Work in the Barton lab was supported by a grant from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT RP110471). This research was supported in part, by a training grant fellowship for Ryan L. McCarthy from the National Institutes of Health Training Program in Molecular Genetics 5 T32 CA009299. The core facility that maintains and runs the mass cytometry machine is supported by CPRIT grant (RP121010) and NIH core grant (CA016672).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Le protocole présenté ici a été utilisé avec succès pour le traitement de diverses lignées cellulaires en culture (H1 et H9 CSEh, mESCs, MCF7, HEK 293, KBM5, HMEC, MCF10A) et des échantillons de tissus primaires (moelle osseuse de la souris, la souris foie embryonnaire, adultes de souris foie, une tumeur de la souris). Quelle que soit la source, tout tissu qui peut être dissociées en cellules individuelles tout en préservant l&#39;état cellulaire devrait être prête à l&#39;analyse par cytométrie de masse...

Cytometry permet la mesure simultanée de plusieurs cibles d&#39;anticorps au niveau de la cellule unique sur de grandes populations de cellules. En cytométrie de flux à base de fluorescence classique, le nombre de paramètres qui peuvent être quantifiés est limitée par le chevauchement spectral entre le spectre d&#39;émission de multiples fluorophores, ce qui nécessite des calculs de compensation de plus en plus complexes comme le nombre d&#39;augmentations de paramètres. Ces limitations sont traitées par cytométrie de masse, où les anticorps conjugués à métaux lourds sont détectés et quantifiés par le temps de la spectrométrie de masse de vol (TOF) d&#39;élargir considérablement le nombre de paramètres collectés en même temps et donner un profil de protéines d&#39;abondance dimensionnelle élevée pour chaque cellule individuelle. Une compréhension de base du fonctionnement de l&#39;instrument de cytométrie de masse est bénéfique pour l&#39;utilisateur et peut être essentielle pour le dépannage. Pour une description plus complète de mise au point et l&#39;exécution d&#39;une machine à cytométrie de masse,voir le manuscrit lié 1. En bref, un échantillon de cellules est marqué avec un panel d&#39;anticorps conjugués métalliques ciblant des marqueurs de surface cellulaire, des protéines cytoplasmiques, des protéines nucléaires, des protéines de la chromatine lié ou d&#39; autres epitopes d&#39;intérêt (figure 1i). Les cellules marquées sont chargés sur la machine, soit un à la fois par injection manuelle ou en utilisant un passeur d&#39;échantillons que les échantillons à partir d&#39;une plaque à 96 puits. Les cellules chargées sont injectés par l&#39; intermédiaire d&#39; un nébuliseur, qui génère une pulvérisation de gouttelettes de liquide d&#39; encapsulation des cellules (Figure 1ii). Cette pulvérisation est positionnée de telle sorte que les cellules sont ionisés par une torche à plasma d&#39;argon. Cette ionisation génère un nuage de particules comprenant tous les atomes constitutifs de chaque cellule (Figure 1iii). Comme ce nuage de particules se déplace vers le détecteur, les atomes de faible masse atomique sont séparés des ions de masse élevée par un filtre de masse quadripolaire. Les hauts ions de masse restants continuent au détecteur, où le abundance de chaque isotope est quantifiée (Figure 1IV). Les données brutes recueillies par le détecteur, sont analysés par le logiciel d&#39;instruments de cytométrie de masse pour identifier les événements cellulaires. Pour chaque événement de cellule identifiée, le signal détecté dans chaque canal est quantifié et enregistré dans le fichier de sortie. Les canaux de masse utilisés pour détecter les anticorps conjugués métal lourd présentent un recouvrement spectral minimal, qui varie de 0,4% avec la plupart des contributions inférieures à 1%. En raison de ce faible diaphonie entre les canaux, il est généralement nécessaire de transformer les données avec une matrice de compensation avant l&#39; analyse 2. Cependant, il faut prendre soin lors de la conception du panneau expérimental d&#39;anticorps pour assurer qu&#39;un anticorps avec un épitope de haute abondance n&#39;est pas affecté à un canal de masse qui contribue signal à un canal attribué à un anticorps à faible abondance, car cela pourrait créer une population artificiellement élevé dans le canal de réception de la contribution du signal. <p class = « jove_content »&gt; La préparation d&#39;échantillons pour l&#39;analyse de cytométrie de masse exacte dépend fortement des types d&#39;échantillons recueillis et mis à l&#39;essai l&#39;hypothèse expérimentale. Nous fournissons des exemples de deux protocoles de récolte différents types de cellules (cellules souches embryonnaires humaines) et les cellules primaires (isolat de cellules épithéliales de la tumeur du sein de la souris). Lorsque vous commencez une étude de cytométrie de masse, il est conseillé de procéder d&#39;abord à une petite expérience pilote pour faire en sorte que tous les protocoles et les anticorps à être utilisés fonctionnent bien entre les mains de l&#39;enquêteur. Ceci est particulièrement essentiel lorsque les anticorps conjugués sont personnalisés pour être utilisés, comme la réaction de réduction partielle au cours de la conjugaison d&#39;anticorps a le potentiel de perturber l&#39;affinité des anticorps; Par conséquent, chaque anticorps personnalisé doit être validée de manière empirique pour assurer l&#39;exactitude des données. D&#39;autres considérations comprennent la détermination si des anticorps de surface cellulaire à utiliser dans l&#39;essai reconnaîtra leurs épitopes après fixation ou si elles nited à appliquer à des cellules vivantes. Certains fixation peut empêcher la coloration appropriée avec des anticorps de surface cellulaire comme cela est connu pour se produire avec coloration peptide-CMH 3, 4. Exécution d&#39;une coloration d&#39;anticorps de surface cellulaire sur des cellules vivantes peut être nécessaire pour certains anticorps, mais cela exclut la possibilité de barcoding avant le marquage de l&#39; anticorps comme la plupart des méthodes de codes - barres sont effectuées après fixation 5 , bien que le code à barres à base d&#39; anticorps 6, 7 est une exception. Lors de la détermination du nombre de cellules devant être préparé pour l&#39;analyse, il est important de savoir que seule une fraction des cellules chargées sur la machine sera détecté et produire des données. Cette perte est principalement due à l&#39;inefficacité lorsque le nébulisateur pulvérise l&#39;échantillon à la torche. La perte exacte pour cent dépend de la masse configuration de la machine cytométrie et le type cellulaire, mais peut varier 50-85% et devrait êtreconsidéré lors de la conception de l&#39;expérience. Ce protocole a été optimisé pour 2x10 6 cellules par échantillon , mais peut être adapté pour le traitement des petites ou plus grandes tailles d&#39;échantillon. Ce protocole peut être utilisé avec des modifications minimes pour la taille des échantillons de 1 x 10 6 4 x 10 6, mais il est essentiel que la taille de l&#39; échantillon soit maintenu au sein d&#39; une expérience cohérente. Les modifications du nombre de cellules peuvent affecter l&#39;intensité de la coloration des anticorps et Code à barres et doivent être conservés à peu près cohérente à travers à être directement comparés échantillons. Certaines procédures, telles que l&#39;étiquetage des cellules mortes et l&#39;étiquetage de l&#39;ADN, doivent être effectuées dans la grande majorité, sinon tous les modèles expérimentaux. Le marquage des cellules mortes dans des expériences analysant uniquement les marqueurs de surface peut être réalisée à l&#39;aide Rh103, mais Rh103 doit être évitée pour des expériences où perméabilisation est nécessaire, car il entraîne une perte de coloration. Pour les expériences impliquant perméabilisation, il est conseillé d&#39;utiliser le cisplatine Code - barres échantillons peuvent réduire la consommation d&#39;anticorps, diminuer le temps d&#39;acquisition et d&#39; éliminer la variabilité échantillon à échantillon 9. Le procédé de codage à barres consiste à appliquer un code unique spécifique à l&#39;échantillon à toutes les cellules, ce qui permet d&#39;affecter chaque cellule à son échantillon d&#39;origine. Après barcoding les échantillons peuvent être mis en commun avant la coloration d&#39;anticorps, un processus qui assure que tous les échantillons sont colorés de manière égale. Pour minimiser l&#39;erreur expérimentale, il est prudent de code à barres et des échantillons piscine qui doivent être directement comparés les uns aux autres. À l&#39; heure actuelle , il existe plusieurs méthodes pour les échantillons barcoding pour l&#39; analyse de cytométrie de masse 5, 6, 7, dont deux sont présentées ici (voir ci - dessous). Avec Reagen actuellement disponiblets , il est possible de quantifier l&#39;abondance de 38 cibles d&#39;anticorps, identifier des cellules en phase S 10, distinguer les cellules vivantes et mortes 8 et de mesurer les niveaux cellulaires de 11 l&#39; hypoxie dans une expérience multiplexé d&#39;échantillons multiples. Cette capacité à recueillir des données sur une seule cellule de haute paramètres pour les grandes populations de cellules permet une amélioration du profil des populations de cellules très hétérogènes et a déjà produit un certain nombre de nouvelles connaissances biologiques 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Les données complexes distillant résultant des informations interprétable a nécessité l&#39;utilisation d&#39;algorithmes de calcul , y compris Spanning Tree Progression de la densité des événements Normalisé (SPADE) 17 et 18 Visne. Cet article présente un accèsaperçu de la façon de concevoir et de réaliser une masse cytométrie expérience et présente une analyse de base de données de cytométrie de masse.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR1 medium kit</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05850</td>
			<td>Warm at room temperature before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F-12</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>07920</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Equitech</td>
			<td>BAH62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt194</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt195</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt196</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cisplatin</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>ALX-400-040-M250</td>
			<td>Soluble to 25mg/ml in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-ID 20-plex Pd Barcoding Kit</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Iodo-2&#39;-deoxyuridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7125</td>
			<td>Soluble to 74mg/ml in 0.2N NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodium 103 intercelating agent</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201103A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1105-4</td>
			<td>Chill at -20&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml 35um filter cap tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EQ four element calibration beads</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase Type I-S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scalpel #10</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z69239</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sample preparation for mass cytometry analysis

Masse utilise cytométrie anticorps conjugués avec des étiquettes de métaux lourds, une approche qui a considérablement augmenté le nombre de paramètres et les possibilités d&#39;une analyse approfondie bien au-delà de ce qui est possible avec la cytométrie de flux par fluorescence conventionnelle. Comme pour toute nouvelle technologie, il y a des étapes essentielles qui contribuent à assurer la production fiable de données de haute qualité. Présenté ici est un protocole optimisé qui intègre plusieurs techniques pour le traitement des échantillons de cellules pour l&#39;analyse de cytométrie de masse. Les méthodes décrites ici aideront l&#39;utilisateur à éviter les pièges courants et obtenir des résultats cohérents en réduisant au minimum la variabilité, qui peut conduire à des données inexactes. Pour éclairer la conception expérimentale, la raison d&#39;être des étapes facultatives ou alternatives dans le protocole et leur efficacité dans la découverte de nouvelles découvertes dans la biologie du système étudié est couvert. Enfin, des données représentatives sont présentées pour illustrer les résultats attendus des techniques presented ici.

Le protocole présenté ici peut être largement appliquée à une grande variété d&#39;échantillons de cellules en culture et primaire avec seulement quelques modifications mineures. En fonction des besoins de l&#39;expérience, elle peut être réalisée de manière modulaire lorsque certains éléments, tels que la coloration surface cellulaire ou le codage à barres, ne sont pas nécessaires. Utilisé dans son intégralité ce protocole permet la préparation de la masse multiplex...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis at JoVE.com

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

Préparation d&#39;échantillons pour l&#39;analyse de masse Cytométrie

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

sample-preparation-for-mass-cytometry-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.0K vues.  The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

Vidéo: Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

Préparation des échantillons MALDI: la méthode de la couche ultra mince

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

Recherche

Biologie

Western Blotting: Sample Preparation to Detection

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

Western Blot: préparation d&#39;échantillons à la détection

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule imaging assays which allows adhesion of single virions to glass surfaces with specificity. This preparation is based on grafting the surface of the glass with a mixture of PLL-g-PEG and PLL-g-PEG-Biotin, adding a layer of avidin, and finally creating virion anchors through attachment of biotinylated virus specific antibodies. We have applied this technique across a range of experiments including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This sample preparation method results in a control adhesion of the virions to the surface.

The attachment of virions to a surface is a requirement for single virion imaging by Super-resolution fluorescence imaging or atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we demonstrate a sample preparation method for controlled adhesion of virions to glass surfaces suitable for use in AFM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging.

Préparation d’échantillons pour la microscopie à force atomique à virion unique et l’imagerie par fluorescence à super-résolution

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

Techniques pour l&#39;analyse des vésicules extracellulaire par cytométrie en flux

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, especially cells in suspension such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), remains limited due to the requirement of a high cell number during sample preparation. There are a few cytospin or monolayer approaches for TEM analysis from scarce samples, but these approaches fail to get significant quantitative data from the limited number of cells. Here, an alternative and novel approach for sample preparation in TEM studies is described for rare cell populations that enables quantitative analysis.
A relatively low cell number, i.e., 10,000 HSCs, was successfully used for TEM analysis compared to the millions of cells typically used for TEM studies. In particular, Evans blue staining was performed after paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PFA-GA) fixation to visualize the tiny cell pellet, which facilitated embedding in agarose. Clusters of numerous cells were observed in ultra-thin sections. The cells had a well preserved morphology, and the ultra-structural details of the Golgi complex and several mitochondria were visible. This efficient, easy and reproducible protocol allows sample preparation from a low cell number and can be used for qualitative and quantitative TEM analysis on rare cell populations from limited biological samples.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

Une approche alternative pour la préparation de l&#39;échantillon avec une faible Nombre de cellules d&#39;analyse TEM

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, ...

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes&#39; role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome&#39;s morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.

This protocol describes the various techniques necessary for transmission electron microscopy including negative staining, ultrathin sectioning for detailed structure, and immuno-gold labelling to determine the positions of specific proteins in exosomes.

Préparation des échantillons et l’imagerie des Exosomes par microscopie électronique à Transmission

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Miniaturized Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein complexes to atomic resolution. However, protein isolation techniques and sample preparation methods for EM remain a bottleneck. A relatively small number (100,000 to a few million) of individual protein particles need to be imaged for the high-resolution analysis of proteins by the single particle EM approach, making miniaturized sample handling techniques and microfluidic principles feasible.
A miniaturized, paper-blotting-free EM grid preparation method for sample pre-conditioning, EM grid priming and post processing that only consumes nanoliter-volumes of sample is presented. The method uses a dispensing system with sub-nanoliter precision to control liquid uptake and EM grid priming, a platform to control the grid temperature thereby determining the relative humidity above the EM grid, and a pick-and-plunge-mechanism for sample vitrification. For cryo-EM, an EM grid is placed on the temperature-controlled stage and the sample is aspirated into a capillary. The capillary tip is positioned in proximity to the grid surface, the grid is loaded with the sample and excess is re-aspirated into the microcapillary. Subsequently, the sample film is stabilized and slightly thinned by controlled water evaporation regulated by the offset of the platform temperature relative to the dew-point. At a given point the pick-and-plunge mechanism is triggered, rapidly transferring the primed EM grid into liquid ethane for sample vitrification. Alternatively, sample-conditioning methods are available to prepare nanoliter-sized sample volumes for negative stain (NS) EM.
The methodologies greatly reduce sample consumption and avoid approaches potentially harmful to proteins, such as the filter paper blotting used in conventional methods. Furthermore, the minuscule amount of sample required allows novel experimental strategies, such as fast sample conditioning, combination with single-cell lysis for &#34;visual proteomics,&#34; or &#34;lossless&#34; total sample preparation for quantitative analysis of complex samples.

An instrument and methods for the preparation of nanoliter-sized sample volumes for transmission electron microscopy is presented. No paper-blotting steps are required, thus avoiding the detrimental consequences this can have for proteins, significantly reducing sample loss and enabling the analysis of single cell lysate for visual proteomics.

Préparation de l’échantillon miniaturisé pour la microscopie électronique à Transmission

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein ...

Stomata Tape-Peel: An Improved Method for Guard Cell Sample Preparation

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is often difficult to isolate and thus studying them often provides a challenge. 
This study establishes a stomatal guard cell enrichment method. The protocol utilizes Scotch tape to isolate guard cells and extract proteins from the cells. This method improves the integrity and yield of guard cell during isolation and provides a reliable sample for the study of cell signaling processes and how they correlate to stomatal movement phenotypes. In this method, the plant leaves were partitioned between two portions of tape and peeled apart to remove the abaxial side. This protocol was applied to Arabidopsis leaf tissue to isolate guard cells. The cells were treated with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to determine viability and with abscisic acid (ABA) to assess stomata movement in response to ABA. In conclusion, this protocol proves useful for preparing enriched stomatal guard cells and isolating proteins. The quality of the cells and proteins obtained here enable physiological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a method of preparing enriched stomatal guard cells that is useful for physiological and other biological studies.

Stomates Tape-Peel : Une méthode améliorée pour la préparation d’échantillons de cellules de garde

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is ...

Sample Preparation for Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics Analysis of Ocular Microvessels

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly expanded our understanding of certain diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel alterations in the molecular mechanisms and protein signaling pathways in the vascular beds in health and disease. However, sample preparation steps prior to MS analyses are crucial to obtain reproducible results and in-depth elucidation of the complex proteome. This is particularly important for preparation of ocular microvessels, where the amount of sample available for analyses is often limited and thus, poses a challenge for optimum protein extraction. This article endeavors to provide an efficient, rapid and robust protocol for sample preparation from an exemplary retrobulbar ocular vascular bed employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries. The present method focuses on protein extraction procedures from both the supernatant and pellet of the sample following homogenization, sample cleaning with centrifugal filter devices prior to one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide purification steps for label-free quantification in a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-linear ion trap-Orbitrap MS system. Although this method has been developed specifically for proteomics analyses of ocular microvessels, we have also provided convincing evidence that it can also be readily employed for other tissue-based samples.

Proteome characterization of ocular microvascular beds is pivotal for in-depth understanding of many ocular pathologies in humans. This study demonstrates an effective, rapid, and robust method for protein extraction and sample preparation from small blood vessels employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries as model vessels for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses.

Préparation des échantillons pour l’analyse protéomique basée sur la spectrométrie de masse des microvaisseaux oculaires

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly ...

Sample Preparation for Metabolic Profiling using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to investigate the biological activities during development and diseases. Metabolomics approaches&#160;are widely employed in the study of cancer, nutrition/diet, diabetes, and other physiological and pathological conditions involving metabolic processes. An advantageous tool that aids in metabolomic profiling advocated in this paper is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). Its ability to detect metabolites in situ without labeling, structural modifications, or other specialized reagents, such as those used in immunostaining, makes MALDI MSI a unique tool in advancing methodologies relevant in the field of metabolomics. An appropriate sample preparation process is critical to yield optimal results and will be the focus of this paper.

The goal of this protocol is to provide detailed guidance on the sample preparation when planning for experiments using MALDI MSI to maximize metabolic and molecular detection in biological samples.

Préparation d’échantillons pour le profilage métabolique à l’aide de l’imagerie par spectrométrie de masse MALDI

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to ...