Wir möchten Jennifer Petrosino und David Disilvestro für redaktionelle Hilfe danken. Diese Arbeit wurde von Verleihungsnummer 20020728 von der American Egg Board und Verleihungsnummer 10040042 von Novo Nordisk Pharma als auch von der Food Innovation Center, Referat für Internationale Angelegenheiten, Center for Advanced Functional Foods Forschung und Entrepreneurship an OSU sowie die unterstützten National Science Foundation gewähren EWG-0914790 (LJL). Die beschriebene wurde von Preis Anzahl R21OD017244 (OZ) und UL1RR025755 (OSUCCC) unterstützt von der National Center for Research Resources Projekt, die das Amt des Direktors, des National Institutes of Health (OD) für medizinische Forschung und finanziert und von der NIH-Roadmap unterstützt NCI P30CA16058. Der Inhalt ist allein in der Verantwortung der Autoren und nicht notwendigerweise die offizielle Meinung des National Center for Research Resources oder der National Institutes of Health.

Das Studienprotokoll wurde von der Ohio State University Ethikkommissionen genehmigt. Tierversuche wurden von IACUC Protokoll genehmigt. Alle Verfahren wurden unter der Ebene 2 Biosicherheitswerkbank mit laminaren Strömung durchgeführt. Wir folgten alle Standard-Sicherheitsanforderungen und Verfahren. Die Mikroverkapselung Technik zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln wurde beschrieben als 17, 18 durchgeführt. 1. Vorbereitungen für Werkstoff <ol><li> Herstellung von 10 ml der 2% igen Natriumalginatlösung in autoklaviert physiologische Salzlösung (0,9% NaCl in Wasser). Vorzubereiten 0,05% PLL-Lösung in physiologischer Kochsalzlösung. Bereiten Sie diese Lösungen am Tag vor und über Nacht gerührt. Filtern Sie die Lösungen mit 0,22 um Filter vor dem Gebrauch. </li><li> Vorbereitung 50 mM Natriumcitrat und 100 mM CaCl 2 in 0,9% NaCl-Lösungen und autoklavieren. </li><li> Autoklaven alle Lösungen, Nadeln, Elektroden, und Becher. Gründlich reinigen Nadeln mit Drähten zu vermeiden Verstopfung. </li><li> Bestimmung der geeigneten Menge an Zellen für die Kapseln verwenden (102 Mikrokapseln werden für jeden cm 2 erforderlich, und auch gibt es ungefähr 500 Zellen pro Kapsel 18). Verwenden Sie 1 ml Natriumalginat pro zwei Millionen Zellen. </li><li> Vorbereitung eines &quot;Fibroblast Growth Medium&quot;, enthaltend 10% Kälberserum und 100 U / ml Penicillin / Streptomycin in einer hohen Glucose (4.500 mg / l Glucose), Dulbeccos modifiziertes Eagle-Medium (DMEM). <ol><li> Vorbereitung einer &quot;Differenzierung Medium I &#39;, das 10% fötales Rinderserum, 10 ug / ml Insulin, 1 &amp; mgr; M Dexamethason, 0,5 mM 3-Isobutyl-1-methyl xanthin und 100 U / ml Penicillin / Streptomycin in DMEM. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine &quot;Differenzierungsmedium II &#39;, das 10% fötales Rinderserum, 10 ug / ml Insulin und 100 U / ml Penicillin / Streptomycin in DMEM. </li></ol></li><li> Vorbereitung Lysepuffer enthaltend ein Protease-Inhibitor-Tablette pro 10 ml Radioimmunfällung Assaypuffer (RIPA-Puffer). </li></ol> 2. Alginate Microbeads Vorbereitung (Abbildung 1A) <ol><li> Entfernen Sie alte Medium von Zellkulturflasche. Spülen Zellen mit 10 ml PBS. Bringen Zellen in Suspension mit 0,25% Trypsin-EDTA (2 ml pro einem konfluenten T175-Kolben). </li><li> Zählen von Zellen in der Zellsuspension unter Verwendung eines Hämozytometers. Verwenden Sie 10 ml Aliquot aus der Zellsuspension und zählen Zellen gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Zentrifugieren der verbleibenden Zellen in Medium, Zentrifugation bei 480 × g bei Raumtemperatur für 5 min. </li><li> Suspendiere das Zellpellet in Natriumalginat, wie in Schritt 1.4 beschrieben. Übertragen die Natriumalginat-Zell-Lösung in einen 5 ml-Spritze. </li><li> Entfernen Sie Luftblasen in der Lösung, fügen Sie eine 23-Gauge-Nadel und drehen Sie die Spritze, um eine 1 ml Luftblase zu erstellen. </li><li> Setzen Sie einen kleinen Becher (180 ml) enthält 144 ml 100 mM CaCl 2 -Lösung unter der Nadel Auslauf des encapsulator. Bringen Sie die Elektrode an das encapsulator mit der Spitze approximLICH 2,5 cm über der Oberfläche des 100 mM CaCl 2 -Lösung. </li><li> Legen fest die Spritze mit dem Natriumalginat-Zell-Lösung in der Spritzenpumpe. Befestigen Sie den Gummischlauch an die Öffnung der Spritze. Drücken Sie den Kolben, bis der Natriumalginat-Zell-Lösung tritt auf halbem Weg durch das Rohr. Stellen Sie die Spannung bis 5,4 kV. Stellen Sie die 12,06 mm Durchmesser in der Spritzenpumpe. Passen Sie die Geschwindigkeit bis 3 ml / h. Starten Sie die Pumpe. Schalten Sie den encapsulator und Aufrechterhaltung der Spannung bei 5,4 kV. </li><li> Schließen Sie das Fenster der Haube und vermeiden unnötige Vibrationen bis zum Ende der Ausbildung der Alginat-Mikrokügelchen. Schließlich Lösung durch die Nadel spielt erstarren die Alginat kugelförmigen Mikroperlen in der 100 mM CaCl2-Lösung für weitere 20 min vor der Beschichtung mit PLL. </li></ol> 3. Beschichtungs Microbeads mit PLL (1B) <ol><li> Entfernen Sie das Becherglas mit der Natriumalginat-Zell kugelförmigen Mikroperlen und übertragen diese microbEADS in ein 50 ml Zentrifugenröhrchen. Entfernen CaCl 2 -Lösung aus dem Mikrokügelchen Pellets. </li><li> Durch Zugabe von 30 ml 0,9% NaCl waschen die Alginat-Zell kugelförmigen Mikrokügelchen. Schütteln Sie das Röhrchen mit der Hand sanft. Entfernen Sie 0,9% NaCl mit 25 ml Pipette nach dem die Mikrokügelchen wurden durch die Schwerkraft ausgefällt. Wiederholen Sie zwei weitere Male für insgesamt 3 Waschschritten. </li><li> Verwenden von 10 ml 0,05% PLL-Lösung pro 1 ml Natriumalginatlösung. Fügen Sie die 0,05% PLL und Wirbel bei 1.000 Umdrehungen pro Minute für 10 Minuten. Hinweis: In der Regel ist 10 Minuten ausreichend für PLL-Beschichtung. </li><li> Nach PLL Mantel gebildet wird, entfernen Sie die PLL-Lösung und waschen Sie die Kapseln 3 mal wie in 3.2 beschrieben. </li></ol> 4. Entfernung von Alginat Core (1C) <ol><li> 30 ml 50 mM Natriumcitrat-Lösung. Warte 5 Minuten oder bis das Natriumalginat aufgelöst ist. Waschkapseln dreimal wie in Schritt 3.1.1 beschrieben. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die 0,9% NaCl, 20 ml Kulturmedium zu der 50 ml Tubeabtreten und Kapseln mit den Zellen bis zu einer Zellkulturflasche. Griff eingekapselten Zellen unter Standardzellkulturbedingungen 18. </li></ol> 5. In-vitro-Anwendungen zu Xenograft und Host-Zell-Interaktionen oder Kinetik der Metabolit Influx / Efflux zwischen Zellen zu untersuchen (Abbildung 2) <ol><li> Kultur von Wirtszellen auf Platte mit 24 Vertiefungen bis zur Konfluenz für Co-Kulturen. Verwenden Sie die &quot;Fibroblast Growth Medium &#39;für die Kultivierung Präadipozyten. </li><li> Transfer-Mikrokapseln in 24 Well-Platte mit konfluenten Wirtszellen. In Mikrokapseln, um eine Monoschicht zu erreichen (102 Mikrokapseln / cm 2 von gut). </li><li> Induzieren Pre-Adipozyten-Differenzierung mit Differenzierungsmedium I. Jede 48 Stunden, Wechselmedien, um die Differenzierung Medium II für sechs Tage. Lyse-Zellen in RIPA-Puffer. Verwenden Sie 50 ug Protein pro Zustand um die Proteinexpression mittels Western-Blot-Analyse. </li></ol> 6. In vivo-Anwendung für Treatment of Obesity (Abbildung 3) <ol><li> Mischen Sie 4% Isofluran mit Sauerstoff zur Einleitung der Narkose und 2% Isofluran mit Sauerstoff zur Aufrechterhaltung der Anästhesie. Bestätigen ausreichende Narkosetiefe von toe Prise. <ol><li> Bewerben Anti-Juckreiz Salbe auf die Augen, um die Hornhaut vor dem Austrocknen zu schützen. </li></ol></li><li> Verwenden eingekapselten Zellen, die dauerhaft mit künstlichen fluoreszierendes Protein markiert sind, wie grün fluoreszierendes Protein (GFP). </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein 3-ml-Spritze und einer 20-Gauge-Nadel, um verkapselten Zellen injizieren. <ol><li> Injizieren 0,5 x 10 6 Zellen in 0,2 ml PBS in jede IAB Fettdepots, die im Bereich zwischen einem intraperitoneale Gonade und Niere angeordnet ist, wie in 3 gezeigt eingestellt. Mit diesem Volumen PBS und die Zellzahl für Mäuse mit einem durchschnittlichen Gewicht von 40 g. Einzustellen Zellzahl und Volumen bei Mäusen, die unterschiedliche Gewichts oder zur Bestimmung der Dosis-abhängigen Wirkung. </li></ol></li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

Verschiedene Verfahren wurden verwendet, um Zellen, einschließlich Trocknen, Extrudieren und Emulsion 19 einzukapseln. In diesem Verfahren werden die Alginatkapseln durch eine Nadel extrudiert, dann mit PLL beschichtet und das Alginat Kern aufgelöst wird, um die Verkapselung zu vervollständigen. Obwohl dieses Verfahren seit Jahren verwendet worden ist, ist die Bildung der Kügelchen mit der gewünschten Grße und Kugelform immer noch eine Herausforderung. Die Größe der Kapseln ist stark abhängig von der...

Zunehmende Häufigkeit von chronischen Krankheiten 1 hat Studien über die Transplantation von therapeutischen Zellpopulationen 2 stimuliert. Syngenen oder allogenen Stammzellen sind die am häufigsten verwendeten Zelltypen für diese Anwendungen 2. Jedoch sind diese Behandlungen nicht erlauben Steuerung Differenzierung und Migration von Stammzellen nach der Implantation und sind nicht kosteneffizient. Die Transplantation von genetisch modifizierten Zellen mit nützlichen Funktionen rechnet die Verbesserung der Behandlung vieler Krankheiten. Allerdings sind genetische Zell Änderungen durch den Host-Immunsystem erkannt, deshalb diese Behandlungen benötigen Immunsuppression 3. Verkapselung von Zellen, die Insulin wurde von Dr. Chang 4 entwickelt. Die Technik basiert auf Verkapselung der Zellen im Alginat-Tröpfchen, die in einer Calciumchloridlösung eingetaucht sind, beruht. Alginat Moleküle aus Mannuronsäure (M) und Guluronsäure (G) und können durch Ca 2+ verbunden werden. Nach der Gelierung werden die Perlen ein Poly-L-Lysin (PLL) suspendiert. Während dieser Stufe bindet PLL bis G und M in der Alginat-Moleküle, die die Kapselmembran herstellt. Die Porosität der Kapselmembran kann durch Variation der M und PLL-Konzentrationen, die Inkubationszeit und der Temperatur moduliert werden. Die Bindung von PLL hängt auch von der Art und Konzentration des Alginats. Alginat Matrizen mit Ca 2+ -Ionen vernetzt, sind instabil in der physiologischen Umgebung oder in gemeinsamen Pufferlösungen mit einer hohen Konzentration an Phosphat und Citrationen. Diese Puffer können Ca 2+ aus dem Alginat zu extrahieren und zu verflüssigen den Kern. Verflüssigung des Alginats Kern schafft Platz in den Kapseln für die zelluläre Bewegung und Wachstum. Zellen in polyanionischen Alginats mit polykationische Poly-L-Lysin (APL) eingekapselt sind undurchlässig für Immunglobuline aber Zustrom von Nährstoffen und Ausstrom von Toxinen. Objekte Das APL ermöglichen die langfristige survival von verkapselten Zellen nach Transplantation in genetisch verschiedenen Hosts. Elliott et al. Berichteten über die Überlebensrate von funktionierenden eingekapselt Schweinepankreaszellen in einem menschlichen Patienten neun Jahre nach der Implantation 5. Verkapselungstechniken können in Mikroverkapselung (3-800 &amp; mgr; m) und Makroverkapselung (größer als 1000 &amp; mgr; m) klassifiziert werden. Mikrokapseln sind haltbarer als Makrokapseln 6. Seit seiner Entdeckung durch Dr. Chang und seine Kollegen im Jahr 1964, Mikroverkapselung wurde in großem Umfang für die Verkapselung von anabolen Zellen Insulin produzieren, andere Hormone, und bioaktive Moleküle 7 verwendet. Diese Behandlungen konfrontiert mehrere Herausforderungen in das Wirtsgewebe einschließlich Fibrose und Immunantwort 8. Anfänglich sind die Nebenwirkungen auf die Qualität des Biopolymeren bezogen wurden gelöst. Jedoch Transplantation von anabolen Zellen noch initiiert Nebenwirkungen, wie Fibrose infolge der Hormon overproduktion außerhalb eines spezialisierten Drüse. In den letzten Jahrzehnten, Fettleibigkeit und Typ-2-Diabetes hat epidemische Ausmaße erreicht 9. Mehr als 30% der erwachsenen Menschen weltweit sind übergewichtig und fettleibig 10. Vermehrtem intraabdominellen (IAB) Fettbildung erhöht die Inzidenz der chronischen Entzündung und fördert die Typ-2-Diabetes, Herz-Kreislauf- Erkrankungen, bestimmte Krebsarten und andere Begleiterkrankungen 11-13. Mehrere Beweis vorgeschlagen, dass Pathogenese mit IAB Fett verbunden sind, können durch spezifische Fettzellen verhindert werden. Jüngste Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Transplantation von subkutanen Fettzellen in IAB-Region kann den Stoffwechsel zu verbessern und die Adipositas und Insulinresistenz bei Nagern in vivo 14 gezeigt. Senkung von Adipositas und Insulinresistenz mit thermogenic Adipozyten Energie aufnehmend in Form von Wärme 15,16 in Verbindung gebracht. Thermogenic Änderung der Fettzellen kann durch eine stabile Transfektion erreicht werdenvon Genen, die an der mitochondrialen Protonenentkopplungs wie Abkoppeln Protein 1 (UCP1) oder von Genen regulieren die Expression von UCP1 und andere thermogene Gene 15,16. Unsere bisherigen Studien zeigten, dass Mängel in der Aldehyddehydrogenase 1 a1 (Aldh1a1) führt zum thermogene Remodellierung von Iab Fett, Fettsucht und Insulinresistenz bei diesen Mäusen 17,18 verringert. Bemerkenswert ist, Verkapselung von thermogenic Aldh1a1 mangel (Aldh1a1 - / -) Präadipozyten vermittelt gleiche therapeutische Wirkung im IAB Fett bei übergewichtigen Wildtyp-Mäusen, was darauf hindeutet, neue therapeutische Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung der IAB-Fett 18. In experimentellen Einstellungen verkapselten Zellen können die Forscher die Auswirkungen spezifischer Zellpopulationen in einer kosteneffektiven Weise 19 zu studieren. Hier diskutieren wir die Methode der Verkapselung eines thermogene katabolen Zelllinie und ihre Labor und therapeutische Anwendung in einem Mausmodell für Fettleibigkeit. Das Protokoll beschreibt three Phasen für die Mikrokapselherstellung (Abbildung 1): die Bildung von Alginat-Mikrokugeln (Figur 1A), die Bildung der polykationische Poly-L-Lysin (PLL) Membranen, die auf der Oberfläche der Mikrokügelchen, (1B), und das Entfernen des Alginat-Kerne (1C).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Encapsulation device (VAR V1)</td>
			<td>Nisco</td>
			<td>LIN-0042</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KD scientific syringe pump</td>
			<td>KD scientific</td>
			<td>780100Y</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus Optical</td>
			<td>IX70-S8F2</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium alginate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MKBP8122V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-l-lysine hydrobromide (PLL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>020M5006V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SLBJ2662V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>030M0200</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SLBD2595V</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-PROTEAN TGX Gels</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1093</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATGL primary antibody (from rabbit)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2138S</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary anti body (anti rabbit)</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>926-68071</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA) buffer</td>
			<td>Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td>D25Y6Z</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RNBD2893</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortizone 10 anti-itch ointment</td>
			<td>Cortizone 10</td>
			<td>C4029138</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Newborn calf serum (CS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4762</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I0516</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin (bovine)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

encapsulation thermogenic preadipocytes for transplantation into adipose tissue depots

Verkapselung von Zellen entwickelt worden, um lebensfähige Zellen in semipermeable Membranen einschließen. Die transplantierten Zellen können eingekapselt Gewicht niedermolekularen Metaboliten in Gewebe des behandelten Wirts austauschen, um langfristiges Überleben zu erreichen. Die semipermeable Membran ermöglicht engrafted eingekapselten Zellen um die Abstoßung durch das Immunsystem zu vermeiden. Die Verkapselung Verfahren wurde entwickelt, um eine kontrollierte Freisetzung von bioaktiven Verbindungen, wie Insulin, andere Hormone und Cytokine aktivieren. Hier beschreiben wir eine Methode zur Verkapselung von Abbauzellen, die Lipide für die Wärmeerzeugung und Energieverlust (Thermogenese) im intra-abdominale Fettgewebe von fettleibigen Mäusen verbrauchen. Verkapselung von thermogenic katabolen Zellen können potentiell für die Prävention und Behandlung von Fettleibigkeit und Typ-2-Diabetes. Eine weitere mögliche Anwendung der katabolen Zellen können Entgiftung von Alkoholen oder anderen toxischen Metaboliten und Umweltschadstoffe sind.

Figur 1 zeigt, daß jeder Schritt der Mikroproduktion könnte unter dem Mikroskop kontrolliert werden. 2A zeigt, wie man mit einer Monoschicht von eingekapselten Zellen Kokultur Adipozyten. 2B ist ein repräsentatives Beispiel für eine quantitative Untersuchung mit Adipozyten / Mikrokapseln Kokulturen dass wurden in Abschnitt 5 beschriebenen Lysate von Adipozyten wurden mittels Western-Blot analysiert. Eingekapselten Zellen wurden in diesem Experiment untersucht. 1.000...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots at JoVE.com

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Encapsulation Thermogenic Präadipozyten für die Transplantation in Fettgewebe Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

encapsulation-thermogenic-preadipocytes-for-transplantation-into

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.2K Aufrufe.  The Ohio State University. Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Serie: Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Subretinal Transplantation of MACS Purified Photoreceptor Precursor Cells into the Adult Mouse Retina

Vision impairment and blindness due to the loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina, i.e. photoreceptors, represents the main reason for disability in industrialized countries. Replacement of degenerated photoreceptors by cell transplantation represents a possible treatment option in future clinical applications. Indeed, recent preclinical studies demonstrated that immature photoreceptors, isolated from the neonatal mouse retina at postnatal day 4, have the potential to integrate into the adult mouse retina following subretinal transplantation. Donor cells generated a mature photoreceptor morphology including inner and outer segments, a round cell body located at the outer nuclear layer, and synaptic terminals in close proximity to endogenous bipolar cells. Indeed, recent reports demonstrated that donor photoreceptors functionally integrate into the neural circuitry of host mice. For a future clinical application of such cell replacement approach, purified suspensions of the cells of choice have to be generated and placed at the correct position for proper integration into the eye. For the enrichment of photoreceptor precursors, sorting should be based on specific cell surface antigens to avoid genetic reporter modification of donor cells. Here we show magnetic-associated cell sorting (MACS) - enrichment of transplantable rod photoreceptor precursors isolated from the neonatal retina of photoreceptor-specific reporter mice based on the cell surface marker CD73. Incubation with anti-CD73 antibodies followed by micro-bead conjugated secondary antibodies allowed the enrichment of rod photoreceptor precursors by MACS to approximately 90%. In comparison to flow cytometry, MACS has the advantage that it can be easier applied to GMP standards and that high amounts of cells can be sorted in relative short time periods. Injection of enriched cell suspensions into the subretinal space of adult wild-type mice resulted in a 3-fold higher integration rate compared to unsorted cell suspensions.

Cell transplantation represents a strategy for the treatment of retinal degeneration characterized by photoreceptor loss. Here we describe a method for enrichment of transplantable photoreceptors and their subretinal grafting into adult mice.

Subretinale Transplantation von MACS gereinigten Photorezeptor-Vorläuferzellen in die adulte Maus-Retina

Vision impairment and blindness due to the loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina, i.e. photoreceptors, represents the main reason for disability ...

Forschung

Medizin

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

Transplantation von Pulmonalklappe Mit einem Maus-Modell der heterotopen Herztransplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely related to metabolism and energy expenditure, and its dysfunction is one important contributor for obesity and diabetes. Contrary to previous belief, recent PET/CT imaging studies indicated the BAT depots are still present in human adults. PET imaging clearly shows that BAT has considerably high uptake of 18F-FDG under certain conditions. In this video report, we demonstrate that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) with 18F-FDG can be used to optically image BAT in small animals. BAT activation is observed after intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) and cold treatment, and depression of BAT is induced by long anesthesia. Using multiple-filter Cerenkov luminescence imaging, spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction are demonstrated. Our results suggest that CLI with 18F-FDG is a practical technique for imaging BAT in small animals, and this technique can be used as a cheap, fast, and alternative imaging tool for BAT research.

In this video report, we show the application of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice under activated and depressed conditions.

Cerenkov Lumineszenz-Imaging von interskapulären braunes Fettgewebe

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely ...

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Due to the drastic and negative connection between obesity and other comorbidities, research on the role adipose plays in disease and overall health is warranted. We present a protocol for the isolation and excision of adipose depots allowing for the study of adipose using in situ and in vitro methods.

Lokalisierung, Identifizierung und Exzision Murine Fettgewebe Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

Menschen braunes Fettgewebe Depots automatisch durch Positronenemissionstomographie / Computertomographie Segmentierte und Registrierte Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Transplantation Into the Mouse Ovarian Fat Pad

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic transplantation of ovarian surface and tubal epithelia include intraperitoneal and intrabursal administration of cells. The respective limitations of these methods include poorly defined location of injected cells and limited space volume. Furthermore, they are poorly suited for long-term structural preservation of transplanted organs. To address these challenges, we have developed an alternative approach, which is based on the introduction of cells and tissue fragments into the mouse fat pad. The mouse ovarian fat pad is located in the immediate vicinity of the ovary and uterine tube (aka oviduct, fallopian tube), and provides a familiar microenvironment for cells and tissues of these organs. In our approach fluorescence-labeled mouse and human cells, and fragments of the uterine tube are engrafted by using minimally traumatic dorsal incision surgery. Transplanted cells and their outgrowths are easily located in the ovarian fat pad for over 40 days. Long-term transplantation of the entire uterine tube allows correct preservation of all principle tissue components, and does not result in adverse side effects, such as fibrosis and inflammation. Our approach should be uniquely applicable for answering important biological questions such as differentiation, regenerative and neoplastic potential of specific cell populations. Furthermore, it should be suitable for studies of microenvironmental factors in normal development and cancer.

We describe an ovarian fad pad transplantation assay suitable for studies of normal and transformed epithelia of the female reproductive tract. The mouse fat pad allows transplantation of large tissue fragments, is easily accessible for surgery and imaging, and provides the most favorable native environment for tissues of M&#252;llerian origin.

Transplantation in die Maus Ovarian Fat Pad

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

Eine Technik zur subkutanen abdominalen Fettgewebe Biopsie über eine nicht-Diathermie-Methode

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Assessment of Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Function Using Videomicroscopy

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. It is hypothesized that pro-atherogenic mediators released from fat tissues particularly in association with central/visceral adiposity may promote pathogenic vascular changes locally and systemically, and the notion that cardiovascular disease may be the consequence of adipose tissue dysfunction continues to evolve. Here, we describe a unique method of videomicroscopy that involves analysis of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses of intact small human arterioles removed from the adipose depot of living human subjects. Videomicroscopy is used to examine functional properties of isolated microvessels in response to pharmacological or physiological stimuli using a pressured system that mimics in vivo conditions. The technique is a useful approach to gain understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular dysfunction locally within the adipose tissue milieu. Moreover, abnormalities in the adipose tissue microvasculature have also been linked with systemic diseases. We applied this technique to examine depot-specific vascular responses in obese subjects. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation to both increased flow and acetylcholine in adipose arterioles (50 - 350 &#181;m internal diameter, 2 - 3 mm in length) isolated from two different adipose depots during bariatric surgery from the same individual. We demonstrated that arterioles from visceral fat exhibit impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared to vessels isolated from the subcutaneous depot. The findings suggest that the visceral microenvironment is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction which may be relevant to clinical observation linking increased visceral adiposity to systemic disease mechanisms. The videomicroscopy technique can be used to examine vascular phenotypes from different fat depots as well as compare findings across individuals with different degrees of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The method can also be used to examine vascular responses longitudinally in response to clinical interventions.

Videomicroscopy systems are used to examine functional properties of isolated adipose tissue arterioles in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli. This technique can be used to examine microvascular phenotypes in different adipose tissue domains in obese humans.

Bewertung der menschlichen Fettgewebe mikrovaskuläre Funktion mit Videomicroscopy

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. ...

Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of clinical efficacy, they are until now imperfect solutions. Stem cell therapy using ASC sheets could provide a solution to this problem. ASCs are considered as promising candidates for promoting tissue healing because of their trophic and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we provide methods to produce high-density ASC sheets, that are transplanted onto a colorectal anastomosis in a rat model to reduce the leakage. ASCs formed cell sheets in thermo-responsive culture dishes that could be easily detached. On the day of the transplantation, a partial colectomy with a 5-suture colorectal anastomosis was performed. Animals were immediately transplanted with 1 ASC sheet per rat. ASC sheets adhered spontaneously to the anastomosis without any glue, suture, or any biomaterial. Animal groups were sacrificed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Compared to transplanted animals, the incidence of anastomotic abscesses and leakage was higher in control animals. In our model, the transplantation of ASC sheets after colorectal anastomosis was successful and associated with a lower leakage rate.

The preparation and transplantation of adipose tissue derived stem cell (ASC) sheets onto insufficiently sutured colorectal anastomoses in a rat model is presented. This novel application shows that ASC sheets can reduce colorectal anastomosis leakage.

Transplantation von Fettgewebe-Derived Stem Cell Blatt, Leckage nach teilweiser Colectomy in einem Rattenmodell zu reduzieren

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of ...

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (ISWAT) Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for islet transplantation in rodent models. However, the tight kidney capsule limits the transplantation of sufficient islets in large animals and humans. The inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (ISWAT), a new subcutaneous space, was found to be a potentially valuable site for islet transplantation. This site has better blood supply than other subcutaneous spaces. Moreover, the ISWAT accommodates a larger islet mass than the kidney capsule, and transplantation into it is simple. This manuscript describes the procedure of mouse islet isolation and transplantation in the ISWAT site of syngeneic diabetic mouse recipients. Using this protocol, murine pancreatic islets were isolated by standard collagenase digestion and a basement membrane matrix hydrogel was used for fixing the purified islets in the ISWAT site. The blood glucose levels of the recipient mice were monitored for more than 100 days. Islet grafts were retrieved at day 100 after transplantation for histological analysis. The protocol for islet transplantation in the ISWAT site described in this manuscript is simple and effective.

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

In this protocol, a method of murine islet isolation and transplantation into the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue is described. Isolated syngeneic murine islets are transplanted into a murine recipient using a basement membrane hydrogel. The blood glucose level of the recipients is monitored, and histology analysis of the islet grafts is performed.

Leisten-Subkutanes weißes Adiposeengewebe (ISWAT) Transplantationsmodell von Murine-Inseln

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for ...