The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

H 2 S의 최적 측정을 달성하기 위해,이 방법은 학장 스위치 역세과 황 화학 발광 검출기 (SCD)를 채용한다. 디메틸 폴리실록산 컬럼은 제 차원 GC 컬럼으로 사용하고, 그들은 PLOT 컬럼을 오염시키지 않도록 시료에 존재하는 중질 탄화수소의 이동을 지연시키는 역할을한다. 이 효과는 멋진 (50 ° C) 초기 분리에 의해 강화된다. 빛 가스는 첫 번째 차원의 칼럼을 통해 전달하고 더 분리를위한 마?...

건강 및 안전 규정과 경제가 석유 품질의 기능이기 때문에 원유의 정확한 분석은 석유와 가스 산업에 필수적이다. 원유 샘플의 수송을 보호하기 위해, 분리 또는 누출의 경우에 구현되는 안전 규정을 개발 조 샘플의 특성을 결정할 필요가있다. 특히, 황화수소의 정량화 (H 2 S)이 때문에 기상에서의 높은 독성에 중요하다; 100 ppm의 낮은 노출은 치명적인 (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2 될 수 있습니다. 조 질의 샘플에 용해 H 2 S는 일반적으로 3,4- 부식되는 것으로 간주되고, 오일 5-7을 치료하기 위해 사용 된 촉매를 비활성화 할 수있다. 원유 스트림으로부터 H 2 S 제거하여 이상적이지만, 방법없이 H 2 S를 용해, 제거가 치료의 성공 여부를 평가하기 위해 측정하기 곤란하다. 이러한 이유로,이 프로토콜은 disso을 측정하기 위해 개발 된lved H 등 캐나다의 오일 샌드 원유 무거운 원유 샘플 2 S. 표준 방법의 수는 점화기 또는 석유 계 연료 샘플에서 H 2 S의 정량화를 위해 존재하지만, 어느 것도 일반적으로 캐나다 오일 샌드로부터 추출 중질 원유와 함께 사용 검증되지 않았다. H 2 S 및 머 캅탄은 범용 오일 제품 (UOP) 메소드 (163) (8)에 의해 적정 방법을 이용하여 결정되지만,이 방법은 적정 곡선의 수동 판독 한 결과 사용자 해석 바이어스 앓고. 석유 (IP) (570)에있어서의 연구소 연료 유 샘플 (9), 및 간단하고 이동성으로부터 이점을 가열 전문 H 2 S 분석기를 사용하지만 무거운 샘플 10과 정확성이 부족하다. 재료 시험 (ASTM)의 미국 사회는 방법 D5623은 H에게 빛 석유 액체 2 S를 측정하기 위해 극저온 냉각 및 황 선택적 검출을 가스 크로마토 그래피 (GC)를 사용(11, 12). 이 표준은 따라서이 명세서에서 논의되는 프로토콜에 대한 기준으로 사용하고, 중질 원유에 적용될 수도 주위 분리를 사용할 수 있도록 개선 될 수있다. GC는 원유 샘플의 분석을 위해 많이 사용되는 기법이다. 샘플을 고온에서 기화 유입되고, 분리는 기체상에서 발생한다. 그것은 쉽게 입구 가열시 액체 시료로부터 해방 될 때 기체 상 분리, H 2 S의 GC 분석에 이상적이다. GC 방법은 생성 및 사용 온도 프로그램에 따라 다른 샘플에 대한 맞춤형 열 구현 및 다차원 크로마토 13-15 이용 될 수있다. GC를 사용하여 H 2 S의 측정을위한 최근의 발전이있어왔다. 다차원 GC 및 학장 스위칭을 이용하여 H 2 S 및 기타 광 황화합물 측정 광과 중간 증류 물에서 입증 루옹 외., 그러나 본 방법은 갖고 있지아직 중질 원유 (16)에 적용되었다. 디 산조 등., GC를 사용하여 가솔린 2 S 그러나 그것은 또한 무거운 원유에 사용하고, 17 냉각 부 주위가 필요하지 않은 또한 정량화 H. 여기에 제시된 방법은 10 분 (루옹) 및 40 분 (디 산조)와 비교하여, 5 분간의 완료 분석 시간,이 이전의 방법에 비해 상당한 시간 절약을 보여준다. 불행하게도, 정확성을 비교하는 우리의 실험실에서 이러한 방법의 구현으로 인해 장비 및 시간 제한 할 수 없었습니다. 다차원 GC는 사용자가 두 열의 선택성보다는 하나의 열을 활용할 수있다. 기존 GC에서 분리 한 열을 발생합니다. 다차원 GC의 경우, 샘플은 분리 및 선택성을 향상 개의 상이한 컬럼상에서 분리된다. 학장 스위치 이차원 열 구성을 채용하는 데 사용되는 하나의 장치이다. 이 스위치는 무서운에 외부 밸브를 사용두 개의 출구 포트 중 하나에 18 ~ 20 스위치의 입구로부터 CT 기류. 첫번째 컬럼으로부터 유출 물은 어느 한 방향으로 지향 될 수있다; 이 경우, 빛 유황 가스는 다공성 층 열린 관에 제 1 분리에서 &quot;마음 컷&quot;21 (H)의 분리를위한 우수한 것으로 밝혀졌다 차 분리를위한 (PLOT) 열 다른 빛 유황 가스에서 2 S (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. 황 화학 발광 검출기는 황 화합물에 대한 선택성을 제공하고 심장 절단시 플롯를 컬럼으로 이동되었을 수있는 다른 빛 가스로부터 가능한 간섭을 제거, 검출에 사용된다. 원유 샘플에서 탄화수소 제 차원 컬럼 상에 보유되고, 백 플러시 과정에서 제거된다; 이 모든 오염 25-27에서 플롯 열을 보호합니다. 이 접근법은 성공적 항문에 구현 된변압기 오일 (28)의 산화 억제제의이 Analysis. 여기서, 이차원 GC 방법은 무거운 원유 샘플의 분석 용해 H 2 S의 정량에 이용된다. 방법 H 2 S 농도의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 적용하는 것으로하고, 또한 H에게 기상 샘플 2 S를 측정하는데 사용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Deans switch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G2855A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent flow switching device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Restrictor tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">160-2615-10</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HP-PONA column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19091S-001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GasPro column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">113-4332</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent/Sievers</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G6603A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">H2S calibration standard, in He</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">211 ppm H2S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">CS2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C184-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toluene, HPLC grade</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T290-4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas bag, 2 L</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GSB-P/2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Twist on/off nozzle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">250 &#181;L gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81130</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">500 mL amber glass bottle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Scientific Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N73616</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Open top screw caps</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">169628</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C889125C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1 mL gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81330</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">2.5% H2S in He gas standard</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

원유 샘플의 용존 황화수소의 분석 방법은 가스 크로마토 그래피를 이용하여 설명된다. 간섭을 효과적으로 제거하기 위해, 이차원 컬럼 구성은 두 번째 열 (심장 - 절단) 내지 제으로부터 황화수소를 전송하는데 이용 학장 스위치로 사용된다. 액체 원유 샘플을 먼저 디메틸 열을 분리, 가벼운 가스는 심장 컷과 추가로 다른 빛 황 종에서 황화수소를 분리 할 수​​있는 결합 다공성 층 열린 관 (PLOT) 컬럼에 구분됩니다. 황화수소이어서 선택성의 추가 층을 추가하는, 화학 발광 황 검출기로 검출된다. 분리 및 황화수소의 검출 이후에, 시스템은 샘플에 존재하는 조 고비 점 탄화수소를 제거하기 위해 크로마토 그래피 및 무결성을 유지하기 위해 백 플러싱된다. 용해 된 황화수소는 1.1에서 500 페이지에 액체 샘플에서 정량화 된PM은, 시료의 넓은 범위의 적용 성을 입증. 방법은 또한 성공적 0.7 9,700 ppm의 황화수소로 측정하여, 원유 헤드 스페이스와 처리 가스 주머니로부터 기체 샘플의 분석에 적용되었다.

액체와 가스 모두 샘플 H 2 S의 신뢰성 정량화를 얻기 위해, 적절한 교정이 필요하다. 교정 주사 및 샘플 주사제, H 2 S 피크는 이웃 피크 중첩되지 않아야하고 재현성 피크 면적을 가져야한다. (3) 가스가이 방법 역시 농축 가스 시료의 주입을 보여준다. 그것은 250 μL 주사기를 사용하여보다 큰 500 ppm으로의 가스 농도 검출기를 오버로드 한 것으로 나타났습?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection at JoVE.com

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

H의 측정<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 원유 및 다차원 가스 크로마토 그래피를 이용하여 원유 헤드 스페이스에서 S는 학장은 전환과 황 선택적 검출

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

measurement-h2s-crude-oil-crude-oil-headspace-using-multidimensional

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.0K 조회수.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

비디오: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants3, but also synthesize advanced biofuels2-4. Generally, atmospheric CO2 is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth5. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO2 in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient &ldquo;flue gas to algae&rdquo; system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations4,6 and cultivation strategies7,8 with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2; 2) how we can find optimal CO2 concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.

Flue gas from power plants is a cheap CO2 source for algal growth. We have built prototype &#34;flue gas to algal cultivation&#34; systems and described how to scale up the algal cultivation process. We have demonstrated the use of a mass-transfer bio-reaction model to simulate and to design the optimal operation of flue gas for the growth of Chlorella sp. in algal photo-bioreactors.

컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 광 바이오 반응기에서 미세 조류의 성장을 촉진하기 위해 연소 가스 설정을 최적화

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

연구

환경과학

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

정적 챔버를 사용하여 농업 토양에서 온실 가스 유출 측정

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

엔테로 바이러스 및 문화와 RT-qPCR에 의해 물에서 노로 바이러스의 발생의 EPA 방법 1615 측정. 파트 III. RT-qPCR에 의한 바이러스 검출

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

CO와 평형 상태에있는 원유의 레올로 지의 측정<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 저수지 조건

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.

The goal of this procedure is to easily and rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry and resistance to swelling by organic fluids for oil recovery studies. A polydimethylsiloxane mold is first generated, and then used to cast the epoxy-based device. A representative displacement study is reported.

다공성 매체에 있는 기 공-규모 이벤트 프로세스 오일 복구 응용 프로그램에 대 한 특성화를 위한 미세 장치

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

메탄과 아산화 질소 용 정전기에 의하여 벼 분야에서의 평가 폐쇄 챔버 Headspace 내 식물 유지

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

고기 건조 하는 동안 미생물 부하에 백 리 향 에센셜 오일의 응용 프로그램의 효과

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

입자 크기와 셰 일에서 메탄 수 착 용량 사이의 관계의 실험적 연구

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

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H의 측정