Name: protein-trna agarose gel retardation assays for the analysis of the n6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine tcda function
Uploaded: 2017-06-21T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function at JoVE.com

MCV es miembro del Programa Intramural CIB &quot;Máquinas Moleculares para una Vida Mejor&quot; (MACBET). La investigación que condujo a estos resultados ha sido financiada por el Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12 / 01667 a MCV), el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CTQ2015-66206-C2-2-R y SAF2015-72961-EXP a MCV) ), El Gobierno Regional de Madrid (S2010 / BD-2316 a MCV) y el proyecto ComplexINC (Contrato nº 279039 a MCV) de la Comisión Europea (Programa Marco 7 (FP7)). Los financiadores no tuvieron ningún papel en el diseño del estudio, la recopilación y análisis de datos, la decisión de publicar o la preparación del manuscrito.

Precaución: Antes de usar, consulte todas las hojas de datos de seguridad del material (MSDS) pertinentes. Varios de los productos químicos utilizados en este protocolo son tóxicos y corrosivos. Utilice las prácticas apropiadas al realizar la extracción de ARNt usando fenol, incluyendo el uso de una campana extractora de humos y equipo de protección personal (gafas de seguridad, guantes, bata de laboratorio, pantalones largos, zapatos cerrados, etc. ). Este protocolo utiliza una tinción de ácido nucleico no tóxica. El uso de manchas alternativas puede requerir precauciones adicionales y eliminación especial del agente de tinción si es tóxico y / o carcinógeno ( por ejemplo , bromuro de etidio). 1. Preparación del gel de agarosa <ol><li> Se pesan 2 g de agarosa y se añade a una botella de vidrio para preparar un gel de agarosa al 2% p / v. </li><li> Añadir 100 ml de solución tampón de tris-borato-etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) (TBE) 1x a la botella que contiene agarosa. Derretir por el calentamiento en un microondas. A intervalos de 30 s, agitar el contenido para mezclarY repita este paso hasta que la agarosa se disuelva completamente. Deje que la solución de agarosa se enfríe a aproximadamente 50-60ºC. </li><li> Cinta los bordes abiertos de una bandeja de gel para crear un molde, coloque un peine adecuado para crear los pozos y echar la agarosa fundida en ella. Evitar la formación de burbujas y dejar que se solidifique a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Una vez solidificado, coloque la bandeja de gel en una unidad de electroforesis y llénela con tampón TBE hasta que el gel esté completamente cubierto. </li></ol> 2. Preparación del ARNt <ol><li> Express tRNA (UUU) en E. coli <ol><li> Por la mañana, use un vial de E. coli BL21 congelado (DE3) transformado con el vector de expresión pET23d-EcUUU 2 (contiene el gen que codifica el ARNt de E. coli (UUU)), para cortar un caldo de Luria de baja sal (LB) Placa suplementada con 100 μg / ml de ampicilina. Invertir la placa y colocarla en un incubador a 37 ° C hasta que aparezcan colonias (finales de la tardeOon). </li><li> Inocular una sola colonia, bien cultivada, en 5 mL LB más 100 μg / mL de ampicilina y crecer durante la noche a 220 rpm a 37 ° C. </li><li> A la mañana siguiente, sedimentar las células (6.500 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C), reemplazar el medio con 5 ml de LB fresco más 100 μg / ml de ampicilina y resuspender. Utilice esta suspensión para inocular 200 ml de LB más 100 μg / ml de ampicilina. Crecer durante 5 h a 220 rpm a 37 ° C. </li><li> Cuando la densidad óptica del cultivo a 590 nm (DO 590 ) ha alcanzado 0,6 - 0,8, añadir IPTG 1 mM al cultivo para activar la expresión del gen tRNA (UUU). Incubar a 37 ° C durante 3 h. </li><li> La cosecha de las células por centrifugación del cultivo a 6.500 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Lisis y extracción <ol><li> Resuspender el sedimento celular en 5 ml de tampón de lisis (acetato sódico 0,3 M, EDTA 10 mM). A partir de este momento, se usaron tampones autoclavados y se conservaron todas las muestras que contenían ARNt a 4ºC para evitar queDegradación del ARN. </li><li> Añadir 1 volumen de fenol ácido (pH 4,3) al sedimento celular resuspendido en la campana extractora. Mezclar durante 1 min por inversión para lisar las células y centrifugar a 10.000 xg (10 min, 4 ° C). </li><li> Recoger la fase acuosa superior que contiene el tRNA soluble (UUU) (y concentraciones más pequeñas de los otros grupos de tRNA) usando una pipeta teniendo cuidado de no aspirar la fase orgánica (inferior). Deseche la capa inferior y el sedimento, que consiste en la fase orgánica y los residuos celulares, en un recipiente adecuado. </li><li> Precipitar el ARNt mezclando a fondo la fase soluble (acuosa) con 2,5 volúmenes de etanol al 100% v / v por inversión durante 1 h a 4ºC. Centrifugar la mezcla a 15.000 xg (30 min, 4 ° C). </li><li> Decantar cuidadosamente el sobrenadante y resuspender el sedimento rico en ARNt en 4 ml de tampón de filtración en gel (fosfato de sodio 20 mM o fosfato de potasio, pH 7,4, EDTA 0,1 mM). Ejecutar 5 μ l del grupo de tRNA resuspendido en un gel de agarosa al 2% p / v. NOTA:El tRNA de buena calidad aparece como una sola banda (tamaño molecular entre 50-100 pb). </li></ol></li><li> La purificación de tRNA (UUU) <ol><li> Siguiendo la práctica cromatográfica estándar 12 , cargar el ARNt resuspendido (UUU) sobre una columna de gel de preparación preparativa de alta resolución (dimensiones: 16 x 600 mm, volumen de lecho: 120 ml, rango de resolución: 1.000-70.000 Da) previamente equilibrada en tampón de filtración en gel (fase móvil). Ajuste el caudal a 1 mL / min para eluir las muestras. NOTA: El pico de ARNt (UUU) se eluye aproximadamente a 75,5 ml. Típicamente, se puede obtener un rendimiento de 0,5 - 1,0 mg / L de ARNt de cultivo. </li><li> Analizar las muestras a volúmenes de elución representativos mediante electroforesis de 5 - 10 μl de cada muestra en un gel de agarosa al 2% p / v. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparación de la muestra <ol><li> Expresar y purificar TcdA según López-Estepa et al . 2 . NOTA: Hasta 250 μMTcdA se puede utilizar para el estudio. </li><li> Pipetear la cantidad correspondiente de TcdA según la Tabla 1 en tubos de centrífuga de 1,5 mL debidamente etiquetados. Añadir 1,6 mM tris (2-carboxietil) fosfina (TCEP) (concentración final) y mezclar suavemente con una pipeta. Cerrar la tapa e incubar la mezcla a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. </li><li> Añadir 10 μM de adenosina trifosfato (ATP) y 50 mM MgCl 2 (concentraciones finales). Mezclar con una pipeta e incubar la mezcla durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir tRNA purificado (UUU) (sección 2.3) según la tabla 1 , mezclar con una pipeta e incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. </li><li> Añadir solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) hasta 100 μl de volumen final. Mezclar adecuadamente y añadir glicerol hasta una concentración final de 10% v / v. </li><li> Vórtice la muestra y centrifugue brevemente el contenido del tubo (10.000 xg, 1 min, 4 ° C). </li></ol> 4. Carga de gel y desarrollo de electroforesis<ol><li> Colocar la unidad de electroforesis en una bandeja llena de hielo triturado para mantener la cámara a 4 ° C durante la ejecución de la electroforesis. </li><li> Cuidadosamente, pipetee 5 μL de cada muestra en el pocillo correspondiente. Añadir un marcador de tamaño de ADN adecuado. </li><li> Enchufe los electrodos en las ranuras correspondientes de la fuente de alimentación. Encienda la fuente de alimentación y ajuste el voltaje a 100 V y haga funcionar el gel durante 90 min. </li></ol> 5. Tinción con gel para observar la interacción ARNt-Proteína <ol><li> Preparar la solución de tinción mezclando 50 ml de TBE con 1x de una tinción de ADN adecuada. Evite exponer la solución de tinción a la luz solar cubriendo el contenedor de tinción con papel de aluminio. NOTA: Las manchas de ADN se almacenan normalmente en 10.000 o 20.000x de existencias concentradas. </li><li> Después de 90 minutos de electroforesis, retire cuidadosamente el gel de la bandeja y colóquelo en un recipiente con solución de tinción. Colóquelo sobre un balancín a baja velocidad de oscilación a temperatura ambienteUre durante 30 min. </li><li> Retire el gel de agarosa del recipiente de tinción, tóquelo cuidadosamente en un trozo de papel de celulosa o papel de filtro para eliminar el exceso de líquido y colóquelo directamente sobre un transiluminador. Encienda la luz UV para visualizar las bandas que contienen tRNA. Tome una fotografía del gel. </li><li> Tinción de proteínas (opcional). <ol><li> Deseche la solución de tinción de ADN de forma segura (de acuerdo con los procedimientos de seguridad) y sustitúyala con 50 ml de solución de Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB). Colocar la bandeja sobre un balancín a temperatura ambiente y teñir durante la noche (&gt; 12 h). Deseche la solución de tinción CBB y reemplácela con 50 ml de PBS para eliminar el exceso de colorante. Destainar por 1 h en un balancín. </li></ol></li><li> Visualizar los complejos de ARNt que contienen proteínas en un transiluminador ligero y tomar fotografías del gel para comparar con la imagen de gel UV de tRNA. </li></ol>

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	<li>Scott, V., Clark, A. R., Docherty, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gel+retardation+assay.">The gel retardation assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 31, 339-347 (1994).</li><li>L&#243;pez-Estepa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+crystal+structure+and+small-angle+X-ray+analysis+of+CsdL/TcdA+reveal+a+new+tRNA+binding+motif+in+the+MoeB/E1+superfamily.">The crystal structure and small-angle X-ray analysis of CsdL/TcdA reveal a new tRNA binding motif in the MoeB/E1 superfamily.</a> Plos One. 10 (4), e0118606 (2015).</li><li>Miyauchi, K., Kimura, S., Suzuki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cyclic+form+of+N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine+as+a+widely+distributed+tRNA+hypermodification.">A cyclic form of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine as a widely distributed tRNA hypermodification.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 9 (2), 105-111 (2013).</li><li>Bolstad, H. M., Botelho, D. J., Wood, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+protein-protein+interactions+within+the+Cysteine+Sulfinate+Desulfinase+Fe-S+cluster+biogenesis+system.">Proteomic analysis of protein-protein interactions within the Cysteine Sulfinate Desulfinase Fe-S cluster biogenesis system.</a> J Proteome Res. 9 (10), 5358-5369 (2010).</li><li>Loiseau, L., Ollagnier-de Choudens, S., Lascoux, D., Forest, E., Fontecave, M., Barras, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+heteromeric+CsdA-CsdE+cysteine+desulfurase,+assisting+Fe-S+cluster+biogenesis+in+Escherichia+coli.">Analysis of the heteromeric CsdA-CsdE cysteine desulfurase, assisting Fe-S cluster biogenesis in Escherichia coli.</a> J Biol Chem. 280 (29), 26760-26769 (2005).</li><li>Fried, M. G., Crothers, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equilibrium+studies+of+the+cyclic+AMP+receptor+protein-DNA+interaction.">Equilibrium studies of the cyclic AMP receptor protein-DNA interaction.</a> J Mol Biol. 172 (3), 241-262 (1984).</li><li>Garner, M. M., Revzin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gel+electrophoresis+method+for+quantifying+the+binding+of+proteins+to+specific+DNA+regions:+application+to+components+of+the+Escherichia+coli+lactose+operon+regulatory+system.">A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (13), 3047-3060 (1981).</li><li>Rio, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophoretic+mobility+shift+assays+for+RNA-protein+complexes.">Electrophoretic mobility shift assays for RNA-protein complexes.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2014 (4), 435-440 (2014).</li><li>Ryder, S. P., Recht, M. I., Williamson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+protein-RNA+interactions+by+gel+mobility+shift.">Quantitative analysis of protein-RNA interactions by gel mobility shift.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 488, 99-115 (2008).</li><li>Yakhnin, A. V., Yakhnin, H., Babitzke, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel+mobility+shift+assays+to+detect+protein-RNA+interactions.">Gel mobility shift assays to detect protein-RNA interactions.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 905, 201-211 (2012).</li><li>Ream, J. A., Lewis, L. K., Lewis, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+agarose+gel+electrophoretic+mobility+shift+assay+for+quantitating+protein:+RNA+interactions.">Rapid agarose gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay for quantitating protein: RNA interactions.</a> Anal Biochem. 511, 36-41 (2016).</li><li>Hagel, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel-filtration+chromatography.">Gel-filtration chromatography.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. , (2001).</li></ol>

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El ensayo de retardo de gel de proteína-ARNt-agarosa descrito en el presente documento puede modificarse de varias maneras. En primer lugar, el porcentaje de agarosa en el gel puede reducirse para permitir la separación y visualización de complejos proteína-ARNt significativamente mayores que el analizado aquí (120 kDa). En segundo lugar, si la proteína diana es termolábil, se deben tomar precauciones adicionales para asegurar que la temperatura se mantiene por debajo de la temperatura máxima aceptable moviendo ...

<html> El ensayo de retraso del gel 1 (también conocido como ensayo de cambio de movilidad electroforética, EMSA) es un método electroforético diseñado para estudiar y caracterizar las interacciones proteína-ácido nucleico. Permite el análisis de las interacciones proteína-ADN, así como proteína-ARN y en particular, las interacciones entre las proteínas de unión a tRNA y ARNt, utilizando componentes purificados o mezclas complejas de proteínas ( por ejemplo , lisados ​​celulares) o ácidos nucleicos ( por ejemplo , ARNt quinielas). Hemos aplicado ensayos de retardo de gel al estudio de la interacción entre tRNA purificado (UUU) y TcdA, una N6-treonilcarbamoyladenosina (t 6 A) deshidratasa, que cicla la cadena lateral de treonilcarbamoilo unida a A37 en el bucle anticodon del tallo (ASL) De tRNAs a t 6 cíclico (ct 6 A) 2 , 3 . TcdA es también conocido como CsdL 3 ,El gen tcdA / csdL forma un grupo con los genes csdA y csdE 5 , que codifican la cisteína desulfurasa y el aceptor de azufre del sistema de cysteine ​​sulfinase desulfinate (CSD) y se requiere para sostener la función TcdA in vivo [ 3] . La razón detrás de los ensayos de retardación de gel es que, mientras que las moléculas de ácidos nucleicos libres migran rápidamente al frente de geles de acrilamida o agarosa en virtud de su gran carga negativa, la movilidad electroforética de complejos de proteínas de los mismos ácidos nucleicos se reduce drásticamente. La reducción de la movilidad se visualiza como un &quot;cambio&quot; en los complejos ácido nucleico-proteína, que se resuelven como bandas discretas. El complejo de ácido nucleico-proteína con carga positiva y mayor muestra un mayor cambio o reducción en la movilidad en un gel. Dado que la neutralización de carga del complejo es un fenómeno universalPara complejos proteína-ácido nucleico, el ensayo de retardo de gel se puede aplicar a una amplia gama de complejos y tipos de ácidos nucleicos. El método es simple, económico y se puede realizar en laboratorios con un equipo mínimo. Requiere sólo pequeñas cantidades de proteínas y tRNA. Esta es una ventaja sobre las técnicas biofísicas alternativas, que usualmente consumen mayores cantidades de muestra. El ensayo de retardo de gel ha sido ampliamente utilizado para el estudio de factores de transcripción. El ensayo se ha utilizado para analizar la cinética de unión, la resistencia y la especificidad de los factores de transcripción para muchas secuencias de ADN diferentes. Fue precisamente en este campo que se desarrolló por primera vez la EMSA 6 , 7 . También se han utilizado ensayos de retardo de gel con moléculas de ARN 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 y tRNA en la investigación de ribosomasY analizar, como aquí, las enzimas que modifican nucleósidos de tRNA post-transcripcional. Muchos parámetros diferentes afectan el resultado de un ensayo de retardo de gel, tal como la temperatura, la calidad de la proteína y la muestra de ARNt, y la resistencia de la unión. La planificación cuidadosa y la ejecución del experimento son cruciales para la interpretación de los resultados del ácido nucleico libre y de las especies ligadas a proteínas. Aquí, se utilizó el gen sintético que codifica tRNA (UUU) clonado en un vector de expresión cuyo promotor carece de la Shine-Dalgarno ribosoma sitio de unión, lo que conduce a la síntesis de grandes cantidades de tRNA 2 . Este protocolo detallado pretende proporcionar una guía clara para realizar experimentos de retardo de gel tRNA mientras se evitan errores comunes.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; BL21(DE3)</td><td>Novagen</td><td>70235</td><td>DE3 lysogen contains T7 polymerase upon IPTG induction.</td></tr><tr><td>pET23d</td><td>Novagen</td><td>69748-3</td><td>pET23d confers resistance to ampicillin; T7 promoter.</td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth, Low Salt (Lennox L Broth), Granulated</td><td>Melford</td><td>GL1703</td><td>Conventional LB Broth, High Salt, can also be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>10419313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubator Shaker (Thermostated)</td><td>NBS</td><td>Excella E24&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any shaker incubator with temperature control can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), &gt;=99%</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>BP1755</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate, anhydrous, &gt;99%</td><td>Melford</td><td>B4017</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Disodium salt, &gt;99%</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>AC327205000</td><td>Harmful if inhaled.</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (refrigerated)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5430</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (refrigerated) rotor</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5430/5430P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Sorvall</td><td>RC5C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge rotor</td><td>Sorvall</td><td>SLA-3000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol solution, Saturated with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.3 &amp;plusmn; 0.2</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4682</td><td>Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol absolute for analysis, 100% v/v</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>100983</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, &gt;=99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71643</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>48,730,250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 75&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28989333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Melford</td><td>MB1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris [Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane HCl]</td><td>Melford</td><td>T1513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric Acid</td><td>Melford</td><td>B0503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microwave</td><td>Haier</td><td>HDA-2070M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCEP [Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride]</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C4706</td><td>Corrosive to metals and skin.</td></tr><tr><td>ATP [Adenosine 5&amp;prime;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate], Grade I, &gt;=99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2383</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride (MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), anhydrous, &gt;=98%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl), &gt;99%</td><td>Fisher Bioreagents</td><td>BP358</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride (KCl), &gt;99%</td><td>Melford</td><td>P0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NZYDNA Ladder VI</td><td>NZYtech</td><td>MB8901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>Consort</td><td>EV261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrophoresis unit</td><td>Real Laboratory</td><td>RELSMINI10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Real Safe nucleic acid staining</td><td>Real Laboratory</td><td>RBMSAFE</td><td>20,000X stock</td></tr><tr><td>UV Transilluminator (G:Box/EF)</td><td>Syngene</td><td>2216498</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue G</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B0770</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rocker (Gyro-Rocker)</td><td>Stuart</td><td>SSL3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mixer Vortex&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher brand</td><td>13214789</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protein-trna agarose gel retardation assays for the analysis of the n6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine tcda function

Demostramos métodos para la expresión y purificación de tRNA (UUU) en Escherichia coli y el análisis por ensayos de retardo de gel de la unión de tRNA (UUU) a TcdA, una N6-treonilcarbamoilandenosina (t6A) deshidratasa, que cicla el treonilcarbamoil Cadena lateral unida a A37 en el lazo del vástago anticodon (ASL) de tRNAs a t 6 A cíclico (ct 6 A). La transcripción del gen sintético que codifica el ARNt (UUU) se induce en E. coli con 1 mM de isopropil β-D-1-tiogalactopiranósido (IPTG) y las células que contienen ARNt se recogen 24 h después de la inducción. La fracción de ARN se purifica utilizando el método de extracción con fenol ácido. El ARNt puro se obtiene mediante una cromatografía de filtración en gel que separa eficientemente las moléculas de tRNA de tamaño pequeño de ácidos nucleicos más grandes o intactos o fragmentados. Para analizar TcdA vinculante a tRNA (UUU), TcdA se mezcla con tRNA (UUU) y se separó en un nativo gel de agarosa a 4 ° C.El tRNA libre (UUU) migra más rápidamente, mientras que los complejos TcdA-tRNA (UUU) experimentan un retraso de la movilidad que se puede observar al teñir el gel. Se demuestra que TcdA es un tRNA (UUU) de unión a la enzima. Este ensayo de retardo de gel puede usarse para estudiar los mutantes de TcdA y los efectos de los aditivos y otras proteínas en la unión.

Se pueden obtener grandes cantidades de ARNt (UUU) expresando el gen tRNA en E. coli bajo el control de un fuerte promotor T7 inducible. El tRNA expresado (UUU) se acumula en el citoplasma y se enriquece sobre el conjunto de tRNAs naturalmente abundantes. Se utilizó un proceso de purificación en dos etapas que consistía en una etapa de captura / extracción y un paso de filtración / pulido en gel para obtener tRNA de calidad EMSA. El paso de captura / extracción utiliza pH ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function at JoVE.com

Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

Se presenta un protocolo para la producción de tRNA (UUU) y el análisis de tRNA (UUU) en complejo con la enzima TcdA mediante ensayos de retardo de gel de agarosa.

Ensayos de Retardo de Gel de ARNt de Proteína-ARNt para el Análisis del<emN</em<sup6</sup&gt; -threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

We demonstrate methods for the expression and purification of tRNA(UUU) in Escherichia coli and the analysis by gel retardation assays of the binding of ...

protein-trna-agarose-gel-retardation-assays-for-analysis-n6

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

9.8K vistas.  Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).  Se presenta un protocolo para la producción de tRNA (UUU) y el análisis de tRNA (UUU) en complejo con la enzima TcdA mediante ensayos de retardo de gel de agarosa. 

Video: Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical probe that targets the enzyme&#39;s active sites. A reporter tag introduced into the probe allows for the detection of the labeled enzyme by in-gel fluorescence scanning, protein blot, fluorescence microscopy, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Here, we describe the preparation and use of the compound ARN14686, a click chemistry activity-based probe (CC-ABP) that selectively recognizes the enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA). NAAA is a cysteine hydrolase that promotes inflammation by deactivating endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonists such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). NAAA is synthesized as an inactive full-length proenzyme, which is activated by autoproteolysis in the acidic pH of the lysosome. Localization studies have shown that NAAA is predominantly expressed in macrophages and other monocyte-derived cells, as well as in B-lymphocytes. We provide examples of how ARN14686 can be used to detect and quantify active NAAA ex vivo in rodent tissues by protein blot and fluorescence microscopy.

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Here, we describe the preparation and use of an activity-based probe (ARN14686, undec-10-ynyl-N-[(3S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate) that allows for the detection and quantification of the active form of the proinflammatory enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), both in vitro and ex vivo.

Preparación y<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; El uso de una sonda basada en la actividad de<em&gt; N</em&gt; -acylethanolamine Ácido amidasa

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 (Ehmeth) Enzyme

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of the three most common causes of death from parasitic disease. The agent of amebiasis is the amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica that exists under two stages: the infective cyst found in food or water and the invasive trophozoite living in the intestine. The clinical manifestations of amebiasis range from being asymptomatic to colitis, dysentery or liver abscesses. E. histolytica is one of the rare unicellular parasite with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in its genome. 1, 2 It contains a single DNA methyltransferase, Ehmeth, that belongs to the Dnmt2 family. 2 A role for Dnmt2 in the control of repetitive elements has been established in E. histolytica, 3 Dictyostelium discoideum 4,5 and Drosophila. 6 Our recent work has shown that Ehmeth methylates tRNAAsp, and this finding indicates that this enzyme has a dual DNA/tRNAAsp methyltransferase activity. 7 This observation is in agreement with the dual activity that has been reported for D. discoideum and D. melanogaster. 8 The functional significance of the DNA/tRNA specificity of Dnmt2 enzymes is still unknown. To address this question, a method to determine the tRNA methyltransferase activity of Dnmt2 proteins was established. In this video, we describe a straightforward approach to prepare an adequate tRNA substrate for Dnmt2 and a method to measure its tRNA methyltransferase activity.

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

This protocol describes the preparation of a synthetic tRNA substrate for the Entamoeba histolytica DNA/tRNA methyltransferase 2 (Dnmt2) homolog Ehmeth and the measure of its methyltransferase activity. This experimental approach can be used for investigating the activity of other Dnmt2 proteins.

Ensayo in vitro de metilación del ADN tRNA con Entamoeba histolytica y Dnmt2 tRNA metiltransferasa (Ehmeth) Enzima

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of ...

Inmunología e Infección

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and it elongates telomere through RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Although TERT is named as a reverse transcriptase, structural and phylogenetic analyses of TERT demonstrate that TERT is a member of right-handed polymerases, and relates to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) as well as viral reverse transcriptase. We firstly identified RdRP activity of human TERT that generates complementary RNA stand to a template non-coding RNA and contributes to RNA silencing in cancer cells. To analyze this non-canonical enzymatic activity, we developed RdRP assay with recombinant TERT in 2009, thereafter established in vitro RdRP assay for endogenous TERT. In this manuscript, we describe the latter method. Briefly, TERT immune complexes are isolated from cells, and incubated with template RNA and rNTPs including radioactive rNTP for RdRP reaction. To eliminate single-stranded RNA, reaction products are treated with RNase I, and the final products are analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radiolabeled RdRP products can be detected by autoradiography after overnight exposure.

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) synthesizes not only telomeric DNA but also double-stranded RNA through RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Here, we describe a newly established assay to detect RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of endogenous TERT.

Detección semicuantitativa de la actividad de la ARN polimerasa ARN-dependiente de proteína transcriptasa reversa de Telomerasa humana

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and it elongates telomere through RNA-dependent DNA polymerase ...

Genética

Efficient Purification and LC-MS/MS-based Assay Development for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase

The epigenetic transcription regulation mediated by 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has played a critical role in eukaryotic development. Demethylation of these epigenetic marks is accomplished by sequential oxidation by ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases (TET1-3), followed by the thymine-DNA glycosylase-dependent base excision repair. Inactivation of the TET2 gene due to genetic mutations or by other epigenetic mechanisms is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with diverse cancers, especially hematopoietic malignancies. Here, we describe an efficient single step purification of enzymatically active untagged human TET2 dioxygenase using cation exchange chromatography. We further provide a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach that can separate and quantify the four normal DNA bases (A, T, G, and C), as well as the four modified cytosine bases (5-methyl, 5-hydroxymethyl, 5-formyl, and 5-carboxyl). This assay can be used to evaluate the activity of wild type and mutant TET2 dioxygenases.

Here, we present a protocol for an efficient single step purification of the active untagged human ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) 5-methylcytosine dioxygenase using ion-exchange chromatography and its assay using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based approach.

Eficiente purificación y desarrollo análisis LC-MS/MS-based para diez-once 2 desplazamiento 5-METILCITOSINA dioxigenasa

The epigenetic transcription regulation mediated by 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has played a critical role in eukaryotic development. Demethylation of these ...

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved N6-isopentenyladenosine modifications occurs at the A37 position in a subset of tRNAs. This modification improves translation efficiency and fidelity by increasing the affinity of the tRNA for the ribosome. Mutation of enzymes responsible for this modification in eukaryotes are associated with several disease states, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Therefore, understanding the substrate specificity and biochemical activities of these enzymes is important for understanding of normal and pathologic eukaryotic biology. A diverse array of methods has been employed to characterize i6A modifications. Herein is described a direct approach for the detection of isopentenylation by Mod5. This method utilizes incubation of RNAs with a recombinant isopentenyl transferase, followed by RNase T1 digestion, and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis to detect i6A modifications. In addition, the potential adaptability of this protocol to characterize other RNA-modifying enzymes is discussed.

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Here, we describe a protocol for the biochemical characterization of the yeast RNA-modifying enzyme, Mod5, and discuss how this protocol could be applied to other RNA-modifying enzymes.

Un ensayo In Vitro para detectar actividad de transferasa de Isopentenyl tRNA

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved ...

Antibody-Free Assay for RNA Methyltransferase Activity Analysis

There are more than 100 chemically distinct modifications of RNA, two thirds of which consist of methylations. Interest in RNA modifications, and especially methylations, has re-emerged due to the important roles played by the enzymes that write and erase them in biological processes relevant to disease and cancer. Here, a sensitive in vitro assay for accurate analysis of RNA methylation writer activity on synthetic or in vitro transcribed RNAs is provided. This assay uses a tritiated form of S-adenosyl-methionine, resulting in direct labeling of methylated RNA with tritium. The low energy of tritium radiation makes the method safe, and pre-existing methods of tritium signal amplification, make it possible to quantify and to visualize the methylated RNA without the use of antibodies, which are commonly prone to artifacts. While this method is written for RNA methylation, few tweaks make it applicable to the study of other RNA modifications that can be radioactively labeled, such as RNA acetylation with 14C acetyl coenzyme A. Overall, this assay allows to quickly assess RNA methylation conditions, inhibition with small molecule inhibitors, or the effect of RNA or enzyme mutants, and provides a powerful tool to validate and expand results obtained in cells.

Here, an antibody-free in vitro assay for direct analysis of methyltransferase activity on synthetic or in vitro transcribed RNA is described.

Ensayo libre de anticuerpos para el análisis de actividad de la metiltransferasa de ARN

There are more than 100 chemically distinct modifications of RNA, two thirds of which consist of methylations. Interest in RNA modifications, and ...

An In Vitro Enzymatic Assay to Measure Transcription Inhibition by Gallium(III) and H3 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corroles

Chemotherapy often involves broad-spectrum cytotoxic agents with many side effects and limited targeting. Corroles are a class of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles that exhibit differential cytostatic and cytotoxic properties in specific cell lines, depending on the identities of the chelated metal and functional groups. The unique behavior of functionalized corroles towards specific cell lines introduces the possibility of targeted chemotherapy.
Many anticancer drugs are evaluated by their ability to inhibit RNA transcription. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for RNA transcription in the presence of known and potential inhibitors. The evaluation of the RNA products of the transcription reaction by gel electrophoresis and UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information on inhibitive properties of potential anticancer drug candidates and, with modifications to the assay, more about their mechanism of action.
Little is known about the molecular mechanism of action of corrole cytotoxicity. In this experiment, we consider two corrole compounds: gallium(III) 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole (Ga(tpfc)) and freebase analogue 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole (tpfc). An RNA transcription assay was used to examine the inhibitive properties of the corroles. Five transcription reactions were prepared: DNA treated with Actinomycin D, triptolide, Ga(tpfc), tpfc at a [complex]:[template DNA base] ratio of 0.01, respectively, and an untreated control.
The transcription reactions were analyzed after 4 hr using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. There is clear inhibition by Ga(tpfc), Actinomycin D, and triptolide.
This RNA transcription assay can be modified to provide more mechanistic detail by varying the concentrations of the anticancer complex, DNA, or polymerase enzyme, or by incubating the DNA or polymerase with the complexes prior to RNA transcription; these modifications would differentiate between an inhibition mechanism involving the DNA or the enzyme. Adding the complex after RNA transcription can be used to test whether the complexes degrade or hydrolyze the RNA. This assay can also be used to study additional anticancer candidates.

An In Vitro Enzymatic Assay to Measure Transcription Inhibition by GalliumIII and H3 5,10,15-trispentafluorophenylcorroles

Gallium(III) 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole and its freebase analogue exhibit low micromolar cell cytotoxicity. This manuscript describes an RNA transcription reaction, imaging RNA with an ethidium bromide-stained gel, and quantifying RNA with UV-Vis spectroscopy, in order to assess transcription inhibition by corroles and demonstrates a straightforward method of evaluating anticancer candidate properties.

Una<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Enzimática Ensayo para medir la transcripción Inhibición por galio (III) y H<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; 5,10,15-tris (pentafluorofenil) corroles

Chemotherapy often involves broad-spectrum cytotoxic agents with many side effects and limited targeting. Corroles are a class of tetrapyrrolic ...

Bioingeniería

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral proteins involved in the regulation of the virus activity recognize several nucleic acids. The nucleocapsid protein NCp7 (NC) is a key protein regulating several processes during virus replication. NC is in fact a chaperone destabilizing the secondary structures of RNA and DNA and facilitating their annealing. The inactivation of NC is a new approach and an interesting target for anti-HIV therapy. The Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) assay was developed to identify molecules able to inhibit the melting and annealing of RNA and DNA folded in thermodynamically stable tridimensional conformations, such as hairpin structures of TAR and cTAR elements of HIV, by the nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1. The new assay employs either the recombinant or the synthetic protein, and oligonucleotides without the need of their previous labeling. The analysis of the results is achieved by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by conventional nucleic acid staining. The protocol reported in this work describes how to perform the NAME assay with the full-length protein or its truncated version lacking the basic N-terminal domain, both competent as nucleic acids chaperones, and how to assess the inhibition of NC chaperone activity by a threading intercalator. Moreover, NAME can be performed in two different modes, useful to obtain indications on the putative mechanism of action of the identified NC inhibitors.

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis NAME Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

This protocol describes NAME, an assay that allows the rapid identification of molecules able to inhibit in vitro the chaperone activities of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein.

El recocido mediada nucleocápside electroforesis (NOMBRE) ensayo permite la identificación rápida del VIH-1 inhibidores de la nucleocápside

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral ...

CD Spectroscopy to Study DNA-Protein Interactions

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to investigate the secondary structure and interactions of biomolecules. Recent advancements in CD spectroscopy have enabled the study of DNA-protein interactions and conformational dynamics of DNA in different microenvironments in detail for a better understanding of transcriptional regulation in vivo. The area around a potential transcription zone needs to be unwound for transcription to occur. This is a complex process requiring the coordination of histone modifications, binding of the transcription factor to DNA, and other chromatin remodeling activities. Using CD spectroscopy, it is possible to study conformational changes in the promoter region caused by regulatory proteins, such as ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, to promote transcription. The conformational changes occurring in the protein can also be monitored. In addition, queries regarding the affinity of the protein towards its target DNA and sequence specificity can be addressed by incorporating mutations in the target DNA. In short, the unique understanding of this sensitive and inexpensive method can predict changes in chromatin dynamics, thereby improving the understanding of transcriptional regulation.

The interaction of an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler with a DNA ligand is described using CD spectroscopy. The induced conformational changes on a gene promoter analyzed by the peaks generated can be used to understand the mechanism of transcriptional regulation.

Espectroscopia de CD para estudiar las interacciones ADN-proteína

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to investigate the secondary structure and interactions of biomolecules. Recent ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

Ensayos de Retardo de Gel de ARNt de Proteína-ARNt para el Análisis del

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