The authors sincerely thank the Canadian Institutes of Health Research MOP 130258 and the Star Foundation for Children&#8217;s Health Research, along with the Molly Towell Foundation, for the provision of the research facility and financial support. The authors also sincerely thank Dr. Kinkead Richard for manuscript proofreading and advice.

Este método requiere el uso de sujetos animales, se admiten por el Comité de Ética Animal de la Universidad Laval (protocolo # 2012-170). 1. Instalación y Preparación <ol><li> Soluciones <ol><li> Preparar soluciones madre aCSF de acuerdo con las siguientes recetas 7,17. Otras recetas con variaciones de concentración están disponibles en la literatura. Soluciones tienda de valores a 4 ° C durante hasta un mes. <ol><li> Solución de sal: añadir 75,39 g de NaCl (129 mM final); 2,5 g de KCl (3,35 mM final); 0,81 g de NaH2PO4 (0,58 mM final); 2,33 g de MgCl2 (1,15 mM final); 1,85 g de CaCl2 (1,26 mM). Disolver en 800 ml de agua destilada luego llenar a 1 l con agua destilada. </li><li> Solución de bicarbonato: añadir 17,65 g de NaHCO 3 (21 mM final). Disolver en 900 ml de agua destilada y luego llenar hasta 1 L con agua destilada. Las variaciones de la concentración de bicarbonato resultarán en variaciones de pH. </li><li> Solución de glucosa: añadir 54,06g de glucosa (30 mM final). Disolver en 400 ml de agua destilada y luego llenar hasta 500 ml con agua destilada. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar LCRa por dilución de 100 ml de solución de sal, 100 ml de solución de bicarbonato, y 50 ml de solución de glucosa en 1 L de agua destilada. Almacenar a 4 ° C hasta su uso. </li><li> Preparar un electrodo de vidrio calentando y estirando un tubo de vidrio hasta que se rompe. Lijar la punta antes de su uso. El electrodo se puede reutilizar tantas veces como el tiempo que se mantiene limpio. </li></ol></li><li> Configuración experimental Nota: Los datos de configuración se presentan en la Figura 2. <ol><li> Encienda el amplificador, promediador, sistema de adquisición de datos, control de temperatura y de la bomba en movimiento. Compruebe la amplificación de la señal (ganancia = 10.000), la filtración (de bajo umbral, 10 Hz; umbral alto, 5 kHz), y la tasa de muestreo de la conversión de analógico a digital de la señal en bruto (2,5 kHz). </li><li> Llene una botella con LCRa y la burbuja con carbógeno (95% O 2 </sub&gt;, 5% de CO 2). Inducir un bubbled- y se calentó-LCRa flujo en la cámara de grabación (volumen de 5 ml) a 4 ml / min. Mantener la temperatura en la cámara de registro a 26 (± 1) ° C. pH debe ser 7,4 en estas condiciones estándar. </li><li> Mantenga 50 ml de RT y carbógeno-burbujear LCRa en una jeringa de 50 ml, cerca de la cámara de disección. </li><li> Encienda el ordenador e inicie el software de grabación. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Disección <ol><li> Pesar y determinar visualmente el sexo del animal (los machos tienen un ano-genital distancia más larga, mientras que las hembras tienen una distancia ano-genital corta; machos genitales son a menudo oscuro, mientras que los genitales femeninos son de color rosa). </li><li> Anestesiar al roedores recién nacidos por una de las siguientes opciones: crioanestesia (sumergir completamente el animal en hielo durante 4 - 5 min 18), inyección (equitensine a 4 ml / kg) 19 o la inhalación de anestésicos volátiles (isoflurano 20 o éter 21). Confirm un plano adecuado de anestesia por la ausencia de un reflejo retirada de la pata. </li><li> Colocar el animal en el banco, la cara ventral hacia abajo. Sección la parte rostral de la cabeza coronalmente con un bisturí en el nivel de bregma (visible a través de la piel y el cráneo). Realice este paso inmediatamente después se anestesia el animal. </li><li> Sección coronal del cuerpo con un bisturí en virtud de los miembros anteriores. </li><li> Quite la piel, los músculos, los tejidos grasos y víscera con tijeras y alicates quirúrgicos y delgadas. Desde los huesos son suaves a esta edad, tenga cuidado de no dañar el sistema nervioso. Realice este paso en el banquillo. </li><li> Colocar la preparación en la cámara de disección. Utilice la LCRa almacenado en la jeringa para oxigenar la preparación. A partir de este punto hasta el final de la grabación, usar un microscopio. </li><li> En la cara dorsal de la preparación, corte el cráneo y las vértebras de la rostral a la parte caudal lo largo del eje medio con tijeras y pinzas quirúrgicas y delgadas. Abra el cráneo cortey vértebras para exponer el tejido nervioso. Utilice la LCRa strored en la jeringa para oxigenar la preparación. </li><li> Con los alicates, quite la membrana aracnoide, un tejido delgado que cubre la superficie del tejido nervioso. Conserve la piamadre y los vasos sanguíneos contra el tejido nervioso. Utilice la LCRa almacenado en la jeringa para oxigenar la preparación. </li><li> Colocar la preparación con el dorsal boca abajo, y cuidadosamente hacer caer el tronco del encéfalo y la médula espinal mediante la reducción de los nervios y el tejido conectivo con las tijeras mientras mantiene la preparación en su lugar. Un enfoque dorsal también es posible. Mantener las raíces y los nervios el mayor tiempo posible. Retire los huesos para aislar el tronco del encéfalo y la médula espinal. Utilice la LCRa almacenado en la jeringa para oxigenar la preparación. </li><li> Retire el cerebelo y el restante estructuras rostrales seccionando con el bisturí. Utilice la LCRa almacenada en la aguja para oxigenar la preparación. </li><li> Opcionalmente dependiendo de experimendiseño tal, retire el puente con el bisturí por una sección anterior de la corona a la arteria cerebelosa inferior 22. Tenga en cuenta que el mantenimiento de todo el puente se ralentizará el ritmo en ratas y totalmente inhibirla en ratones. Las preparaciones que incluyen sólo la parte caudal de la protuberancia muestran una actividad respiratoria como con una frecuencia estable a la raíz C4. </li></ol> 3. Grabación <ol><li> Colocar la preparación en la cámara de grabación, ventral hacia arriba. Fijar la preparación con alfileres en la parte más baja de la médula espinal y el rostral-la mayor parte del tronco cerebral. </li><li> Usando una jeringa vinculado al electrodo por su aguja, inducen una depresión en el electrodo (diámetro de la punta de vidrio: 150-225 micras) tirando de la jeringa de pistón, con el fin de llenar parcialmente el electrodo con LCRa. </li><li> El uso de un micromanipulador, colocar cuidadosamente el electrodo cerca de una de las cuartas raíces ventrales. Otras raíces ventrales también podrían presentar una actividad respiratoria como (e.g., nervio craneal XII, C1 raíz ventral). </li><li> Inducir una depresión en el depósito de electrodo a través de la jeringa tirando del émbolo con el fin de aspirar suavemente el rootlet nervio. A continuación, mueva con cuidado el electrodo para aplicar contra la médula espinal. Nota: Lo ideal sería que el tamaño de la rootlet coincide con el tamaño de la abertura del electrodo y por lo tanto crea un sello entre los compartimentos internos y externos del electrodo. Desde amplificadores diferenciales se utilizan comúnmente para tales grabaciones, cualquier abertura entre el interior del electrodo y la cámara de grabación reduce la calidad de la señal y hace que sea difícil eliminar el ruido de fondo. </li><li> Inicie la grabación. </li><li> Graba el ritmo producido por la preparación en condiciones de normoxia (es decir, LCRa burbujeó con carbógeno: 95% O 2 y 5% de CO 2) durante al menos 20 min para determinar los parámetros basales de la preparación. </li><li> Cambie la perfusión de LCRa carbógeno-burbujear aLCRa estímulo (es decir, burbujeado con 95% N 2 y 5% de CO 2 para el estímulo hipoxia) durante 15 min. Alterar duración de la exposición dependiendo del protocolo experimental. Anote la duración de la exposición en la grabación y animal hoja de datos. Utilice tubos de acero inoxidable entre la botella LCRa y la cámara siempre que sea posible para evitar la difusión del gas al exterior del tubo. </li><li> Cambie la perfusión de nuevo a norma LCRa carbógeno-burbujear durante al menos 15 minutos para una grabación de recuperación. Anota esto en la grabación y animal hoja de datos. </li><li> Finalice la grabación. </li></ol> 4. Análisis estadístico <ol><li> A partir de la señal integrado, calcular la frecuencia como el número de ráfagas por minuto (expresado en ráfagas / min), la amplitud como la diferencia entre la línea de base y el pico de la ráfaga (expresado en mV), la duración de la ráfaga como la duración desde el principio hasta el final de la ráfaga (expresado en s), el área de ráfaga como el área bajo la curve de la ráfaga de la señal integrada (expresado en mV · s) (Figura 3). </li><li> Calcular la frecuencia, amplitud, duración de la ráfaga y la zona de la explosión bajo normóxico (línea de base), hipóxica (estímulo) y post-hipóxico condiciones (post-estímulo) de recuperación como el promedio de los últimos 5 minutos de las grabaciones para cada condición. No analizar la primera porción de cada condición porque hay un retraso entre la conmutación de la perfusión y LCRa homogeneización en la cámara de grabación. </li><li> Expresar entonces estímulo (es decir, la hipoxia) y post-estímulo (es decir, post-hipóxicas) los valores de recuperación en porcentaje de los valores de línea de base para la grabación correspondiente. Exprese los resultados como medias ± SD </li></ol>

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</ol>

The authors have no competing financial interests or conflicts of interests to disclose.

La cuantificación precisa de la actividad respiratoria puede ser un reto. De hecho, la respiración es una función que puede ser tanto automática y voluntaria, y que se modula en función del entorno, las necesidades del cuerpo, el estado emocional y el comportamiento. La ventaja de esta técnica es el aislamiento de los elementos neurales responsables de producir el comando respiratorio. Por lo tanto, los registros electrofisiológicos de preparaciones de médula espinal y del tronco cerebral-pletismografía son té...

La respiración es una actividad compleja y vital controlada por el cerebro, lo que permite dioxígeno (O 2) la captación y dióxido de carbono (CO 2) la eliminación. El impulso respiratorio central se genera por una compleja red situada en el tronco cerebral en ambos mamíferos 1, 2 anfibios, reptiles, aves 3 4 5 y peces. Incluso si el estudio de la respiración se puede procesar in vivo, las investigaciones mecanicistas precisas requieren el acceso directo a la red de control respiratorio. Con este fin, Adrian y Buytendijk desarrollaron una preparación goldfish reducida, en el que los electrodos colocados en el registro de la superficie del tronco cerebral el ritmo generado asociado con gill ventilación 5. Este enfoque fue posteriormente adaptada por Suzue en 1984 6 para su uso en roedores recién nacidos. La llegada de esta preparación ha dado lugar a importantes avances en neurobiología respiratorio. Dado que es relativamente simple, la técnica presentada hERE es susceptible de una amplia gama de investigaciones básicas de comportamientos motores rítmicos y sus orígenes en roedores recién nacidos. El objetivo general de este método consiste en registrar el correlato neural de la actividad inspiratoria, un ritmo respiratorio similar llamado respiración ficticio, producida por la cadena respiratoria. Este método se puede emplear en una amplia gama de objetivos de la investigación, la orientación respuestas inspiratorios a variaciones respiratorias o farmacología en ambos de tipo salvaje y transgénicos 7 8 animales. Dado que los experimentos se llevan a cabo a baja temperatura, sin aferentes sensoriales, y en condiciones en las concentraciones de glucosa y de O 2 en el LCRa son altos, se han planteado interrogantes sobre la relevancia fisiológica de la señal grabada. Si bien existen diferencias claras entre in vivo e in vitro condiciones (por ejemplo., La frecuencia de ráfagas de inspiración) el hecho es que la presencia delos elementos centrales de la red respiratoria 6 hacen posible el estudio de un ritmo robusto asociado a una función homeostática vitales 9,10. La razón fundamental detrás del desarrollo y el uso de esta técnica es facilitar el acceso directo a los elementos del tronco cerebral de la red respiratoria, que son difícilmente accesibles in vivo, especialmente en los recién nacidos. El tronco encefálico se coloca en condiciones estrictamente controladas: el ritmo grabado no es modulada por impulsos aferentes periféricas de los pulmones o los cuerpos carótidas, lo que permite el estudio se centre en la unidad central de la respiración en sí 11. Por lo tanto, se utiliza este acceso para aplicar estímulos y registrar la señal de salida. En contraste con pletismografía de grabaciones, el ritmo respiratorio es modulada por todos sus componentes en todo el cuerpo (por ejemplo., Distensión de pulmón, sensores químicos periféricos), por lo que es difícil de aplicar estímulos precisos. En unaewborn rata, el protocolo consiste en registrar la cuarta señal ventral raíz en un tronco cerebral aislada y una médula espinal truncado, mantenido en el fluido cerebro-espinal artificial (ACSF). El ritmo generado por los preparativos de la médula espinal, tronco cerebral se compone de ráfagas lentas individuales que están vinculados a la señal inspiratoria 9. Preparaciones de cordón-tronco cerebral médula aislados se pueden grabar fácilmente en ratas desde el primer día postnatal 0-4 (P0 - P4) 7. Este enfoque se utiliza comúnmente para evaluar la respuesta hipóxica de la red respiratoria, y también la respuesta a la hipercapnia, acidosis o drogas. Un protocolo de hipoxia aguda se presenta aquí. Esta estimulación se obtiene por la captación de O 2 en el LCRa; este enfoque se utiliza comúnmente para evaluar la tolerancia y la capacidad de respuesta a insultos hipóxicas. El protocolo induce una depresión ritmo desde el primer minuto hasta el final de la exposición a la hipoxia (Figura 1) 12. Esta depresión se inviertedurante el post-hipóxica 12 de recuperación. Respecto al diseño experimental, es importante darse cuenta de que el puente de Varolio, situados en la parte rostral del tronco cerebral, tiene una acción inhibidora sobre el generador de ritmo 8. Por lo tanto, los preparativos de la plena tronco cerebral y médula espinal rostral muestran un menor ritmo. La inclusión de la protuberancia en la muestra aislada de la grabación se determina de acuerdo con el objetivo del experimento 13; el estudio de la influencia pontina en la red bulbo raquídeo requeriría grabaciones con y sin el puente de Varolio para comparar los resultados 14. Por otra parte, una de las ventajas de esta técnica es la posibilidad de ampliar la parte rostral de la preparación para incluir mesencefálico y / o regiones diencefálicas 15,16, por lo que es posible evaluar el efecto de estas regiones en la red respiratoria-ponto medular.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sylgard</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>761036-5EA</td><td>Use under hood</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>SOD002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>POC888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>CCL444</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>MAG510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>SOB999</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>SPM306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-glucose</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>GLU501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbogen</td><td>Linde</td><td>343-02-0006&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Controller</td><td>Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT, USA</td><td>TC-324B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suction electrode</td><td>A-M Systems, Everett, WA, USA</td><td>model 573000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Differential AC amplifier</td><td>A-M Systems, Everett, WA, USA</td><td>model 1700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moving averager</td><td>CWE, Ardmore, PA, USA</td><td>model MA-821</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition system</td><td>Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH, USA</td><td>model DI-720</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabChart software</td><td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prism sofware</td><td>Graphpad, La Jolla, CA, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection chamber</td><td>Plastic box (e.g. petri box) will do</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recording chamber</td><td>Home made</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Base</td><td>Kanetec, Bensenville, IL, USA</td><td>MB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>World Precision Instrument Inc, Sarasota, FL, USA</td><td>KITE-R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Base</td><td>Kanetec, Bensenville, IL, USA</td><td>MB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pump</td><td>Gilson, Middleton, WI, USA</td><td>MINIPULS 3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Cage</td><td>Home made</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrophysiology on isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations from newborn rodents allows neural respiratory network output recording

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to stimuli remain to be fully understood. To overcome the difficulty of accessing the brainstem in the whole animal, isolation of the brainstem and part of the spinal cord is performed. This preparation is maintained in artificial cerebro-spinal fluid where gases, concentrations, and temperature are controlled and monitored. The output signal from the respiratory network is recorded by a suction electrode placed on the fourth ventral root. In this manner, stimuli can be directly applied onto the brainstem, and the effect can be recorded directly. The signal recorded is linked to the inspiratory signal sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve, and can be described as bursts (around 8 bursts per minute). Analysis of these bursts (frequency, amplitude, length, and area under the curve) allows precise characterization of the stimulus effect on the respiratory network. The main limitation of this method is the viability of the preparation beyond the early post-natal stages. Thus, this method greatly focuses on the study of the whole network without the peripheral inputs in the newborn rat.

Como se ha mencionado en la introducción, una de las ventajas más importantes de esta técnica es el acceso directo al tronco encefálico para aplicar diversos estímulos. Como ejemplo, la hipoxia se aplicó aquí. Figura 1. AB muestra una grabación protocolo completo, con ambas condiciones de normoxia e hipóxicas. 1.CE Figura muestra el ritmo en condiciones de normoxia registrado (es decir, LCRa burbujeó con 95% O 2 y 5% CO 2 a 26 ° C). Como se ha d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording at JoVE.com

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

Electrofisiología en aislados Preparativos Cord-tronco cerebral espinal de roedores recién nacidos permite la grabación de salida de red neuronal Respiratorio

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to ...

electrophysiology-on-isolated-brainstem-spinal-cord-preparations-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.5K vistas.  Laval University. The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

Video: Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

Médula Espinal Electrofisiología II: Fabricación de electrodos de aspiración extracelular

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology

The neonatal mouse spinal cord is a model for studying the development of neural circuitries and locomotor movement. We demonstrate the spinal cord dissection and preparation of recording bath artificial cerebrospinal fluid used for locomotor studies. Once dissected, the spinal cord ventral nerve roots can be attached to a recording electrode to record the electrophysiologic signals of the central pattern generating circuitry within the lumbar cord.

A demonstration of the isolation of neonatal mouse spinal cord for electrophysiologic studies.

La médula espinal de Electrofisiología

The neonatal mouse spinal cord is a model for studying the development of neural circuitries and locomotor movement. We demonstrate the spinal cord ...

Biología

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

The way neurons process information depends both on their intrinsic membrane properties and on the dynamics of the afferent synaptic network. In particular, endogenously-generated network activity, which strongly varies as a function of the state of vigilance, significantly modulates neuronal computation. To investigate how different spontaneous cerebral dynamics impact single neurons&#39; integrative properties, we developed a new experimental strategy in the rat consisting in suppressing in vivo all cerebral activity by means of a systemic injection of a high dose of sodium pentobarbital. Cortical activities, continuously monitored by combined electrocorticogram (ECoG) and intracellular recordings are progressively slowed down, leading to a steady isoelectric profile. This extreme brain state, putting the rat into a deep comatose, was carefully monitored by measuring the physiological constants of the animal throughout the experiments. Intracellular recordings allowed us to characterize and compare the integrative properties of the same neuron embedded into physiologically relevant cortical dynamics, such as those encountered in the sleep-wake cycle, and when the brain was fully silent.

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

This procedure performs long-lasting in vivo intracellular recordings from single neurons during physiologically relevant cerebral states and after complete abolition of ongoing electrical activities, resulting in an isoelectric brain state. The physiological constants of the animal are carefully monitored during the transition to the artificial comatose condition.

Inducción de un estado isoeléctrico cerebro para investigar el impacto de la actividad endógena sináptica neuronal en la excitabilidad<em&gt; En Vivo</em

The way neurons process information depends both on their intrinsic membrane properties and on the dynamics of the afferent synaptic network. In ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

Grabación de EEG en Ratas Neonatales que se mueven libremente usando un método nuevo

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

Agudo<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Grabaciones electrofisiológicas de potenciales de campo locales y actividad de múltiples unidades de la vía hiperdirecta en ratas anestesiadas

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

Grabaciones simultáneas de potenciales de campo Local Cortical, Electrocardiograma, electromiograma y respirar a ritmo de una rata libremente móvil

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice

Mammalian inspiratory rhythm is generated from a neuronal network in a region of the medulla called the preB&#246;tzinger complex (pBC), which produces a signal driving the rhythmic contraction of inspiratory muscles. Rhythmic neural activity generated in the pBC and carried to other neuronal pools to drive the musculature of breathing may be studied using various approaches, including en bloc nerve recordings and transverse slice recordings. However, previously published methods have not extensively described the brainstem-spinal cord dissection process in a transparent and reproducible manner for future studies. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of a method used to reproducibly cut rhythmically-active brainstem slices containing the necessary and sufficient neuronal circuitry for generating and transmitting inspiratory drive. This work builds upon previous brainstem-spinal cord electrophysiology protocols to enhance the likelihood of reliably obtaining viable and rhythmically-active slices for recording neuronal output from the pBC, hypoglossal premotor neurons (XII pMN), and hypoglossal motor neurons (XII MN). The work presented expands upon previous published methods by providing detailed, step-by-step illustrations of the dissection, from whole rat pup, to in vitro slice containing the XII rootlets.

This protocol both visually communicates the brainstem-spinal cord preparation and clarifies the preparation of brainstem transverse slices in a comprehensive step-by-step manner. It was designed to increase reproducibility and enhance the likelihood of obtaining viable, long lasting, rhythmically-active slices for recording neural output from the respiratory regions of the brainstem.

Preparación de rítmicamente activa en Vitro Neonatal roedor del médula oblonga-medulares y rebanada fina

Mammalian inspiratory rhythm is generated from a neuronal network in a region of the medulla called the preB&#246;tzinger complex (pBC), which produces a ...

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice

Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) is of central relevance in the clinical neurophysiology. As other evoked potential (EP) techniques, such as visually evoked potentials (VEPs) or somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), the auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) are triggered by the repetitive presentation of identical stimuli, the electroencephalographic (EEG) response of which is subsequently averaged resulting in distinct positive (p) and negative (n) deflections. In humans, both the amplitude and the latency of individual peaks can be used to characterize alterations in synchronization and conduction velocity in the underlying neuronal circuitries. Importantly, AEPs are also applied in basic and preclinical science to identify and characterize the auditory function in pharmacological and genetic animal models. Even more, animal models in combination with pharmacological testing are utilized to investigate for potential benefits in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (e.g., age- or noise-induced hearing deficits). Here we provide a detailed and integrative description of how to record auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs) in mice using click and tone-burst application. A specific focus of this protocol is on pre-experimental animal housing, anesthesia, ABR recording, ABR filtering processes, automated wavelet-based amplitude growth function analysis, and latency detection.

Brainstem evoked response audiometry is an important tool in clinical neurophysiology. Nowadays, brainstem evoked response audiometry is also applied in the basic science and preclinical studies involving both pharmacological and genetic animal models. Here we provide a detailed description of how auditory brainstem responses can be successfully recorded and analyzed in mice.

Adquisición y análisis de datos en Brainstem Evocada Audiometría de Respuesta en Ratones

Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) is of central relevance in the clinical neurophysiology. As other evoked potential (EP) techniques, such as ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

La proteína c-Fos detección inmunohistoquímico: una herramienta útil como marcador de vías centrales implicados en las respuestas fisiológicas específicas<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; y<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Registros de multielectrodos de silicio en ángulo para estructuras profundas del tronco encefálico en ratones

Acute Single-Unit Multi-Electrode Recordings from the Brainstem of Head-Fixed Mice

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are increasingly popular for studying neuronal activity at the temporal resolution of action potentials in many brain regions. However, recording neuronal activity from deep caudal structures like the brainstem using multi-channel probes remains challenging. A significant concern is finding a trajectory for probe insertion that avoids large blood vessels, such as the superior sagittal venous sinus and the transverse venous sinus. Injuring these large veins can cause extensive bleeding, damage to the underlying brain tissue, and potentially death. This approach describes targeting brainstem structures by coupling anterior coordinates with an angled approach, allowing the recording probe to penetrate the brain below high-risk vascular structures. Compared to a strictly vertical approach, the angled approach maximizes the number of brain regions that can be targeted. Using this strategy, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a brainstem region associated with REM sleep, can be reproducibly and reliably accessed to obtain single-unit, multi-electrode recordings in head-fixed mice before and during sevoflurane anesthesia. The ability to record neuronal activity in the vlPAG and surrounding nuclei with high temporal resolution is a step forward in advancing the understanding of the relationship between REM sleep and anesthesia.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Investigación de las vías del sueño inducidas por la anestesia y la excitabilidad neuronal en ratones

This protocol describes a method to obtain in vivo, high-density single-neuron recordings from the brainstem of head-fixed mice. This approach is deployed to measure the action potential firing of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray - a brainstem region inactive during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep - before and during general anesthesia.

Registros agudos de electrodos múltiples de una sola unidad del tronco encefálico de ratones con cabeza fija

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are increasingly popular for studying neuronal activity at the temporal resolution of action potentials in many ...

Electrofisiología en aislados Preparativos Cord-tronco cerebral espinal de roedores recién nacidos permite la grabación de salida de red neuronal Respiratorio

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