidemiologic+literature.">Polymorphic variation in hOGG1 and risk of cancer: a review of the functional and epidemiologic literature.</a> Mol. Carcinog. 42 (3), 127-141 (2005).</li><li>Culp, S. 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T., Sowers, L. C., Hwang, S., Chung, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+principles+calculations+of+the+tautomers+and+pKa+values+of+8-oxoguanine:+implications+for+mutagenicity+and+repair.">First principles calculations of the tautomers and pKa values of 8-oxoguanine: implications for mutagenicity and repair.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15 (8), 1023-1035 (2002).</li><li>Park, J. -. H., Gopishetty, S., Szewczuk, L. M., Troxel, A. B., Harvey, R. G., Penning, T. 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L., Douki, T., Duez, P., Gremaud, E., Herbert, K., Hofer, T., Lasserre, L., Saint-Pierre, C., Favier, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+background+level+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine:+an+isotope+based+method+to+evaluate+artefactual+oxidation+of+DNA+during+its+extraction+and+subsequent+work-up.">Cellular background level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine: an isotope based method to evaluate artefactual oxidation of DNA during its extraction and subsequent work-up.</a> Carcinogenesis. 23 (11), 1911-1918 (2002).</li><li>Gossen, J. A., De Leeuw, W. J. F., Tan, C. H. T., Zwarthoff, E. C., Berends, F., Lohman, P. H. M., Knook, D. L., Vijg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+rescue+of+integrated+shuttle+vectors+from+transgenic+mice:+A+model+for+studying+mutations+in+vivo.">Efficient rescue of integrated shuttle vectors from transgenic mice: A model for studying mutations in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (20), 7971-7975 (1989).</li><li>Van Campen, L. E., Murphy, W. J., Franks, J. R., Mathias, P. I., Toraason, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+DNA+damage+is+associated+with+intense+noise+exposure+in+the+rat.">Oxidative DNA damage is associated with intense noise exposure in the rat.</a> Hear Res. 164 (1-2), 164-161 (2002).</li><li>European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage (ESCODD). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+DNA+oxidation+in+human+cells+by+chromatographic+and+enzymic+methods.">Measurement of DNA oxidation in human cells by chromatographic and enzymic methods.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34 (8), 1089-1099 (2003).</li><li>Rebelo, I. A., Piedade, J. A., Oliveira-Brett, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+HPLC+method+with+electrochemical+detection+of+femtomoles+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine+and+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+in+the+presence+of+uric+acid.">Development of an HPLC method with electrochemical detection of femtomoles of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in the presence of uric acid.</a> Talanta. 63 (2), 323-331 (2004).</li><li>Ravanat, J. -. L., Turesky, R. J., Gremaud, E., Trudel, L. J., Stadler, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+8-oxoguanine+in+DNA+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+and+HPLC-electrochemical+detection:+overestimation+of+the+background+level+of+the+oxidized+base+by+the+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+assay.">Determination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and HPLC-electrochemical detection: overestimation of the background level of the oxidized base by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8 (8), 1039-1045 (1995).</li><li>Kawanishi, S., Murata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+bromate+differs+from+general+types+of+oxidative+stress.">Mechanism of DNA damage induced by bromate differs from general types of oxidative stress.</a> Toxicology. 221 (2-3), 172-178 (2006).</li><li>Tahara, S., Kaneko, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptibility+of+mouse+splenic+cells+to+oxidative+DNA+damage+by+x-ray+irradiation.">Susceptibility of mouse splenic cells to oxidative DNA damage by x-ray irradiation.</a> Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27 (1), 105-108 (2004).</li><li>Garratt, L. W., Mistry, V., Singh, R., Sandhu, J. K., Sheil, B., Cooke, M. S., Sly, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interpretation+of+urinary+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+is+adversely+affected+by+methodological+inaccuracies+when+using+a+commercial+ELISA.">Interpretation of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine is adversely affected by methodological inaccuracies when using a commercial ELISA.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48 (11), 1460-1464 (2012).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., Collins, A., Olinski, R., Rozalski, R., Loft, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harmonising+measurements+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8242;-deoxyguanosine+in+cellular+DNA+and+urine.">Harmonising measurements of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8242;-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA and urine.</a> Free Radic. Res. 46 (4), 541-553 (2012).</li><li>Cadet, J., Douki, T., Ravanat, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+oxidatively+generated+base+damage+in+cellular+DNA.">Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage in cellular DNA.</a> Mutat Res. 711 (1-2), 3-12 (2011).</li><li>Chomczynski, P., Mackey, K., Drews, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNAzol:+a+reagent+for+the+rapid+isolation+of+genomic+DNA.">DNAzol: a reagent for the rapid isolation of genomic DNA.</a> Biotechniques. 22 (3), 550-553 (1997).</li><li>Collins, A. R., Cadet, J., M&#246;ller, L., Poulsen, H. E., Vi&#241;a, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+we+sure+we+know+how+to+measure+8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine+in+DNA+from+human+cells.">Are we sure we know how to measure 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA from human cells.</a> Arch Biochem Biophys. 423 (1), 57-65 (2004).</li><li>Badouard, C., M&#233;n&#233;zo, Y., Panteix, G., Ravanat, J. L., Douki, T., Cadet, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+new+types+of+DNA+lesions+in+human+sperm.">Determination of new types of DNA lesions in human sperm.</a> Zygote. 16 (1), 9-13 (2008).</li><li>Cadet, J., Douki, T., Gasparutto, D., Ravanat, J. 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No conflict of interest or competing financial interests declared.

Anche se a 8-oxo-dGuo &#39;stato segnalato come un utile biomarcatore di ossidazione del DNA, la sua quantificazione affidabile può rappresentare una sfida. Anche se esistono diversi metodi pubblicati, vi è la necessità di un approccio globale, panoramica descrittiva di protocollo per consentire ai ricercatori di implementare il metodo nei loro laboratori. Qui vi presentiamo una panoramica dettagliata di un protocollo basato su HPLC che permetterà ai nuovi utenti di stabilire un metodo efficace per il rilevamento a ...

Specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno (ROS), i cui livelli di stato stazionario può aumentare durante molte condizioni patologiche e metabolismo xenotoxic, contribuiscono ad una maggiore frequenza di danno ossidativo al DNA. Tra diverse possibili basi azotate prodotti di ossidazione, danno ossidativo del DNA può essere facilmente misurata utilizzando il marcatore stabile 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2&#39;-deossiguanosina (8-oxo-dGuo), che è una delle forme ossidate di 2 &#39; -deoxyguanosine (dGuo) 1. 8-oxo-dGuo è il più abbondante lesione DNA 2 e, di conseguenza, è stato studiato per maggiore dettaglio come biomarker di ossidazione DNA nonostante l&#39;esistenza di DNA multiple prodotti di ossidazione 3. Negli esseri umani, questo danno può essere riparato con la base di riparazione per escissione dell&#39;8-oxoguanine glicosilasi 1 (hOGG1) 4. Se lasciato non riparata, 8-oxo-dGuo può contribuire alla formazione di base di mutazioni coppia-di sostituzione (cioè, G a T trasversioni) 4. È importante sottolineare che, a 8-oxo-dGuo è un marcatore consolidata for danni al DNA in relazione alla iniziazione e promozione di carcinogenesi 2. Pertanto, la quantificazione precisa di 8-oxo-dGuo è un biomarker utile e desiderabile di danno ossidativo del DNA 5. C&#39;è confusione diffusa nella letteratura per quanto riguarda i nomi corretti per i moduli ossidativamente-danneggiati di 2-deossiguanosina e, inoltre, il nome corretto del composto (s) di routine misurato come biomarker di danno ossidativo del DNA 6. I 6,8-dicheto e 6-enolica, 8-cheto forme tautomere di 8-oxo-dGuo (illustrata nella figura 1) sono i due tautomeri più importanti discussi in letteratura 5,7. La forma 6,8-dicheto è la forma più prominente a pH fisiologico di 7,4, ed è il più importante prodotto di ossidazione DNA 7. Pertanto, 8-oxo-dGuo, piuttosto che a 8-idrossi-dGuo è il nome più appropriato per questo prodotto di ossidazione 6. E &#39;anche importante notare che il 2-deossiguanosina (dGuo), piuttosto che nucleobase guanina (Gua) o guanosina ribonucleosidi (Guo), rispettivamente, viene rilevato dalla maggior parte dei metodi di 6. La rilevazione accurata e la quantificazione di 8-oxo-dGuo è difficile a causa: i) la variabilità nella digestione del campione di DNA, ii) ossidazione accidentale di dGuo a 8-oxo-dGuo che può verificarsi durante la preparazione del campione, e iii) la necessità per la convalida efficace del metodo HPLC-ED analitica 8. In questo protocollo, abbiamo puntato a raggiungere i) offrendo condizioni favorevoli, per la completa digestione del DNA e ii) da parte del chelante inclusione metallo e soluzioni ferrochelanti trattati e un DNA di isolamento speciale reagente, mentre iii) solo parzialmente affrontati dalla inclusione di controlli positivi e fornendo in tal modo che il metodo è in grado di rilevare 8-oxo-dGuo in campioni biologici. Ulteriore convalida va oltre lo scopo di questo articolo. Tuttavia, siamo fiduciosi che questo protocollo aiuterà il futuroutenti di determinare la misura in cui essi devono convalidare formalmente il protocollo, a seconda dei loro fini. Un elenco di passi necessari per la validazione formale del metodo è fornito ulteriormente. Durante lo sviluppo e la diffusione di un metodo di rilevazione a 8-oxo-dGuo, metodi pubblicati sono stati rivisti e consolidati. Così, questo metodo elimina la necessità di raccogliere informazioni da diverse fonti pubblicati che spesso mancano di importanti dettagli sperimentali fornendo allo stesso tempo mezzi rapidi e semplici di test, se è stato adottato il metodo per l&#39;individuazione e la quantificazione di 8-oxo-dGuo con successo. Questo metodo adatto è stato impiegato con successo per analizzare campioni di DNA da cellule in coltura e tessuti murino. Questo articolo video aiuterà altri gruppi a stabilire un metodo efficace per un rilevamento affidabile e quantificazione di 8-oxo-dGuo mediante HPLC-ED.

<table><tbody><tr><td>8-oxo-dGuo standard</td><td>Cayman Chemical Company</td><td>89320</td><td>Inappropriately referred to as &quot;8-hydroxy-2&#039;-deoxy Guanosine&quot;; see &lt;strong&gt;Fig. 1&lt;/strong&gt; and text for details.</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5931</td><td>From &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Chelex 100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C7901</td><td>Chelates heavy metals</td></tr><tr><td>Desferoxamine mesylate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D9533</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dGuo standard</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D7145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dibasic sodium phosphate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9390</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA from salmon sperm</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1626</td><td>Sodium salt</td></tr><tr><td>DNase I</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D4527</td><td>TypeII, from bovine pancreas</td></tr><tr><td>DNAzol</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10503-27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E4884</td><td>The compound would not completely dissolve until solution pH is adjusted to 8.0 (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; with NaOH)</td></tr><tr><td>F12-K media</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foetal bovine serum</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guard column</td><td>Chromatographic Specialties</td><td>YBA 99S03 0204GC</td><td>Protects colum from contamination; may also lead to pressure build-up</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monobasic sodium phosphate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9638</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15190-250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphodiesterase I enzyme&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P3243</td><td>Type II from Crotalus adamaneus venom</td></tr><tr><td>Teflon homogenizer</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>7724T-1 or 7724T-5 for 1 or 5 mL, respectively</td><td>Volume (holding capacity) depends on the amount of sample to be processed.</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15050-065</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>YMC-BASIC column with bonded spherical silica</td><td>Chromatographic Specialties</td><td>YBA 99S03 1546WT</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

hplc measurement of the dna oxidation biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in cultured cells and animal tissues

Lo stress ossidativo è associato con molti processi fisiologici e patologici, nonché metabolismo xenobiotico, porta alla ossidazione di Biomacromolecules, compreso il DNA. Pertanto, la rilevazione efficiente di ossidazione del DNA è importante per una varietà di discipline di ricerca, tra cui la medicina e tossicologia. Un biomarcatore comune di DNA ossidativo danneggiato è di 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2&#39;-deossiguanosina (8-oxo-dGuo; spesso erroneamente indicato come 8-idrossi-2&#39;-deossiguanosina (8-OH-dGuo o 8 -oxo-dG)). Sono stati descritti diversi protocolli per 8-oxo-dGuo misurazione ad alta pressione cromatografia liquida con rivelazione elettrochimica (HPLC-ED). Tuttavia, questi sono stati applicati principalmente DNA purificato trattati con pro-ossidanti. Inoltre, a causa delle differenze metodologiche tra laboratori, principalmente a causa delle differenze di allestimento di analisi, l&#39;adozione di metodi pubblicati per il rilevamento di 8-oxo-dGuo mediante HPLC-DE richiede un&#39;attenta ottimizzazione da ciascun laboratorio. Laprotocollo, descrivendo un tale processo di ottimizzazione, è carente. Qui, un protocollo dettagliato è descritto per la rilevazione di 8-oxo-dGuo mediante HPLC-DE, DNA da cellule o tessuti animali. Esso illustra come preparazione del campione di DNA può essere facilmente e rapidamente ottimizzato per minimizzare indesiderabile ossidazione DNA che può verificarsi durante la loro preparazione. Questo protocollo mostra come rilevare 8-oxo-dGuo in cellule coltivate umane adenocarcinoma alveolare (cioè cellule A549) trattati con l&#39;agente ossidante KBrO 3, e dalla milza di topi esposti al dibenzo idrocarburi aromatici policiclici (DEF, p) crisene (DBC, precedentemente noto come dibenzo (a, l) pirene, Dalp). Nel complesso, questo lavoro illustra come un metodo HPLC-ED può essere facilmente ottimizzato per il rilevamento di 8-oxo-dGuo in campioni biologici.

dGuo stato osservato per avere un tempo di ritenzione di 4,7 min, mentre 8-oxo-dGuo aveva un tempo di ritenzione di circa 6,4 min (Figura 2A e B). Vi è circa 1.000 volte differenza nelle altezze tra i due analiti, come si vede nella Figura 2C. Voltammograms per 8-oxo-dGuo e dGuo stati ottenuti per gli standard che funzionano a potenziale lavorativo nell&#39;intervallo 0,2-1,1 V. Il potenziale di lavoro ottimale per 8-oxo-dGuo è risultata di +0,5 V e +0,9 V per dGuo <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2Ã¢â‚¬â„¢-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues at JoVE.com

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

L&#39;obiettivo di questo protocollo è il rilevamento del marker dell&#39;ossidazione DNA, 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2&#39;-deossiguanosina (8-oxo-dGuo) mediante HPLC-DE, DNA da cellule o tessuti animali.

HPLC Misurazione del DNA ossidazione Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2&#39;-deossiguanosina, in colture cellulari e tessuti animali

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of ...

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26.6K Views.  Health Canada.  L'obiettivo di questo protocollo è il rilevamento del marker dell'ossidazione DNA, 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2'-deossiguanosina (8-oxo-dGuo) mediante HPLC-DE, DNA da cellule o tessuti animali. 

Video: HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological processes. This subject embraces diverse scientific areas, spanning from physical, biological and bioorganic chemistry to biology and medicine, with applications to the amelioration of quality of life, health and aging. Multidisciplinary skills are required for the full investigation of the many facets of radical processes in the biological environment and chemical knowledge plays a crucial role in unveiling basic processes and mechanisms. We developed a chemical biology approach able to connect free radical chemical reactivity with biological processes, providing information on the mechanistic pathways and products. The core of this approach is the design of biomimetic models to study biomolecule behavior (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) in aqueous systems, obtaining insights of the reaction pathways as well as building up molecular libraries of the free radical reaction products. This context can be successfully used for biomarker discovery and examples are provided with two classes of compounds: mono-trans isomers of cholesteryl esters, which are synthesized and used as references for detection in human plasma, and purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, prepared and used as reference in the protocol for detection of such lesions in DNA samples, after ionizing radiations or obtained from different health conditions.

Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.

I radicali liberi in Chemical Biology: da comportamento chimico a sviluppo Biomarker

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological ...

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Chimica

Steady-state, Pre-steady-state, and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization of OGG1 is undertaken to measure the rates of 8-oxoG excision and product release. When the OGG1 concentration is lower than substrate DNA, time courses of product formation are biphasic; a rapid exponential phase (i.e. burst) of product formation is followed by a linear steady-state phase. The initial burst of product formation corresponds to the concentration of enzyme properly engaged on the substrate, and the burst amplitude depends on the concentration of enzyme. The first-order rate constant of the burst corresponds to the intrinsic rate of 8-oxoG excision and the slower steady-state rate measures the rate of product release (product DNA dissociation rate constant, koff). Here, we describe steady-state, pre-steady-state, and single-turnover approaches to isolate and measure specific steps during OGG1 catalytic cycling. A fluorescent labeled lesion-containing oligonucleotide and purified OGG1 are used to facilitate precise kinetic measurements. Since low enzyme concentrations are used to make steady-state measurements, manual mixing of reagents and quenching of the reaction can be performed to ascertain the steady-state rate (koff). Additionally, extrapolation of the steady-state rate to a point on the ordinate at zero time indicates that a burst of product formation occurred during the first turnover (i.e. y-intercept is positive). The first-order rate constant of the exponential burst phase can be measured using a rapid mixing and quenching technique that examines the amount of product formed at short time intervals (&lt;1 sec) before the steady-state phase and corresponds to the rate of 8-oxoG excision (i.e. chemistry). The chemical step can also be measured using a single-turnover approach where catalytic cycling is prevented by saturating substrate DNA with enzyme (E&gt;S). These approaches can measure elementary rate constants that influence the efficiency of removal of a DNA lesion.

Time courses for the glycosylase activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase are biphasic exhibiting a burst of product formation and a linear steady-state phase. Utilizing quench-flow techniques, the burst and the steady-state rates can be measured, which correspond to excision of 8-oxoguanine and release of the glycosylase from the product DNA, respectively.

Allo steady-state, Pre-steady-state, e Single-fatturato di misura cinetica per il DNA Glycosylase Activity

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization ...

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

Pieghevole e caratterizzazione di un robot bio-reattiva da origami di DNA

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and validated for the quantification of extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleosides produced by purified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells under different culture conditions. The chromatographic separation of adenosine 5&#39;-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine (ADO) and inosine (INO) is performed at RT on a silica-based, reversed-phase column that is used for polar compound retention. The method includes a binary mobile phase, which consists of 7 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1.00 ml/min. The eluates are monitored using a Photodiode Array UV detector set at 260 nm. A standard calibration curve is generated to calculate the equation for the analytical quantification of each purine compound. System control, data acquisition and analysis are then performed. Applying this protocol, AMP, INO and ADO elute at 7, 11 and 11.9 min, respectively, and the total run time for each sample is 20 min. This protocol may be applied to different cell types and cell lines (both suspension and adherent), using culture media as matrix. The advantages are easy and fast sample preparation and the requirement of a small amount of supernatant for analysis. Furthermore, the use of a serum-free medium allows skipping the protein precipitation step with acetonitrile that impacts the final concentration of purine compounds. One of the limitations of the method is the requirement of the equilibration column run before each single sample run, making the total run time of the experiment longer and preventing high throughput screening applications.

The protocol described here represents an easy and reproducible method that employs reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to measure purine metabolism on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cultured under different conditions.

HPLC-based test per monitorare extracellulare Nucleotide / nucleosidici metabolismo in cronica cellule umane leucemia linfocitica

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Sintesi di proteine ​​bioconiugati<em&gt; via</em&gt; Chimica cisteina-maleimmide

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

Determinare la composizione chimica di inibitore di corrosione Interfacce / metallo con XPS: Minimizzare post immersione Ossidazione

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Fabbricazione e collaudo di termometri fotonici

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Simultaneous Measurement of HDAC1 and HDAC6 Activity in HeLa Cells Using UHPLC-MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since the approval of romidepsin, a class I HDAC inhibitor for cancer therapy, and the clinical investigation of HDAC6-specific inhibitors for multiple myeloma. The present method is used to determine the inhibitory activity of test compounds on HDAC1 and HDAC6 in cells. The isoform activity is measured using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis of specific substrates incubated with treated and untreated HeLa cells. The method has the advantage of reflecting the endogenous HDAC activity within the cell environment, in contrast to cell-free biochemical assays conducted on isolated isoforms. Moreover, because it is based on the quantification of synthetic substrates, the method does not require the antibody recognition of endogenous acetylated proteins. It is easily adaptable to several cell lines and an automated process. The method has already proved useful in finding HDAC6-selective compounds in neuroblasts. Representative results are shown here with the standard HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (non-specific), MS275 (HDAC1-specific), and tubastatin A (HDAC6-specific) using HeLa cells.

The present method serves to identify isoform-specific inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in HeLa cells by the UHPLC-MS analysis of multiple substrates. This is an antibody-free method developed to reflect HDAC1 and HDAC6 activity in the living cell environment, in contrast to single-isoform cell-free assays.

Misura simultanea di HDAC1 e HDAC6 attività in HeLa Cells utilizzando UHPLC-MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since ...

Determinazione del grado di danno ossidativo del DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

Quantifying the Level of 8-oxo-dG Using ELISA Assay to Evaluate Oxidative DNA Damage in MCF-7 Cells

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) base is the predominant form of commonly observed DNA oxidative damage. DNA impairment profoundly impacts gene expression and serves as a pivotal factor in stimulating neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and aging. Therefore, precise quantification of 8-oxoG has clinical significance in the investigation of DNA damage detection methodologies. However, at present, the existing approaches for 8-oxoG detection pose challenges in terms of convenience, expediency, affordability, and heightened sensitivity. We employed the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, a highly efficient and swift colorimetric method, to detect variations in 8-oxo-dG content in MCF-7 cell samples stimulated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We determined the concentration of H2O2 that induced oxidative damage in MCF-7 cells by detecting its IC50 value in MCF-7 cells. Subsequently, we treated MCF-7 cells with 0, 0.25, and 0.75 mM H2O2 for 12 h and extracted 8-oxo-dG from the cells. Finally, the samples were subjected to ELISA. Following a series of steps, including plate spreading, washing, incubation, color development, termination of the reaction, and data collection, we successfully detected changes in the 8-oxo-dG content in MCF-7 cells induced by H2O2. Through such endeavors, we aim to establish a method to evaluate the degree of DNA oxidative damage within cell samples and, in doing so, advance the development of more expedient and convenient approaches for DNA damage detection. This endeavor is poised to make a meaningful contribution to the exploration of associative analyses between DNA oxidative damage and various domains, including clinical research on diseases and the detection of toxic substances.

Autore in primo piano: Valutazione quantitativa dell'8-oxo-dG nelle cellule MCF-7 mediante ELISA

This protocol describes an efficient method for quantitatively detecting DNA oxidative damage in MCF-7 cells by ELISA technology.

Quantificazione del livello di 8-oxo-dG utilizzando il test ELISA per valutare il danno ossidativo al DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) base is the predominant form of commonly observed DNA oxidative damage. DNA impairment profoundly ...

HPLC Misurazione del DNA ossidazione Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2'-deossiguanosina, in colture cellulari e tessuti animali

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Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

I radicali liberi in Chemical Biology: da comportamento chimico a sviluppo Biomarker

Allo steady-state, Pre-steady-state, e Single-fatturato di misura cinetica per il DNA Glycosylase Activity

Pieghevole e caratterizzazione di un robot bio-reattiva da origami di DNA

HPLC-based test per monitorare extracellulare Nucleotide / nucleosidici metabolismo in cronica cellule umane leucemia linfocitica

Sintesi di proteine bioconiugati

Determinare la composizione chimica di inibitore di corrosione Interfacce / metallo con XPS: Minimizzare post immersione Ossidazione

Fabbricazione e collaudo di termometri fotonici

Misura simultanea di HDAC1 e HDAC6 attività in HeLa Cells utilizzando UHPLC-MS

Quantificazione del livello di 8-oxo-dG utilizzando il test ELISA per valutare il danno ossidativo al DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

Quantificazione del livello di 8-oxo-dG utilizzando il test ELISA per valutare il danno ossidativo al DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

HPLC Misurazione del DNA ossidazione Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-diidro-2'-deossiguanosina, in colture cellulari e tessuti animali

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

I radicali liberi in Chemical Biology: da comportamento chimico a sviluppo Biomarker

Allo steady-state, Pre-steady-state, e Single-fatturato di misura cinetica per il DNA Glycosylase Activity

Pieghevole e caratterizzazione di un robot bio-reattiva da origami di DNA

HPLC-based test per monitorare extracellulare Nucleotide / nucleosidici metabolismo in cronica cellule umane leucemia linfocitica

Sintesi di proteine ​​bioconiugati

Determinare la composizione chimica di inibitore di corrosione Interfacce / metallo con XPS: Minimizzare post immersione Ossidazione

Fabbricazione e collaudo di termometri fotonici

Misura simultanea di HDAC1 e HDAC6 attività in HeLa Cells utilizzando UHPLC-MS

Quantificazione del livello di 8-oxo-dG utilizzando il test ELISA per valutare il danno ossidativo al DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

Quantificazione del livello di 8-oxo-dG utilizzando il test ELISA per valutare il danno ossidativo al DNA nelle cellule MCF-7

Sintesi di proteine bioconiugati