Work in the Barton lab was supported by a grant from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT RP110471). This research was supported in part, by a training grant fellowship for Ryan L. McCarthy from the National Institutes of Health Training Program in Molecular Genetics 5 T32 CA009299. The core facility that maintains and runs the mass cytometry machine is supported by CPRIT grant (RP121010) and NIH core grant (CA016672).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

El protocolo aquí presentado se ha empleado con éxito para el tratamiento de varias líneas cultivadas de células (H1 y H9 hESCs, mESCs, MCF7, HEK 293, KBM5, HMEC, MCF10A) y muestras de tejidos primarios (médula ósea de ratón, el hígado embrionario de ratón, ratón adulto hígado, tumor de ratón). Independientemente de la fuente, cualquier tejido que puede ser disociado en las células individuales, preservando el estado celular debe ser susceptibles de análisis por citometría de masa, pero puede requerir alg...

Citometría permite la medición simultánea de múltiples objetivos de anticuerpos en un único nivel celular a través de grandes poblaciones de células. En tradicional citometría de flujo basada en fluorescencia, el número de parámetros que pueden cuantificarse está limitada por la superposición espectral entre el espectro de emisión de múltiples fluoróforos, que requiere cálculos de compensación cada vez más complejos como el número de parámetros aumenta. Estas limitaciones se abordan en masa citometría, donde se detectan y cuantifican por tiempo de vuelo (TOF) espectrometría de masas para ampliar en gran medida el número de parámetros recogidos simultáneamente y producir un alto perfil de proteínas-abundancia dimensional para cada célula individual anticuerpos conjugados de metales pesados. Un conocimiento básico del funcionamiento de los medios de citometría de instrumentos es beneficioso para el usuario y puede ser esencial para la resolución de problemas. Para una descripción más completa de ajuste y funcionamiento de una máquina de masa citometría,ver el manuscrito relacionado 1. Brevemente, una muestra celular se marca con un panel de anticuerpos conjugados de metal de orientación marcadores de superficie celular, proteínas citoplásmicas, proteínas nucleares, proteínas de la cromatina unida u otros epítopos de interés (Figura 1i). Las células marcadas se cargan en la máquina, ya sea de una en una por inyección manual o el uso de un muestreador automático que las muestras de una placa de 96 pocillos. Las células cargadas se inyectan a través de un nebulizador, que genera una pulverización de gotitas líquidas que encapsulan las células (Figura 1ii). Este spray se coloca de modo que las células son ionizados por un soplete de plasma de argón. Esta ionización genera una nube de partículas comprendido de todos los átomos constituyentes de cada célula (Figura 1III). Como esta nube de partículas viaja al detector, átomos de baja masa atómica se separan de los altos iones de masas por un filtro de masas de cuadrupolo. Los iones de masas de alta restantes siguen el detector, donde el abundance de cada isótopo se cuantifica (Figura 1iv). Los datos brutos recogidos por el detector, son analizados por el software del instrumento de citometría de masas para identificar eventos celulares. Para cada evento célula identificada, la señal detectada en cada canal se cuantifica y se guarda en el archivo una salida .fcs. Los canales de masa utilizados para la detección de los anticuerpos de metales pesados ​​conjugados exhiben solapamiento espectral mínimo, que oscila de 0-4% con la mayoría de las contribuciones por debajo de 1%. Debido a esta baja diafonía entre canales, generalmente es innecesario para transformar los datos con una matriz de compensación antes del análisis 2. Sin embargo, se debe tener cuidado durante el diseño del panel experimental de anticuerpos para garantizar que un anticuerpo con un epítopo de alta abundancia no se asigna a un canal de masa que contribuye señal a un canal asignado a un anticuerpo de baja abundancia, ya que puede crear una población artificialmente alta en el canal de recepción de la contribución de la señal. <p clculo = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; La preparación exacta de muestras para análisis de citometría de masa es altamente dependiente de los tipos de muestras que se recogió y la hipótesis experimental se está probando. Proporcionamos ejemplos de dos protocolos para la recolección de diferentes tipos de células (células madre embrionarias humanas) y células primarias (tumor de mama aislar de células epiteliales de ratón). Al comenzar un estudio de citometría de masas, es aconsejable llevar a cabo primero un pequeño experimento piloto para asegurar que todos los protocolos y los anticuerpos que se utilizarán están trabajando bien en manos del investigador. Esto es especialmente esencial cuando se van a utilizar anticuerpos conjugados de encargo, como la reacción de reducción parcial durante la conjugación de anticuerpos tiene el potencial de interrumpir la afinidad del anticuerpo; Por lo tanto, cada anticuerpo a medida necesita ser validado empíricamente para garantizar la exactitud de los datos. Otras consideraciones incluyen la determinación de si los anticuerpos de la superficie celular que se utilizarán en el ensayo reconocerá sus epítopos después de la fijación o si need a ser aplicado a células vivas. Algunos de fijación puede evitar la tinción adecuada con anticuerpos de la superficie celular como se sabe que ocurre con el péptido-MHC tinción 3, 4. Realización de la tinción de anticuerpos de la superficie celular en células vivas puede ser necesario para algunos anticuerpos, pero esto excluye la opción de códigos de barras antes del marcaje de anticuerpos como la mayoría de los métodos de código de barras se realizan después de la fijación 5, aunque el código de barras basado en anticuerpos 6, 7 es una excepción. Al determinar el número de células que se preparó para el análisis, es importante saber que será detectado sólo una fracción de las células cargadas en la máquina y producir datos. Esta pérdida se debe principalmente a las ineficiencias cuando el nebulizador pulveriza de la muestra a la antorcha. La pérdida exacta ciento depende de la masa de citometría de configuración de la máquina y el tipo celular, pero puede variar de 50-85% y debe estarcuenta en el diseño del experimento. Este protocolo se ha optimizado para 2x10 6 células por muestra, pero puede ser adaptado para el procesamiento de tamaños de muestra más pequeños o más grandes. Este protocolo se puede utilizar con modificaciones mínimas para tamaños de muestra de 1 x 10 6 4 x 10 6, sin embargo, es crítico que tamaño de la muestra se mantiene constante dentro de un experimento. Los cambios en el número de células pueden afectar a la intensidad de los códigos de barras y la tinción de anticuerpos y debe ser mantenido más o menos constante a través de muestras que deben compararse directamente. Algunos procedimientos, como el etiquetado de células muertas y de marcaje de ADN, deberían llevarse a cabo en la gran mayoría, si no todos los diseños experimentales. El etiquetado de células muertas en los experimentos de análisis de marcadores de superficie sólo se puede lograr utilizando Rh103, pero Rh103 se debe evitar por experimentos en los que se requiere la permeabilización, que resultará en la pérdida de tinción. Para los experimentos que implican la permeabilización, es aconsejable utilizar cisplatino <shasta class = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 8 y, cuando sea posible, un anticuerpo que reconoce PARP exfoliados o exfoliados caspasa para detectar células apoptóticas y muertas. Muestras de código de barras pueden reducir el consumo de anticuerpo, disminuir el tiempo de adquisición y eliminar de la muestra a muestra variabilidad 9. El proceso de código de barras consiste en aplicar un código de muestra específica única para todas las células, que se utiliza para asignar a cada célula a su muestra de origen. Después de códigos de barras las muestras podrán mezclarse antes de la tinción de anticuerpo, un proceso que asegura todas las muestras se tiñen por igual. Para reducir al mínimo el error experimental, es prudente código de barras y Piscina ninguna de las muestras que van a ser directamente comparados entre sí. Actualmente existen varios métodos para códigos de barras muestras para análisis de citometría de masa 5, 6, 7, dos de los cuales se presentan aquí (véase abajo). Con reagen disponibles en la actualidadts es posible cuantificar la abundancia de 38 dianas de anticuerpos, identificar las células en la fase S 10, distinguir las células vivas y muertas 8 y medir los niveles celulares de la hipoxia 11 en un experimento de multiplexado de múltiples muestras. Esta capacidad de recoger datos de células individuales alta de parámetros para las poblaciones de células grandes permite mejorar de perfiles de poblaciones de células altamente heterogéneos y ya ha producido una serie de puntos de vista biológicos novedosos 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Destilar los datos complejo resultante a la información interpretable ha requerido el uso de algoritmos computacionales incluyendo Spanning Tree progresión de la densidad de Eventos normalizada (SPADE) 17 y Visne 18. En este artículo se presenta un formato accesiblevisión general de cómo diseñar y llevar a cabo una masa citometría de experimento e introduce el análisis básico de datos de citometría de masas.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR1 medium kit</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05850</td>
			<td>Warm at room temperature before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F-12</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>07920</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Equitech</td>
			<td>BAH62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt194</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt195</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt196</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cisplatin</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>ALX-400-040-M250</td>
			<td>Soluble to 25mg/ml in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-ID 20-plex Pd Barcoding Kit</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Iodo-2&#39;-deoxyuridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7125</td>
			<td>Soluble to 74mg/ml in 0.2N NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodium 103 intercelating agent</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201103A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1105-4</td>
			<td>Chill at -20&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml 35um filter cap tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EQ four element calibration beads</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase Type I-S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scalpel #10</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z69239</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sample preparation for mass cytometry analysis

Masa utiliza citometría de anticuerpos conjugados con etiquetas de metales pesados, un enfoque que ha aumentado considerablemente el número de parámetros y oportunidades para el análisis profundo mucho más allá de lo que es posible con el flujo basado en la fluorescencia convencional citometría. Como con cualquier nueva tecnología, hay pasos críticos que ayudan a asegurar la generación fiable de datos de alta calidad. Se presenta aquí un protocolo optimizado que incorpora múltiples técnicas para el procesamiento de muestras de células para análisis de masas citometría. Los métodos descritos aquí ayudarán al usuario a evitar los errores comunes y lograr resultados consistentes al minimizar la variabilidad, que puede conducir a datos inexactos. Para informar el diseño experimental, la razón de pasos opcionales o alternativos en el protocolo y su eficacia en el descubrimiento de nuevos hallazgos en la biología del sistema que está siendo investigado está cubierto. Por último, los datos representativos se presenta para ilustrar resultados esperados de la Presente técnicasd aquí.

El protocolo que se presenta aquí se puede aplicar en general a una amplia variedad de muestras de células cultivadas y primario con sólo modificaciones menores. Dependiendo de los requisitos del experimento, se puede realizar de una manera modular cuando ciertos elementos, tales como códigos de barras o de la superficie celular de la tinción, no son necesarios. Utilizado en su totalidad este protocolo permite la preparación de la masa multiplexada citometría de muestras marcadas ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis at JoVE.com

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

Preparación de muestras para análisis de masas Citometría

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

sample-preparation-for-mass-cytometry-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.0K vistas.  The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

Video: Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDI preparación de la muestra: el método de ultra capa fina

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

Investigación

Biología

Western Blotting: Sample Preparation to Detection

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

Western Blot: Preparación de muestras para la detección

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule imaging assays which allows adhesion of single virions to glass surfaces with specificity. This preparation is based on grafting the surface of the glass with a mixture of PLL-g-PEG and PLL-g-PEG-Biotin, adding a layer of avidin, and finally creating virion anchors through attachment of biotinylated virus specific antibodies. We have applied this technique across a range of experiments including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This sample preparation method results in a control adhesion of the virions to the surface.

The attachment of virions to a surface is a requirement for single virion imaging by Super-resolution fluorescence imaging or atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we demonstrate a sample preparation method for controlled adhesion of virions to glass surfaces suitable for use in AFM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging.

Preparación de muestras para microscopía de fuerza atómica de virión único e imágenes de fluorescencia de súper resolución

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

Técnicas para el Análisis de extracelular vesículas Usando citometría de flujo

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, especially cells in suspension such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), remains limited due to the requirement of a high cell number during sample preparation. There are a few cytospin or monolayer approaches for TEM analysis from scarce samples, but these approaches fail to get significant quantitative data from the limited number of cells. Here, an alternative and novel approach for sample preparation in TEM studies is described for rare cell populations that enables quantitative analysis.
A relatively low cell number, i.e., 10,000 HSCs, was successfully used for TEM analysis compared to the millions of cells typically used for TEM studies. In particular, Evans blue staining was performed after paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PFA-GA) fixation to visualize the tiny cell pellet, which facilitated embedding in agarose. Clusters of numerous cells were observed in ultra-thin sections. The cells had a well preserved morphology, and the ultra-structural details of the Golgi complex and several mitochondria were visible. This efficient, easy and reproducible protocol allows sample preparation from a low cell number and can be used for qualitative and quantitative TEM analysis on rare cell populations from limited biological samples.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

Un enfoque alternativo para la preparación de muestras con bajo número de celular para el análisis TEM

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, ...

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes&#39; role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome&#39;s morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.

This protocol describes the various techniques necessary for transmission electron microscopy including negative staining, ultrathin sectioning for detailed structure, and immuno-gold labelling to determine the positions of specific proteins in exosomes.

Preparación de la muestra y proyección de imagen de exosomas por microscopía electrónica de transmisión

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Miniaturized Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein complexes to atomic resolution. However, protein isolation techniques and sample preparation methods for EM remain a bottleneck. A relatively small number (100,000 to a few million) of individual protein particles need to be imaged for the high-resolution analysis of proteins by the single particle EM approach, making miniaturized sample handling techniques and microfluidic principles feasible.
A miniaturized, paper-blotting-free EM grid preparation method for sample pre-conditioning, EM grid priming and post processing that only consumes nanoliter-volumes of sample is presented. The method uses a dispensing system with sub-nanoliter precision to control liquid uptake and EM grid priming, a platform to control the grid temperature thereby determining the relative humidity above the EM grid, and a pick-and-plunge-mechanism for sample vitrification. For cryo-EM, an EM grid is placed on the temperature-controlled stage and the sample is aspirated into a capillary. The capillary tip is positioned in proximity to the grid surface, the grid is loaded with the sample and excess is re-aspirated into the microcapillary. Subsequently, the sample film is stabilized and slightly thinned by controlled water evaporation regulated by the offset of the platform temperature relative to the dew-point. At a given point the pick-and-plunge mechanism is triggered, rapidly transferring the primed EM grid into liquid ethane for sample vitrification. Alternatively, sample-conditioning methods are available to prepare nanoliter-sized sample volumes for negative stain (NS) EM.
The methodologies greatly reduce sample consumption and avoid approaches potentially harmful to proteins, such as the filter paper blotting used in conventional methods. Furthermore, the minuscule amount of sample required allows novel experimental strategies, such as fast sample conditioning, combination with single-cell lysis for &#34;visual proteomics,&#34; or &#34;lossless&#34; total sample preparation for quantitative analysis of complex samples.

An instrument and methods for the preparation of nanoliter-sized sample volumes for transmission electron microscopy is presented. No paper-blotting steps are required, thus avoiding the detrimental consequences this can have for proteins, significantly reducing sample loss and enabling the analysis of single cell lysate for visual proteomics.

Preparación de muestras miniatura para microscopia electrónica de transmisión

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein ...

Stomata Tape-Peel: An Improved Method for Guard Cell Sample Preparation

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is often difficult to isolate and thus studying them often provides a challenge. 
This study establishes a stomatal guard cell enrichment method. The protocol utilizes Scotch tape to isolate guard cells and extract proteins from the cells. This method improves the integrity and yield of guard cell during isolation and provides a reliable sample for the study of cell signaling processes and how they correlate to stomatal movement phenotypes. In this method, the plant leaves were partitioned between two portions of tape and peeled apart to remove the abaxial side. This protocol was applied to Arabidopsis leaf tissue to isolate guard cells. The cells were treated with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to determine viability and with abscisic acid (ABA) to assess stomata movement in response to ABA. In conclusion, this protocol proves useful for preparing enriched stomatal guard cells and isolating proteins. The quality of the cells and proteins obtained here enable physiological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a method of preparing enriched stomatal guard cells that is useful for physiological and other biological studies.

Cinta-cáscara de estomas: Un método mejorado para la preparación de la muestra de protector de la célula

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is ...

Sample Preparation for Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics Analysis of Ocular Microvessels

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly expanded our understanding of certain diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel alterations in the molecular mechanisms and protein signaling pathways in the vascular beds in health and disease. However, sample preparation steps prior to MS analyses are crucial to obtain reproducible results and in-depth elucidation of the complex proteome. This is particularly important for preparation of ocular microvessels, where the amount of sample available for analyses is often limited and thus, poses a challenge for optimum protein extraction. This article endeavors to provide an efficient, rapid and robust protocol for sample preparation from an exemplary retrobulbar ocular vascular bed employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries. The present method focuses on protein extraction procedures from both the supernatant and pellet of the sample following homogenization, sample cleaning with centrifugal filter devices prior to one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide purification steps for label-free quantification in a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-linear ion trap-Orbitrap MS system. Although this method has been developed specifically for proteomics analyses of ocular microvessels, we have also provided convincing evidence that it can also be readily employed for other tissue-based samples.

Proteome characterization of ocular microvascular beds is pivotal for in-depth understanding of many ocular pathologies in humans. This study demonstrates an effective, rapid, and robust method for protein extraction and sample preparation from small blood vessels employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries as model vessels for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses.

Preparación de muestras para análisis de proteómica basado en la espectrometría de masa de microvasos Ocular

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly ...

Sample Preparation for Metabolic Profiling using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to investigate the biological activities during development and diseases. Metabolomics approaches&#160;are widely employed in the study of cancer, nutrition/diet, diabetes, and other physiological and pathological conditions involving metabolic processes. An advantageous tool that aids in metabolomic profiling advocated in this paper is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). Its ability to detect metabolites in situ without labeling, structural modifications, or other specialized reagents, such as those used in immunostaining, makes MALDI MSI a unique tool in advancing methodologies relevant in the field of metabolomics. An appropriate sample preparation process is critical to yield optimal results and will be the focus of this paper.

The goal of this protocol is to provide detailed guidance on the sample preparation when planning for experiments using MALDI MSI to maximize metabolic and molecular detection in biological samples.

Preparación de muestras para perfiles metabólicos utilizando imágenes de espectrometría de masas MALDI

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to ...