Name: mouse microsurgery infusion technique for targeted substance delivery into the cns via the internal carotid artery
Uploaded: 2017-01-31T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Lei Chen (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY) who first established the use of this model in our laboratory, and to Dr. Gretchen Wolff (German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) for disseminating the technique in our laboratory. Supported in part by HL126559, DA039576, MH098891, MH63022, MH072567, DA027569, and NSC 2015/17/B/NZ7/02985.

The procedures involved in the following protocol have been approved by the University of Miami Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). In addition, all procedures are being conducted in facilities approved by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC).
1. Preparation of Mice for Surgery
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize mouse with isoflurane mixed with oxygen, using a laboratory anesthesia system. Use isoflurane at setting between 4-5%...

<ol>
	<li>Chen, L., Swartz, K. R., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+microport+technique+for+applications+in+cerebrovascular+research.">Vessel microport technique for applications in cerebrovascular research.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87 (7), 1718-1727 (2009).</li><li>Frisella, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+injection+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+improves+cognitive+function+in+a+murine+model+of+mucopolysaccharidosis+type+VII.">Intracranial injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus improves cognitive function in a murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII.</a> Mol Ther. 3 (3), 351-358 (2001).</li><li>Wei, L., Erinjeri, J. P., Rovainen, C. M., Woolsey, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collateral+growth+and+angiogenesis+around+cortical+stroke.">Collateral growth and angiogenesis around cortical stroke.</a> Stroke. 32 (9), 2179-2184 (2001).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+methotrexate+to+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor-positive+brain+tumors+by+means+of+cetuximab+(IMC-C225)+dendrimer+bioconjugates.">Targeted delivery of methotrexate to epidermal growth factor receptor-positive brain tumors by means of cetuximab (IMC-C225) dendrimer bioconjugates.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 5 (1), 52-59 (2006).</li><li>Pignataro, G., Studer, F. E., Wilz, A., Simon, R. P., Boison, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotection+in+ischemic+mouse+brain+induced+by+stem+cell-derived+brain+implants.">Neuroprotection in ischemic mouse brain induced by stem cell-derived brain implants.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27 (5), 919-927 (2007).</li><li>Sugiyama, Y., Kusuhara, H., Suzuki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+and+biochemical+analysis+of+carrier-mediated+efflux+of+drugs+through+the+blood-brain+and+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barriers:+importance+in+the+drug+delivery+to+the+brain.">Kinetic and biochemical analysis of carrier-mediated efflux of drugs through the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: importance in the drug delivery to the brain.</a> J Control Release. 62 (1-2), 179-186 (1999).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+and+gene+delivery+to+the+brain:+the+vascular+route.">Drug and gene delivery to the brain: the vascular route.</a> Neuron. 36 (4), 555-558 (2002).</li><li>Vantyghem, S. A., Postenka, C. O., Chambers, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrous+cycle+influences+organ-specific+metastasis+of+B16F10+melanoma+cells.">Estrous cycle influences organ-specific metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells.</a> Cancer Res. 63 (16), 4763-4765 (2003).</li><li>Huang, R. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+delivery+targeted+to+the+brain+using+a+transferrin-conjugated+polyethyleneglycol-modified+polyamidoamine+dendrimer.">Efficient gene delivery targeted to the brain using a transferrin-conjugated polyethyleneglycol-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer.</a> FASEB J. 21 (4), 1117-1125 (2007).</li><li>Liu, R., Martuza, R. L., Rabkin, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracarotid+delivery+of+oncolytic+HSV+vector+G47Delta+to+metastatic+breast+cancer+in+the+brain.">Intracarotid delivery of oncolytic HSV vector G47Delta to metastatic breast cancer in the brain.</a> Gene Ther. 12 (8), 647-654 (2005).</li><li>Kumar, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transvascular+delivery+of+small+interfering+RNA+to+the+central+nervous+system.">Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system.</a> Nature. 448 (7149), 39-43 (2007).</li><li>Wrobel, J. K., Wolff, G., Xiao, R., Power, R. F., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+Selenium+Supplementation+Modulates+Growth+of+Brain+Metastatic+Tumors+and+Changes+the+Expression+of+Adhesion+Molecules+in+Brain+Microvessels.">Dietary Selenium Supplementation Modulates Growth of Brain Metastatic Tumors and Changes the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Brain Microvessels.</a> Biol Trace Elem Res. , (2015).</li></ol>

The infusion microsurgery described here has been proved to be very successful in delivering exogenous substances of various biological features into the CNS, preventing unwanted dissemination throughout the body 1,12. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier is a pathological characteristic of several CNS-related diseases; therefore assessing the relationship of exogenous substances with the blood-brain barrier is of major importance and interest.
<p class="jov...

In vivo models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases require an effective delivery of exogenous substances, such as drugs, pathogens, or exosomes, into the brain. Therefore, an ideal delivery method should cause minimal trauma to the animal, preserve the integrity of the neuronal network, and achieve high substance concentrations in the brain 1.
Several surgical methods of local substance delivery have been described, including intra-sheath, intracerebral, and intraventricular injections or implants 2,3,4,5. These approaches, however, are considered traumatic to the CNS, and allow administration of only low volumes of the substance of interest. Moreover, it has been suggested that exogenous substances can be rapidly removed by the cerebrospinal fluid 6, and a low penetration range to the brain parenchyma has been observed 7 when the above-mentioned techniques are employed. Systemic delivery methods, such as oral, pulmonary, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes, are more commonly used in animal models, though they exhibit low effectiveness in delivering the substances to the CNS, due to uptake by other organs 8,9. Therefore, these routes of delivery require elevated doses of the administrated substances, increasing the risk of side effects and toxicity 10,11.
Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery. In addition to targeting the delivery to the CNS, this technique does not bypass normal physiological barriers and is therefore highly relevant to biological processes involved in the passages of therapeutics or pathogens into the brain.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="635">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Anesthesia instrument</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Vetequip</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">901806</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14558-09</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical forceps straight tip</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00108-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical forceps angled tip</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00109-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Nylon suture</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SUT-S 104</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Capillary tubing (Micro-Renathane 0.010&#8221; x 0.005&#8221; per ft.)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRE01050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Closing suture</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">95057-036</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Piramal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FisherScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-121-8005</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse microsurgery infusion technique for targeted substance delivery into the cns via the internal carotid artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

The mouse infusion microsurgery technique described here is very versatile and has been used to deliver different substances directly into the brain, including the delivery of tumor cells in a representative model of brain metastasis formation 1,12.
This technique is also suitable to assess the pathological aspects of different pathogens in the CNS. In a mouse model of H...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Methods for Experimental Manipulations after Optic Nerve Transection in the Mammalian CNS

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa

Gastric dysmotility can be a sign of common diseases such as longstanding diabetes mellitus. It is known that the application of high-frequency ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Murine Brain via Convection-enhanced Delivery

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies targeting brain diseases are taken up by the brain. Focused ultrasound offers a possibility to increase ...