The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Con el fin de conseguir una medición óptima de H 2 S, este método emplea un conmutador Deans, lavado a contracorriente y un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre (SCD). Una columna de dimetilpolisiloxano se utiliza como la columna de la primera dimensión GC, y sirve para retardar el movimiento de hidrocarburos más pesados ​​presentes en la muestra de manera que no contaminen la columna de la PLOT. Este efecto se ve reforzada por un lugar fresco (50 ° C) separación inicial. Gases ligeros pasan a...

El análisis preciso del crudo es esencial para la industria de petróleo y gas, como reglamentos y economía de la salud y seguridad son funciones de la calidad del aceite. Con el fin de proteger a los transportadores de muestras crudas, es necesario determinar las propiedades de las muestras de crudo para desarrollar las normas de seguridad que se aplicará en el caso de un escape o derrame. En particular, la cuantificación de sulfuro de hidrógeno (H 2 S) es importante, debido a su alta toxicidad en la fase de gas; exposiciones tan bajas como 100 ppm pueden ser fatales (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2. Disuelto H 2 S en muestras crudas se considera generalmente que es corrosivo 3,4, y se puede desactivar los catalizadores utilizados para tratar el aceite 5-7. La eliminación de H 2 S a partir de corrientes de crudo es ideal, pero sin un método para medir disuelto H 2 S, es difícil evaluar el éxito de los tratamientos de eliminación. Por estas razones, este protocolo fue desarrollado para medir dissolved H 2 S en muestras de crudo pesado, tales como arenas petrolíferas canadienses crudos. Una serie de métodos estándar existe para la cuantificación de H 2 S en muestras de petróleo o combustible basado más ligeros, pero ninguno ha sido validado para su uso con los crudos más pesados ​​comúnmente extraídos de las arenas petrolíferas de Canadá. H 2 S y mercaptanos se determinan usando una técnica de titulación por Universal Oil Products (UOP) método 163 8, pero este método adolece de sesgo usuario interpretación que resulta de la lectura manual de curvas de valoración. Instituto de método de Petróleo (IP) 570 utiliza una especialidad H 2 S analizador que calienta las muestras de aceite de combustible 9, y se beneficia de la simplicidad y la portabilidad, pero carece de precisión con muestras más pesados ​​10. La Sociedad Americana para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM) Método D5623 utiliza cromatografía de gases (GC) con enfriamiento criogénico y detección selectiva de azufre para medir H 2 S en líquidos derivados del petróleo ligeros11,12. Esta norma podría ser mejorado para utilizar una separación ambiente y también ser aplicada a crudos más pesados, por lo que se utiliza como base para el protocolo discutido en el presente documento. GC es una técnica muy usada para el análisis de muestras de petróleo. Las muestras se vaporizan en una entrada de agua caliente, y separaciones se producen en la fase gaseosa. La separación de fases gas GC hace ideal para el análisis de H 2 S, ya que es fácilmente liberado de la muestra de líquido durante el calentamiento en la entrada. Métodos GC pueden ser creados y adaptados para diferentes muestras, dependiendo de los programas de temperatura usados, columnas implementados, y el uso de cromatografía multidimensional 13-15 de. Ha habido una serie de acontecimientos recientes para la medición de H 2 S utilizando GC. Luong et al. H 2 S y otra medición compuesto de azufre luz en destilados ligeros y medios usando GC multidimensional y conmutación Decanos demostrado, pero el método no tienesin embargo, ha aplicado a crudos más pesados ​​16. Di Sanzo et al. H también cuantificado 2 S en la gasolina que utilizan GC, sin embargo, también no se ha utilizado en crudos más pesados, y requiere de refrigeración 17 sub-ambiente. El método presentado aquí demuestra un tiempo considerable ahorro de más de estos métodos anteriores, con un tiempo de análisis de 5 min completado, en comparación con 10 min (Luong) y 40 min (Di Sanzo). Por desgracia, la aplicación de estos métodos en nuestro laboratorio para comparar la precisión no fue posible debido a los equipos y restricciones de tiempo. GC Multidimensional permite al usuario explotar la selectividad de dos columnas, en lugar de una sola columna. En GC convencional, la separación se produce en una columna. En el caso de GC multidimensional, la muestra se separa en dos columnas diferentes, mejorando la separación y la selectividad. El interruptor de Decanos es un dispositivo utilizado para emplear una configuración de columna de dos dimensiones. El conmutador utiliza una válvula externa de direflujo de gas ct desde una entrada en el interruptor para uno de los dos puertos de salida 18-20. El efluente de la primera columna puede ser dirigida en cualquier dirección; En este caso, los gases de azufre de luz son &quot;corte corazón&quot; 21 de la primera separación a un tubular abierto capa porosa (PLOT) en la columna para separación secundaria, que se ha demostrado ser excelente para la separación de H 2 S de otros gases de azufre luz (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. Un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre se utiliza para la detección, proporcionando selectividad para compuestos de azufre y la eliminación de la posible interferencia de cualesquiera otros gases ligeros que pueden haber sido transferidos a la columna PLOT durante el corte del corazón. Hidrocarburos de la muestra de aceite crudo se retienen en la columna de la primera dimensión y se eliminan durante un procedimiento de toma retroactiva; esto protege la columna de la PARCELA de cualquier contaminación 25-27. Este enfoque también ha sido aplicado con éxito para el analanalysis de inhibidores de la oxidación en aceites de transformadores 28. En este documento, un método GC bidimensional se emplea para el análisis y la cuantificación de H 2 S disuelto en muestras de crudo pesado. El método se muestra para ser aplicable en un amplio intervalo de concentraciones de H 2 S, y también se puede utilizar para medir H 2 S en muestras de fase gas.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Deans switch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G2855A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent flow switching device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Restrictor tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">160-2615-10</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HP-PONA column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19091S-001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GasPro column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">113-4332</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent/Sievers</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G6603A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">H2S calibration standard, in He</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">211 ppm H2S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">CS2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C184-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toluene, HPLC grade</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T290-4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas bag, 2 L</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GSB-P/2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Twist on/off nozzle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">250 &#181;L gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81130</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">500 mL amber glass bottle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Scientific Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N73616</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Open top screw caps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Scientific Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">169628</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C889125C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1 mL gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81330</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">2.5% H2S in He gas standard</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

Un método para el análisis de sulfuro de hidrógeno disuelto en muestras de aceite crudo se demuestra mediante cromatografía de gases. Con el fin de eliminar de manera efectiva las interferencias, se utiliza una configuración de columna de dos dimensiones, con un interruptor de decanos empleado para transferir el sulfuro de hidrógeno desde la primera a la segunda columna (de corazón de corte). Muestras de líquido en bruto se separan primero en una columna de dimetilpolisiloxano, y gases ligeros son más y se separó en una capa porosa unida tubular abierto (PLOT) columna que es capaz de separar sulfuro de hidrógeno de otras especies de azufre de luz cortar de corazón. El sulfuro de hidrógeno se detecta con un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre, añadiendo una capa adicional de selectividad. Después de la separación y detección de sulfuro de hidrógeno, el sistema se toma retroactiva para eliminar los hidrocarburos de alto punto de ebullición presentes en las muestras de crudo y para preservar la integridad cromatográfico. Sulfuro de hidrógeno disuelto se ha cuantificado en muestras de líquidos a partir de 1.1 a 500 ppm, lo que demuestra la amplia aplicabilidad a una gama de muestras. El método también se ha aplicado con éxito para el análisis de muestras de gas del espacio de cabeza de las bolsas de petróleo crudo y gas de proceso, con la medición de 0,7 a 9700 ppm de sulfuro de hidrógeno.

A fin de obtener una cuantificación fiable de H 2 S para muestras tanto de líquido y gas, es necesaria una calibración adecuada. Para las inyecciones de calibración y las inyecciones de muestra, el pico S H 2 no debe ser superposición con picos vecinos y debe tener un área de pico reproducible. La figura 3 muestra una inyección de una muestra de gas, donde el gas es demasiado grande para este método. Se encontró que las concentraciones de gas de más de 500 ppm usando una ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection at JoVE.com

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

Medición de H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S en Petróleo Crudo y Crudo Headspace Usando Multidimensional Cromatografía de Gases, Decanos de conmutación y detección-Azufre selectiva

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.0K vistas.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

Video: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants3, but also synthesize advanced biofuels2-4. Generally, atmospheric CO2 is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth5. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO2 in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient &ldquo;flue gas to algae&rdquo; system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations4,6 and cultivation strategies7,8 with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2; 2) how we can find optimal CO2 concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.

Flue gas from power plants is a cheap CO2 source for algal growth. We have built prototype &#34;flue gas to algal cultivation&#34; systems and described how to scale up the algal cultivation process. We have demonstrated the use of a mass-transfer bio-reaction model to simulate and to design the optimal operation of flue gas for the growth of Chlorella sp. in algal photo-bioreactors.

Optimizar la combustión Gas Ciudad para promover el crecimiento de microalgas en fotobiorreactores a través de Simulaciones computacionales

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

Medición de Flujo de Gas de efecto invernadero procedentes de los suelos agrícolas Usando cámaras estáticas

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

Método EPA 1615. La medición de enterovirus y norovirus Ocurrencia en agua por cultura y RT-qPCR. Parte III. Detección de virus por RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

El análisis químico de las fracciones en agua acomodada de Petróleo Crudo Derrames Usando TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

Medición de la reología del petróleo crudo en equilibrio con CO<sub2</sub&gt; En las condiciones del yacimiento

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.

The goal of this procedure is to easily and rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry and resistance to swelling by organic fluids for oil recovery studies. A polydimethylsiloxane mold is first generated, and then used to cast the epoxy-based device. A representative displacement study is reported.

Dispositivos de microfluidos para la caracterización de procesos de poro-escala acontecimiento en medios porosos para aplicaciones de recuperación de aceite

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

Evaluación de metano y óxido nitroso flujos de arrozal mediante estática cerrado cámaras de mantenimiento de plantas en espacios vacíos

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

El efecto de la aplicación de aceite esencial de tomillo en la carga microbiana durante el secado de la carne

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

Estudio experimental de la relación entre tamaño de partícula y la capacidad de absorción del metano en la pizarra

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.