Nos gustaría dar las gracias a Jennifer Petrosino y David DiSilvestro ayuda editorial. Esta investigación fue apoyada por el premio número 20020728 de la American Egg Board y el Premio número 10040042 de Novo Nordisk Farmacia, así como por el Centro de Innovación de Alimentos, Oficina de Asuntos Internacionales, Centro de Investigación Avanzada Alimentos Funcionales y Emprendimiento en OSU, así como la National Science Foundation concede CEE-0914790 (LJL). El proyecto descrito fue apoyada por el premio número R21OD017244 (OZ) y UL1RR025755 (OSUCCC) desde el Centro Nacional de Recursos para la Investigación, financiado por la Oficina del Director de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (OD) y apoyado por el NIH Roadmap para la Investigación Médica y NCI P30CA16058. El contenido es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no representa necesariamente la opinión oficial del Centro Nacional de Recursos para investigación o de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud.

El protocolo de estudio fue aprobado por los Comités de Ética de la Universidad del Estado de Ohio. Los experimentos con animales fueron aprobados por protocolo de IACUC. Todos los procedimientos se realizaron bajo el gabinete de bioseguridad de nivel 2 con flujo laminar. Hemos seguido todos los requisitos y procedimientos de seguridad estándar. La técnica de microencapsulación para la preparación de microcápsulas se ha realizado como se ha descrito 17, 18. 1. Preparación de Materiales <ol><li> Preparar 10 ml de solución de alginato de sodio al 2% en solución salina fisiológica en autoclave (0,9% de NaCl en agua). Preparar la solución de PLL 0,05% en solución salina fisiológica. Prepare estas soluciones el día anterior y agitar durante la noche. Filtrar las soluciones con 0,22 micras filtro antes de su uso. </li><li> Preparar citrato de sodio 50 mM y 100 mM CaCl 2 0,9% en soluciones de NaCl y autoclave ellos. </li><li> Autoclave todas las soluciones, agujas, electrodos, y vasos. A fondo agujas limpias con alambres para evitar la obstrucción. </li><li> Determinar la cantidad apropiada de las células a utilizar para las cápsulas (se necesitan 102 microcápsulas por cada cm 2 de bien y hay aproximadamente 500 células por cápsula 18). Usar 1 ml de alginato de sodio por dos millones de células. </li><li> Preparar un &#39;Medio de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos&#39; que contenía suero de ternero al 10%, y 100 U / ml de penicilina / estreptomicina en una alta concentración de glucosa (4500 mg / l de glucosa) medio de Eagle modificado por Dulbecco (DMEM). <ol><li> Preparar un &#39;Diferenciación Medium I&#39; que contiene 10% de suero bovino fetal, 10 mg / ml de insulina, dexametasona 1 mM, 0,5 mM xantina 3-isobutil-1-metilo, y 100 U / ml de penicilina / estreptomicina en DMEM. </li><li> Preparar un suero &#39;Diferenciación Medium II&#39; que contiene 10% de bovino fetal, 10 mg / ml de insulina, y 100 U / ml de penicilina / estreptomicina en DMEM. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar tampón de lisis que contiene una proteasa tableta inhibidor por Radio-inmunoprecipitación tampón 10 ml Ensayo (RITampón PA). </li></ol> 2. Preparación microperlas de alginato (Figura 1A) <ol><li> Retire medio edad, de frasco de cultivo celular. Enjuagar las células con 10 ml de PBS. Llevar las células en suspensión con 0,25% de tripsina-EDTA (2 ml por matraz T175 confluente). </li><li> Contar las células en suspensión de células utilizando un hemocitómetro. Usar 10 ml de alícuota de la suspensión celular y contar las células de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. Centrifugar las células restantes en medio de centrifugación a 480 xg a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. </li><li> Suspender el sedimento de células en alginato de sodio como se describe en el paso 1.4. Transferir la solución de sodio-célula alginato a una jeringa de 5 ml. </li><li> Eliminar las burbujas de aire en la solución, agregue una aguja de calibre 23 e invierta la jeringa para crear un bolsillo 1 ml de aire. </li><li> Coloque un pequeño vaso (180 ml) que contiene 144 ml de 100 mM de solución de CaCl2 debajo de la salida de la aguja del encapsulador. Conecte el electrodo al encapsulador con el aproxim puntaadam ente 2,5 cm por encima de la superficie de la solución 100 mM CaCl 2. </li><li> Coloque firmemente la jeringa que contiene la solución de células de alginato de sodio en la bomba de jeringa. Conecte el tubo de goma a la apertura de la jeringa. Empuje el émbolo hasta que la solución de células alginato de sodio entra a mitad de camino a través del tubo. Ajuste la tensión de 5,4 kV. Ajuste el diámetro de 12,06 mm en la bomba de jeringa. Ajustar la velocidad a 3 ml / hr. Encienda la bomba. Encienda el encapsulador y mantener la tensión en 5,4 kV. </li><li> Cierre la ventana de la campana y evitar cualquier vibración innecesaria hasta el final de la formación de las microesferas de alginato. Después de toda la solución pasa a través de la aguja, solidificar las microperlas en forma de bola de alginato en la solución 100 mM CaCl 2 para 20 min adicionales antes de recubrir con PLL. </li></ol> 3. microperlas recubrimiento con PLL (Figura 1B) <ol><li> Retire el vaso que contiene las microperlas en forma de bola de células de alginato de sodio y transferir estos microbEADS en un tubo de centrifugación de 50 ml. Retire solución de CaCl2 a partir del sedimento de microperlas. </li><li> Lavar las microperlas en forma de bola de células de alginato mediante la adición de 30 ml de NaCl al 0,9%. Agitar el tubo con la mano suavemente. Retirar 0,9% NaCl con 25 ml pipeta después de las microperlas han precipitado por gravitación. Repetir dos veces más para un total de 3 lavados. </li><li> Usar 10 ml de solución de PLL 0,05% por cada 1 ml de solución de alginato de sodio. Añadir el PLL 0,05% y el vórtice en 1000 revoluciones por min durante 10 min. Nota: Por lo general, 10 minutos es suficiente para el recubrimiento de PLL. </li><li> Después se forma la capa PLL, retire la solución de PLL y lavar las cápsulas 3 veces como se describe en 3.2. </li></ol> 4. La eliminación de alginato Core (Figura 1C) <ol><li> Añadir 30 ml de solución de citrato de sodio 50 mM. Espere 5 minutos o hasta que se disuelva todo el alginato de sodio. Lavar cápsulas tres veces como se describe en el paso 3.1.1. </li><li> Retire el NaCl 0,9%, añadir 20 ml de medio de cultivo al tubo de 50 mly transferir todas las cápsulas que contienen las células a un matraz de cultivo celular. Maneje células encapsuladas en condiciones estándar de cultivo celular 18. </li></ol> 5. En Aplicaciones Vitro para Estudiar xenoinjerto y Host Cell Interacciones o Cinética de metabolitos Afluencia / Eflujo entre células (Figura 2) <ol><li> Células huésped Cultura el 24 de placa de hasta confluencia de co-cultivos. Utilice el &#39;medio de crecimiento de fibroblastos&#39; para preadipocitos de cultivo. </li><li> Microcápsulas de transferencia en 24 placa que contiene células huésped confluente así. Añadir microcápsulas para lograr una monocapa (102 microcápsulas / cm 2 de bien). </li><li> Inducir la diferenciación de pre-adipocitos con Diferenciación Medio I. Cada 48 horas, los medios de comunicación de cambio de Diferenciación Medio II durante seis días. Lisar las células en tampón RIPA. Utilice 50 g de proteína por condición para analizar la expresión de proteína mediante Western blot. </li></ol> 6. En la solicitud de Vivo para Tratamento de la Obesidad (Figura 3) <ol><li> Mezclar 4% de isoflurano con el oxígeno para la inducción de la anestesia y 2% de isoflurano con el oxígeno para el mantenimiento de la anestesia. Confirme la profundidad anestésica adecuada por pizca dedo del pie. <ol><li> Aplique un ungüento contra la picazón en los ojos para proteger las córneas se sequen. </li></ol></li><li> Utilice células encapsuladas que están etiquetados de forma permanente con la proteína de fluorescencia artificial, tales como la proteína de fluorescencia verde (GFP). </li><li> Utilice una jeringa de 3 ml y una aguja de calibre 20 para inyectar células encapsuladas. <ol><li> Inyectan 0,5 x 10 6 células suspendidas en 0,2 ml de PBS en cada depósito de grasa IAB que se encuentra en la zona intraperitoneal entre una gónada y el riñón como se muestra en la Figura 3. Utilice este volumen de PBS y el número de células para los ratones con un peso medio de 40 g. Ajustar el número de células y el volumen en ratones que tienen diferente peso o para la determinación de los efectos dependientes de la dosis. </li></ol></li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

Varios métodos han sido utilizados para encapsular células, incluyendo secado, extrusión, y la emulsión 19. En este método, las perlas de alginato se extruyen a través de una aguja, a continuación, recubierto con PLL y el núcleo de alginato se disuelve para completar la encapsulación. Aunque este método se ha utilizado durante años, la formación de las perlas con el tamaño deseado y la forma esférica es todavía difícil. El tamaño de las cápsulas es altamente dependiente de la viscosidad de l...

El aumento de incidencia de enfermedades crónicas 1 ha estimulado estudios sobre el trasplante de las poblaciones de células terapéuticas 2. Células madre singénicos o alogénicos son los tipos de células más comúnmente usados ​​para estas aplicaciones 2. Sin embargo, estos tratamientos no permiten el control de la diferenciación y la migración de las células madre después de la implantación y no son rentables. El trasplante de células modificadas genéticamente con funciones beneficiosas prevé mejorar el tratamiento de muchas enfermedades. Sin embargo, las modificaciones genéticas de células son reconocidos por el sistema inmune del huésped, por lo tanto, estos tratamientos requieren inmunosupresión 3. La encapsulación de células productoras de insulina ha sido desarrollado por el Dr. Chang 4. La técnica se basa en la encapsulación de células en gotas de alginato que se sumergen en una solución de cloruro de calcio. Moléculas de alginato consisten en ácido manurónico (M) y gulurónico (G) y se pueden conectar por Ca 2+. Después de la gelificación, las perlas se suspendieron una solución de poli-L-lisina (PLL). Durante este paso, PLL se une a G y M en las moléculas de alginato que establece la membrana de la cápsula. La porosidad de la membrana de la cápsula puede ser modulada mediante la variación de las concentraciones M y PLL, el tiempo de incubación y la temperatura. La unión de PLL también depende del tipo y la concentración de alginato. Matrices de alginato reticulado con iones de Ca2 +, son inestables en el medio ambiente fisiológico o en soluciones tampón comunes con alta concentración de fosfato y iones citrato. Estos tampones pueden extraer Ca 2+ desde el alginato y licuar el núcleo. La licuefacción del núcleo de alginato proporciona espacio interior de las cápsulas para el movimiento celular y el crecimiento. Células encapsuladas en alginato polianiónico con policatiónico poli-L-lisina (APL) son impermeables para inmunoglobulinas, pero tienen afluencia de nutrientes y de flujo de salida de toxinas. ¡Estas propiedades permiten APL largo plazo Dorvival de células encapsuladas después del trasplante en genéticamente diferentes hosts. Elliott et al. Informó la supervivencia de funcionamiento de las células pancreáticas porcinas encapsuladas en un paciente humano nueve años después de la implantación 5. Las técnicas de encapsulación se pueden clasificar en microencapsulación (3-800 micras) y macroencapsulación (mayor que 1000 micras). Las microcápsulas son más duraderas que macrocápsulas 6. Desde su descubrimiento por el Dr. Chang y sus colegas en 1964, microencapsulación ha sido ampliamente utilizado para la encapsulación de las células productoras de insulina anabólicos, otras hormonas, y moléculas bioactivas 7. Estos tratamientos enfrentan varios desafíos en el tejido huésped incluyendo la fibrosis y la respuesta inmune 8. Inicialmente, se han resuelto los efectos secundarios relacionados con la calidad de los biopolímeros. Sin embargo, el trasplante de células anabólicos todavía inicia efectos secundarios, tales como la fibrosis, como resultado de la hormona overproducción fuera de una glándula especializada. En las últimas décadas, la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2 ha alcanzado proporciones epidémicas 9. Más del 30% de las personas adultas en todo el mundo tienen sobrepeso y obesidad 10. Aumento (IAB) la formación de grasa intra-abdominal aumenta la incidencia de la inflamación crónica y promueve la diabetes tipo 2, enfermedades cardiovasculares, ciertos tipos de cáncer y otras morbilidades 11-13. Varias líneas de evidencia sugieren que la patogénesis asociada con la grasa IAB puede ser evitado por los adipocitos específicos. Estudios recientes han demostrado que el trasplante de adipocitos subcutáneos en la región IAB puede mejorar el metabolismo y disminuir la obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina en roedores in vivo 14. Reducción efectiva de la obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina se ha asociado con adipocitos termogénicos capaz de disipar energía en forma de calor 15,16. Modificación termogénico de los adipocitos se puede lograr mediante la transfección establede genes que participan en el desacoplamiento de protones mitocondrial, tales como proteína de desacoplamiento 1 (UCP1) o de genes que regulan la expresión de UCP1 y otros genes termogénicos 15,16. Nuestros estudios recientes mostraron que la deficiencia en aldehído deshidrogenasa 1 a1 (ALDH1A1) conduce a la remodelación termogénico de grasa IAB que reduce la obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina en estos ratones 17,18. Notablemente, la encapsulación de termogénico ALDH1A1 deficiente (ALDH1A1 - / -) preadipocitos media mismo efecto terapéutico en grasa IAB en ratones de tipo salvaje obesos, lo que sugiere nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la grasa IAB 18. En los entornos experimentales, las células encapsuladas permiten a los investigadores estudiar los efectos de las poblaciones de células específicas en una manera rentable 19. Aquí hablamos del método de encapsulación de una línea celular catabólico termogénico y su laboratorio y su aplicación terapéutica en un modelo de ratón de la obesidad. El protocolo describe tres fases para la producción de microcápsulas (Figura 1): la formación de las microesferas de alginato (Figura 1A), la formación de la policatiónico poli-L-lisina (PLL) membranas sobre la superficie de microperlas (Figura 1B), y la eliminación de la núcleos de alginato (Figura 1C).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Encapsulation device (VAR V1)</td>
			<td>Nisco</td>
			<td>LIN-0042</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KD scientific syringe pump</td>
			<td>KD scientific</td>
			<td>780100Y</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus Optical</td>
			<td>IX70-S8F2</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium alginate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MKBP8122V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-l-lysine hydrobromide (PLL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>020M5006V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SLBJ2662V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>030M0200</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SLBD2595V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-PROTEAN TGX Gels</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1093</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATGL primary antibody (from rabbit)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2138S</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary anti body (anti rabbit)</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>926-68071</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA) buffer</td>
			<td>Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td>D25Y6Z</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RNBD2893</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortizone 10 anti-itch ointment</td>
			<td>Cortizone 10</td>
			<td>C4029138</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Newborn calf serum (CS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4762</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I0516</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin (bovine)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

encapsulation thermogenic preadipocytes for transplantation into adipose tissue depots

Encapsulación de células fue desarrollado para atrapar células viables dentro de las membranas semi-permeables. Las células encapsuladas injertadas pueden intercambiar metabolitos de bajo peso molecular en los tejidos del huésped tratado para lograr la supervivencia a largo plazo. La membrana semipermeable permite injertado células encapsuladas para evitar el rechazo por el sistema inmune. El procedimiento de encapsulación fue diseñado para permitir una liberación controlada de compuestos bioactivos, tales como la insulina, otras hormonas y citoquinas. Aquí se describe un método para la encapsulación de células catabólicas, que consumen lípidos para la producción de calor y disipación de energía (termogénesis) en el tejido adiposo intra-abdominal de los ratones obesos. La encapsulación de células catabólicos termogénicos puede ser potencialmente aplicable a la prevención y el tratamiento de la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2. Otra aplicación potencial de las células catabólicos puede incluir la desintoxicación de alcoholes u otros metabolitos tóxicos y contaminantes ambientales.

La Figura 1 muestra que cada paso de la producción de microperlas podría ser controlada bajo el microscopio. La Figura 2A muestra cómo co-cultivo adipocitos con una monocapa de células encapsuladas. La Figura 2B es un ejemplo representativo de un estudio cuantitativo usando adipocitos / microcápsulas co-cultivos que se describe en el capítulo 5. Los lisados ​​de adipocitos se analizaron mediante Western blot. Células encapsuladas no fueron analizados en este ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots at JoVE.com

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

La encapsulación termogénico preadipocitos para el trasplante en los depósitos de tejido adiposo

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

encapsulation-thermogenic-preadipocytes-for-transplantation-into

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.2K vistas.  The Ohio State University. Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Video: Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Subretinal Transplantation of MACS Purified Photoreceptor Precursor Cells into the Adult Mouse Retina

Vision impairment and blindness due to the loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina, i.e. photoreceptors, represents the main reason for disability in industrialized countries. Replacement of degenerated photoreceptors by cell transplantation represents a possible treatment option in future clinical applications. Indeed, recent preclinical studies demonstrated that immature photoreceptors, isolated from the neonatal mouse retina at postnatal day 4, have the potential to integrate into the adult mouse retina following subretinal transplantation. Donor cells generated a mature photoreceptor morphology including inner and outer segments, a round cell body located at the outer nuclear layer, and synaptic terminals in close proximity to endogenous bipolar cells. Indeed, recent reports demonstrated that donor photoreceptors functionally integrate into the neural circuitry of host mice. For a future clinical application of such cell replacement approach, purified suspensions of the cells of choice have to be generated and placed at the correct position for proper integration into the eye. For the enrichment of photoreceptor precursors, sorting should be based on specific cell surface antigens to avoid genetic reporter modification of donor cells. Here we show magnetic-associated cell sorting (MACS) - enrichment of transplantable rod photoreceptor precursors isolated from the neonatal retina of photoreceptor-specific reporter mice based on the cell surface marker CD73. Incubation with anti-CD73 antibodies followed by micro-bead conjugated secondary antibodies allowed the enrichment of rod photoreceptor precursors by MACS to approximately 90%. In comparison to flow cytometry, MACS has the advantage that it can be easier applied to GMP standards and that high amounts of cells can be sorted in relative short time periods. Injection of enriched cell suspensions into the subretinal space of adult wild-type mice resulted in a 3-fold higher integration rate compared to unsorted cell suspensions.

Cell transplantation represents a strategy for the treatment of retinal degeneration characterized by photoreceptor loss. Here we describe a method for enrichment of transplantable photoreceptors and their subretinal grafting into adult mice.

Trasplante Subretinal De Macs Purificado Fotorreceptores Precursores De Células En La Retina Del Ratón Adulto

Vision impairment and blindness due to the loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina, i.e. photoreceptors, represents the main reason for disability ...

Investigación

Medicina

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

El trasplante de la válvula pulmonar Utilizando un modelo de ratón de heterotópico trasplante cardiaco

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely related to metabolism and energy expenditure, and its dysfunction is one important contributor for obesity and diabetes. Contrary to previous belief, recent PET/CT imaging studies indicated the BAT depots are still present in human adults. PET imaging clearly shows that BAT has considerably high uptake of 18F-FDG under certain conditions. In this video report, we demonstrate that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) with 18F-FDG can be used to optically image BAT in small animals. BAT activation is observed after intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) and cold treatment, and depression of BAT is induced by long anesthesia. Using multiple-filter Cerenkov luminescence imaging, spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction are demonstrated. Our results suggest that CLI with 18F-FDG is a practical technique for imaging BAT in small animals, and this technique can be used as a cheap, fast, and alternative imaging tool for BAT research.

In this video report, we show the application of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice under activated and depressed conditions.

Cerenkov Luminiscencia Imaging de interescapular tejido adiposo marrón

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely ...

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Due to the drastic and negative connection between obesity and other comorbidities, research on the role adipose plays in disease and overall health is warranted. We present a protocol for the isolation and excision of adipose depots allowing for the study of adipose using in situ and in vitro methods.

Localización, identificación y Escisión de depósitos adiposos murino

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

Depósitos de tejido adiposo humano Marrón segmentada automáticamente por Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones / Tomografía Computada y Resonancia Registrado Imágenes Magnéticas

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Transplantation Into the Mouse Ovarian Fat Pad

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic transplantation of ovarian surface and tubal epithelia include intraperitoneal and intrabursal administration of cells. The respective limitations of these methods include poorly defined location of injected cells and limited space volume. Furthermore, they are poorly suited for long-term structural preservation of transplanted organs. To address these challenges, we have developed an alternative approach, which is based on the introduction of cells and tissue fragments into the mouse fat pad. The mouse ovarian fat pad is located in the immediate vicinity of the ovary and uterine tube (aka oviduct, fallopian tube), and provides a familiar microenvironment for cells and tissues of these organs. In our approach fluorescence-labeled mouse and human cells, and fragments of the uterine tube are engrafted by using minimally traumatic dorsal incision surgery. Transplanted cells and their outgrowths are easily located in the ovarian fat pad for over 40 days. Long-term transplantation of the entire uterine tube allows correct preservation of all principle tissue components, and does not result in adverse side effects, such as fibrosis and inflammation. Our approach should be uniquely applicable for answering important biological questions such as differentiation, regenerative and neoplastic potential of specific cell populations. Furthermore, it should be suitable for studies of microenvironmental factors in normal development and cancer.

We describe an ovarian fad pad transplantation assay suitable for studies of normal and transformed epithelia of the female reproductive tract. The mouse fat pad allows transplantation of large tissue fragments, is easily accessible for surgery and imaging, and provides the most favorable native environment for tissues of M&#252;llerian origin.

Trasplante en la almohadilla del ratón de ovario grasa

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

Una técnica para biopsia de tejido adiposo Abdominal subcutáneo mediante un método no-diatermia

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Assessment of Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Function Using Videomicroscopy

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. It is hypothesized that pro-atherogenic mediators released from fat tissues particularly in association with central/visceral adiposity may promote pathogenic vascular changes locally and systemically, and the notion that cardiovascular disease may be the consequence of adipose tissue dysfunction continues to evolve. Here, we describe a unique method of videomicroscopy that involves analysis of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses of intact small human arterioles removed from the adipose depot of living human subjects. Videomicroscopy is used to examine functional properties of isolated microvessels in response to pharmacological or physiological stimuli using a pressured system that mimics in vivo conditions. The technique is a useful approach to gain understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular dysfunction locally within the adipose tissue milieu. Moreover, abnormalities in the adipose tissue microvasculature have also been linked with systemic diseases. We applied this technique to examine depot-specific vascular responses in obese subjects. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation to both increased flow and acetylcholine in adipose arterioles (50 - 350 &#181;m internal diameter, 2 - 3 mm in length) isolated from two different adipose depots during bariatric surgery from the same individual. We demonstrated that arterioles from visceral fat exhibit impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared to vessels isolated from the subcutaneous depot. The findings suggest that the visceral microenvironment is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction which may be relevant to clinical observation linking increased visceral adiposity to systemic disease mechanisms. The videomicroscopy technique can be used to examine vascular phenotypes from different fat depots as well as compare findings across individuals with different degrees of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The method can also be used to examine vascular responses longitudinally in response to clinical interventions.

Videomicroscopy systems are used to examine functional properties of isolated adipose tissue arterioles in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli. This technique can be used to examine microvascular phenotypes in different adipose tissue domains in obese humans.

Evaluación de la función Microvascular del tejido adiposo humano mediante videomicroscopía

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. ...

Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of clinical efficacy, they are until now imperfect solutions. Stem cell therapy using ASC sheets could provide a solution to this problem. ASCs are considered as promising candidates for promoting tissue healing because of their trophic and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we provide methods to produce high-density ASC sheets, that are transplanted onto a colorectal anastomosis in a rat model to reduce the leakage. ASCs formed cell sheets in thermo-responsive culture dishes that could be easily detached. On the day of the transplantation, a partial colectomy with a 5-suture colorectal anastomosis was performed. Animals were immediately transplanted with 1 ASC sheet per rat. ASC sheets adhered spontaneously to the anastomosis without any glue, suture, or any biomaterial. Animal groups were sacrificed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Compared to transplanted animals, the incidence of anastomotic abscesses and leakage was higher in control animals. In our model, the transplantation of ASC sheets after colorectal anastomosis was successful and associated with a lower leakage rate.

The preparation and transplantation of adipose tissue derived stem cell (ASC) sheets onto insufficiently sutured colorectal anastomoses in a rat model is presented. This novel application shows that ASC sheets can reduce colorectal anastomosis leakage.

Trasplante de células madre derivadas de tejido adiposo hoja para reducir fugas después de colectomía parcial en un modelo de rata

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of ...

Clinical Protocol of Producing Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction for Potential Cartilage Regeneration

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common debilitating disorders.&#160;Recently, numerous attempts have been made to improve the functions of the knees by using different forms of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In Korea, bone marrow concentrates and cord blood-derived stem cells have been approved by the Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) for cartilage regeneration. In addition, an adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has been allowed by the KFDA for joint injections in human patients. Autologous adipose tissue-derived SVF contains extracellular matrix (ECM) in addition to mesenchymal stem cells. ECM excretes various cytokines that, along with hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) activated by calcium chloride, may help MSCs to regenerate cartilage and improve knee functions. In this article, we presented a protocol to improve knee functions by regenerating cartilage-like tissue in human patients with OA. The result of the protocol was first reported in 2011 followed by a few additional publications. The protocol involves liposuction to obtain autologous lipoaspirates that are mixed with collagenase. This lipoaspirates-collagenase mixture is then cut and homogenized to remove large fibrous tissue that may clog up the needle during the injection. Afterwards, the mixture is incubated to obtain adipose tissue-derived SVF. The resulting adipose tissue-derived SVF, containing both adipose tissue-derived MSCs and remnants of ECM, is injected into knees of patients, combined with HA and calcium chloride activated PRP. Included are three cases of patients who were treated with our protocol resulting in improvement of knee pain, swelling, and range of motion along with MRI evidence of hyaline cartilage-like tissue.

Here, we present a protocol to produce an adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction and its application to improve knee functions by regenerating cartilage-like tissue in human patients with osteoarthritis.

Protocolo clínico de producir fracción Vascular estromal derivadas de tejido adiposo para potencial regeneración del cartílago

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common debilitating disorders.&#160;Recently, numerous attempts have been made to improve the functions of the ...