The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Con el fin de conseguir una medición óptima de H 2 S, este método emplea un conmutador Deans, lavado a contracorriente y un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre (SCD). Una columna de dimetilpolisiloxano se utiliza como la columna de la primera dimensión GC, y sirve para retardar el movimiento de hidrocarburos más pesados ​​presentes en la muestra de manera que no contaminen la columna de la PLOT. Este efecto se ve reforzada por un lugar fresco (50 ° C) separación inicial. Gases ligeros pasan a...

El análisis preciso del crudo es esencial para la industria de petróleo y gas, como reglamentos y economía de la salud y seguridad son funciones de la calidad del aceite. Con el fin de proteger a los transportadores de muestras crudas, es necesario determinar las propiedades de las muestras de crudo para desarrollar las normas de seguridad que se aplicará en el caso de un escape o derrame. En particular, la cuantificación de sulfuro de hidrógeno (H 2 S) es importante, debido a su alta toxicidad en la fase de gas; exposiciones tan bajas como 100 ppm pueden ser fatales (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2. Disuelto H 2 S en muestras crudas se considera generalmente que es corrosivo 3,4, y se puede desactivar los catalizadores utilizados para tratar el aceite 5-7. La eliminación de H 2 S a partir de corrientes de crudo es ideal, pero sin un método para medir disuelto H 2 S, es difícil evaluar el éxito de los tratamientos de eliminación. Por estas razones, este protocolo fue desarrollado para medir dissolved H 2 S en muestras de crudo pesado, tales como arenas petrolíferas canadienses crudos. Una serie de métodos estándar existe para la cuantificación de H 2 S en muestras de petróleo o combustible basado más ligeros, pero ninguno ha sido validado para su uso con los crudos más pesados ​​comúnmente extraídos de las arenas petrolíferas de Canadá. H 2 S y mercaptanos se determinan usando una técnica de titulación por Universal Oil Products (UOP) método 163 8, pero este método adolece de sesgo usuario interpretación que resulta de la lectura manual de curvas de valoración. Instituto de método de Petróleo (IP) 570 utiliza una especialidad H 2 S analizador que calienta las muestras de aceite de combustible 9, y se beneficia de la simplicidad y la portabilidad, pero carece de precisión con muestras más pesados ​​10. La Sociedad Americana para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM) Método D5623 utiliza cromatografía de gases (GC) con enfriamiento criogénico y detección selectiva de azufre para medir H 2 S en líquidos derivados del petróleo ligeros11,12. Esta norma podría ser mejorado para utilizar una separación ambiente y también ser aplicada a crudos más pesados, por lo que se utiliza como base para el protocolo discutido en el presente documento. GC es una técnica muy usada para el análisis de muestras de petróleo. Las muestras se vaporizan en una entrada de agua caliente, y separaciones se producen en la fase gaseosa. La separación de fases gas GC hace ideal para el análisis de H 2 S, ya que es fácilmente liberado de la muestra de líquido durante el calentamiento en la entrada. Métodos GC pueden ser creados y adaptados para diferentes muestras, dependiendo de los programas de temperatura usados, columnas implementados, y el uso de cromatografía multidimensional 13-15 de. Ha habido una serie de acontecimientos recientes para la medición de H 2 S utilizando GC. Luong et al. H 2 S y otra medición compuesto de azufre luz en destilados ligeros y medios usando GC multidimensional y conmutación Decanos demostrado, pero el método no tienesin embargo, ha aplicado a crudos más pesados ​​16. Di Sanzo et al. H también cuantificado 2 S en la gasolina que utilizan GC, sin embargo, también no se ha utilizado en crudos más pesados, y requiere de refrigeración 17 sub-ambiente. El método presentado aquí demuestra un tiempo considerable ahorro de más de estos métodos anteriores, con un tiempo de análisis de 5 min completado, en comparación con 10 min (Luong) y 40 min (Di Sanzo). Por desgracia, la aplicación de estos métodos en nuestro laboratorio para comparar la precisión no fue posible debido a los equipos y restricciones de tiempo. GC Multidimensional permite al usuario explotar la selectividad de dos columnas, en lugar de una sola columna. En GC convencional, la separación se produce en una columna. En el caso de GC multidimensional, la muestra se separa en dos columnas diferentes, mejorando la separación y la selectividad. El interruptor de Decanos es un dispositivo utilizado para emplear una configuración de columna de dos dimensiones. El conmutador utiliza una válvula externa de direflujo de gas ct desde una entrada en el interruptor para uno de los dos puertos de salida 18-20. El efluente de la primera columna puede ser dirigida en cualquier dirección; En este caso, los gases de azufre de luz son &quot;corte corazón&quot; 21 de la primera separación a un tubular abierto capa porosa (PLOT) en la columna para separación secundaria, que se ha demostrado ser excelente para la separación de H 2 S de otros gases de azufre luz (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. Un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre se utiliza para la detección, proporcionando selectividad para compuestos de azufre y la eliminación de la posible interferencia de cualesquiera otros gases ligeros que pueden haber sido transferidos a la columna PLOT durante el corte del corazón. Hidrocarburos de la muestra de aceite crudo se retienen en la columna de la primera dimensión y se eliminan durante un procedimiento de toma retroactiva; esto protege la columna de la PARCELA de cualquier contaminación 25-27. Este enfoque también ha sido aplicado con éxito para el analanalysis de inhibidores de la oxidación en aceites de transformadores 28. En este documento, un método GC bidimensional se emplea para el análisis y la cuantificación de H 2 S disuelto en muestras de crudo pesado. El método se muestra para ser aplicable en un amplio intervalo de concentraciones de H 2 S, y también se puede utilizar para medir H 2 S en muestras de fase gas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Deans switch</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2855A</td><td>Or equivalent flow switching device</td></tr><tr><td>Restrictor tubing&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Agilent</td><td>160-2615-10</td><td>Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>HP-PONA column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>19091S-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GasPro column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>113-4332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td><td>Agilent/Sievers</td><td>G6603A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S calibration standard, in He</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td>211 ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S</td></tr><tr><td>CS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C184-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, HPLC grade</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T290-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas bag, 2 L</td><td>Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td><td>GSB-P/2</td><td>Twist on/off nozzle</td></tr><tr><td>250 &amp;micro;l gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 ml amber glass bottle</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>N73616</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Open top screw caps</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>169628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td><td>Chromatographic Specialties</td><td>C889125C</td><td>25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in He gas standard</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

Un método para el análisis de sulfuro de hidrógeno disuelto en muestras de aceite crudo se demuestra mediante cromatografía de gases. Con el fin de eliminar de manera efectiva las interferencias, se utiliza una configuración de columna de dos dimensiones, con un interruptor de decanos empleado para transferir el sulfuro de hidrógeno desde la primera a la segunda columna (de corazón de corte). Muestras de líquido en bruto se separan primero en una columna de dimetilpolisiloxano, y gases ligeros son más y se separó en una capa porosa unida tubular abierto (PLOT) columna que es capaz de separar sulfuro de hidrógeno de otras especies de azufre de luz cortar de corazón. El sulfuro de hidrógeno se detecta con un detector de quimioluminiscencia de azufre, añadiendo una capa adicional de selectividad. Después de la separación y detección de sulfuro de hidrógeno, el sistema se toma retroactiva para eliminar los hidrocarburos de alto punto de ebullición presentes en las muestras de crudo y para preservar la integridad cromatográfico. Sulfuro de hidrógeno disuelto se ha cuantificado en muestras de líquidos a partir de 1.1 a 500 ppm, lo que demuestra la amplia aplicabilidad a una gama de muestras. El método también se ha aplicado con éxito para el análisis de muestras de gas del espacio de cabeza de las bolsas de petróleo crudo y gas de proceso, con la medición de 0,7 a 9700 ppm de sulfuro de hidrógeno.

A fin de obtener una cuantificación fiable de H 2 S para muestras tanto de líquido y gas, es necesaria una calibración adecuada. Para las inyecciones de calibración y las inyecciones de muestra, el pico S H 2 no debe ser superposición con picos vecinos y debe tener un área de pico reproducible. La figura 3 muestra una inyección de una muestra de gas, donde el gas es demasiado grande para este método. Se encontró que las concentraciones de gas de más de 500 ppm usando una ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection at JoVE.com

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

Medición de H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S en Petróleo Crudo y Crudo Headspace Usando Multidimensional Cromatografía de Gases, Decanos de conmutación y detección-Azufre selectiva

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

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Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.1K vistas.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

Video: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.

Trace explosive vapors of TNT and RDX collected on sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes were analyzed using a programmed temperature desorption system coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. The instrumental analysis is combined with direct liquid deposition method to reduce sample variability and account for instrumentation drift and losses.

Detección Cuantitativa de la traza vapores explosivos por desorción a temperatura programada Gas Detector de Captura de Electrones Cromatografía

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

Investigación

Química

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Oxidoreductases belong to the most-applied industrial enzymes. Nevertheless, they need external electrons whose supply is often costly and challenging. Recycling of the electron donors NADH or NADPH requires the use of additional enzymes and sacrificial substrates. Interestingly, several oxidoreductases accept hydrogen peroxide as electron donor. While being inexpensive, this reagent often reduces the stability of enzymes. A solution to this problem is the in situ generation of the cofactor. The continuous supply of the cofactor at low concentration drives the reaction without impairing enzyme stability. This paper demonstrates a method for the light-catalyzed in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide with the example of the heme-dependent fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE. The fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE was discovered due to its unique ability to produce long-chain 1-alkenes from fatty acids, a hitherto unknown enzymatic reaction. 1-alkenes are widely used additives for plasticizers and lubricants. OleTJE has been shown to accept electrons from hydrogen peroxide for the oxidative decarboxylation. While addition of hydrogen peroxide damages the enzyme and results in low yields, in situ generation of the cofactor circumvents this problem. The photobiocatalytic system shows clear advantages regarding enzyme activity and yield, resulting in a simple and efficient system for fatty acid decarboxylation.

We describe a protocol for the light-catalyzed generation of hydrogen peroxide &#8212; a cofactor for oxidative transformations.

Impulsada por la luz enzimática descarboxilación

Oxidoreductases belong to the most-applied industrial enzymes. Nevertheless, they need external electrons whose supply is often costly and challenging. ...

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

El análisis químico de las fracciones en agua acomodada de Petróleo Crudo Derrames Usando TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

Medio ambiente

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

Preparación de pirita autígena de sedimentos de metano-cojinete para In Situ las análisis de isótopos de azufre en usar SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

Análisis on-line de compuestos que contienen nitrógeno en matrices complejas de hidrocarburos

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Seawater Sampling and Collection

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today's demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. An A-frame derrick, with a multi-purpose winch and cable system, is used in combination with Niskin or Go-Flo water sampling bottles. Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are also used to sample the underlying water mass. To minimize outgassing, trace gas samples are collected first.  Then, nutrients, water chemistry, and cell counts are determined. Finally, waters are collected for biomass filtration. The set-up and collection time for a single cast is ~1.5 hours at a maximum depth of 215 meters. Therefore, a total of 6 hours is generally needed to complete the collection series described here.

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses.

El agua de mar de muestreo y recolección

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass ...

Biología

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Una configuración práctica y de bajo costo para medir metano en muestras acuosas

Measuring Dissolved Methane in Aquatic Ecosystems Using An Optical Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate change. With it, the need for analytical platforms adaptable to measuring different pools and fluxes within research groups also grows. This study aims to develop a procedure to use portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers, originally designed and marketed for gas flux measurements, to measure GHG concentrations in aqueous samples. The protocol involves the traditional headspace equilibration technique followed by the injection of a headspace gas subsample into a chamber connected through a closed loop to the inlet and outlet ports of the gas analyzer. The chamber is fabricated from a generic mason jar and simple laboratory supplies, and it is an ideal solution for samples that may require pre-injection dilution. Methane concentrations measured with the chamber are tightly correlated (r2 &#62; 0.98) with concentrations determined separately through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on subsamples from the same vials. The procedure is particularly relevant for field studies in remote areas where chromatography equipment and supplies are not readily available, offering a practical, cheaper, and more efficient solution for measuring methane and other dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in aquatic systems.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Medición de metano disuelto en ecosistemas acuáticos mediante un analizador de gases por espectroscopia óptica

This study demonstrates an approach to measure methane gas concentrations in aqueous samples using portable optical analyzers coupled to an injection chamber in a closed loop. The results are similar to conventional gas chromatography, presenting a practical and low-cost alternative particularly suitable for remote field studies.

Medición de metano disuelto en ecosistemas acuáticos mediante un analizador de gases por espectroscopia óptica

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate ...

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

Caracterización cualitativa de la fracción acuosa de hidrotérmico Licuefacción de algas mediante 2D cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Medición de H

Resumen

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Capítulos en este video

Detección Cuantitativa de la traza vapores explosivos por desorción a temperatura programada Gas Detector de Captura de Electrones Cromatografía

Impulsada por la luz enzimática descarboxilación

El análisis químico de las fracciones en agua acomodada de Petróleo Crudo Derrames Usando TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Preparación de pirita autígena de sedimentos de metano-cojinete para In Situ las análisis de isótopos de azufre en usar SIMS

Análisis on-line de compuestos que contienen nitrógeno en matrices complejas de hidrocarburos

El agua de mar de muestreo y recolección

Medición de metano disuelto en ecosistemas acuáticos mediante un analizador de gases por espectroscopia óptica

Medición de metano disuelto en ecosistemas acuáticos mediante un analizador de gases por espectroscopia óptica

Medición de metano disuelto en ecosistemas acuáticos mediante un analizador de gases por espectroscopia óptica

Caracterización cualitativa de la fracción acuosa de hidrotérmico Licuefacción de algas mediante 2D cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo