Name: detection of detergent-sensitive interactions between membrane proteins
Uploaded: 2018-03-07T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins at JoVE.com

This work was supported by research grants DK52057 and DK107498 from the NIH to K.V.K. X.P was supported by the institutional training grant 2T32DK007201 from the NIH.

1. Handling of the Peptide
<ol>
	<li>Design and ordering of the peptide
	<ol>
		<li>Choose the desired sequence of the peptide, and add a tag, such as myc epitope (EQKLISEED) at its either N- or C-terminus.</li>
		<li>Check the predicted solubility of the peptide in water, using peptide solubility calculator http://pepcalc.com/peptide-solubility-calculator.php. If the solubility is low, try to add another water-soluble tag to change the charge balance. 
		NOTE: We used the peptide corresponding to the first lumina...

<ol>
	<li>Bogan, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+glucose+transporter+translocation+in+health+and+diabetes.">Regulation of glucose transporter translocation in health and diabetes.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 81, 507-532 (2012).</li><li>Kandror, K. V., Pilch, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sugar+is+sIRVed:+sorting+Glut4+and+its+fellow+travelers.">The sugar is sIRVed: sorting Glut4 and its fellow travelers.</a> Traffic. 12 (6), 665-671 (2011).</li><li>Pan, X., Zaarur, N., Singh, M., Morin, P., Kandror, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sortilin+and+retromer+mediate+retrograde+transport+of+Glut4+in+3T3-L1+adipocytes.">Sortilin and retromer mediate retrograde transport of Glut4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 28 (12), 1667-1675 (2017).</li><li>Kim, J., Kandror, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+luminal+loop+confers+insulin+responsiveness+to+the+glucose+transporter+4.">The first luminal loop confers insulin responsiveness to the glucose transporter 4.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 23 (5), 910-917 (2012).</li><li>Shi, J., Kandror, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sortilin+is+essential+and+sufficient+for+the+formation+of+Glut4-storage+vesicles+in+3T3-L1+adipocytes.">Sortilin is essential and sufficient for the formation of Glut4-storage vesicles in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.</a> Dev Cell. 9 (1), 99-108 (2005).</li><li>Coutinho, M. F., Prata, M. J., Alves, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+shortcut+to+the+lysosome:+the+mannose-6-phosphate-independent+pathway.">A shortcut to the lysosome: the mannose-6-phosphate-independent pathway.</a> Mol Genet Metab. 107 (3), 257-266 (2012).</li><li>Willnow, T. E., Petersen, C. M., Nykjaer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VPS10P-domain+receptors+-+regulators+of+neuronal+viability+and+function.">VPS10P-domain receptors - regulators of neuronal viability and function.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 9 (12), 899-909 (2008).</li><li>Mazella, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+100-kDa+neurotensin+receptor+is+gp95/sortilin,+a+non-G-protein-coupled+receptor.">The 100-kDa neurotensin receptor is gp95/sortilin, a non-G-protein-coupled receptor.</a> J Biol Chem. 273 (41), 26273-26276 (1998).</li><li>Ni, X., Morales, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lysosomal+Trafficking+of+Acid+Sphingomyelinase+is+Mediated+by+Sortilin+and+Mannose+6-phosphate+Receptor.">The Lysosomal Trafficking of Acid Sphingomyelinase is Mediated by Sortilin and Mannose 6-phosphate Receptor.</a> Traffic. 7 (7), 889-902 (2006).</li><li>Westergaard, U. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+the+sortilin+Vps10p+domain.">Functional organization of the sortilin Vps10p domain.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (48), 50221-50229 (2004).</li><li>Nykjaer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sortilin+is+essential+for+proNGF-induced+neuronal+cell+death.">Sortilin is essential for proNGF-induced neuronal cell death.</a> Nature. 427 (6977), 843-848 (2004).</li></ol>

Sortilin is an evolutionary conserved multi-ligand protein receptor that is involved in both signaling at the plasma membrane and in intracellular sorting events6,7. However, the search for the authentic sortilin&#39;s ligands (some of which are luminal or integral membrane proteins) is complicated as the interaction of sortilin with some of its binding partners appears to be sensitive to detergents. Therefore, an easy and a widespread approach for studying prote...

GLUT4 is a glucose transporter protein which is expressed predominantly in fat and skeletal muscle cells where it mediates the effect of insulin on post-prandial blood glucose clearance1. Being a very stable protein, GLUT4 is regulated at a post-translational level. In the absence of insulin, GLUT4 is largely excluded from the plasma membrane (hence low basal permeability for glucose) and is localized mainly inside the cell in small insulin-responsive vesicles (IRVs) and trans-Golgi network (TGN) that is likely to represent the IRV donor compartment. Upon insulin administration, the IRVs fuse with the plasma membrane and deliver GLUT4 to the site of its functioning. This increases the permeability of the plasma membrane for glucose, so that glucose uptake from blood into adipocytes and skeletal myocytes rises 10 to 40-fold. After insulin withdrawal, GLUT4 is internalized into early/sorting endosomes and then retrieved to TGN where the IRVs are re-formed. Both sorting steps in the GLUT4 pathway, i.e. retrieval from the peripheral early endosomes to the perinuclear TGN, and the formation of the IRVs on the TGN donor membranes are enabled by the Vps10p family member, sortilin, which represents a type I transmembrane protein and a sorting receptor. According to one model, sortilin works as a transmembrane scaffold protein: it binds GLUT4 in the lumen of endosomes and TGN, and recruits retromer or clathrin adaptors to the cytoplasmic side of the donor membrane via its C-terminus2,3. This facilitates the distribution of GLUT4 into vesicular carriers that translocate GLUT4 between intracellular compartments.
The interaction of the cytoplasmic tail of sortilin with retromer and various adaptor proteins has been well documented. However, the binding of sortilin to GLUT4 (and to several of its other protein ligands) has been challenging to prove. In particular, attempts to co-immunoprecipitate sortilin and GLUT4 have not been successful probably due to the detergent-sensitive nature of the interaction between these two proteins. In addition, as a typical transporter protein, GLUT4 has 12 transmembrane domains and 6 luminal loops any combination of which may potentially represent a sortilin-binding site. At the same time, a large body of indirect evidence, such as substantial co-localization in the cell, cross-linking with membrane-permeable DSP, and the interaction in yeast two hybrid system suggest that sortilin can bind to GLUT4. Furthermore, using the latter approach in a combination with the alanine scanning mutagenesis, we have previously determined that the Vps10p domain of sortilin binds primarily to the first luminal loop of GLUT4. However, the proof of such an interaction in mammalian cells has been missing. Here, we have isolated His-tagged sortilin from transfected 3T3-L1 cells using cobalt resin and demonstrated that it can interact with chemically synthesized peptide corresponding to the first luminal loop of GLUT4 at pH 6 and pH 8 that resemble acidic milieu in the endosomal lumen and neutral environment in the lumen of the TGN membranes. No peptide binding was detected in control experiments where extract prepared from non-transfected cells was loaded on the same beads.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="608">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8849</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for use in purification of histidine tag protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Phosphate-Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-040-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1mL Insulin Syringe U-100</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329652</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">26G x 1/2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23228</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wash buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-234</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For His-tag protein purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HisPur Cobalt Resin</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89964</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Tricine sample Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0739</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">with SDS, bMercaptaethanol should be added</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Elution&#160; Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-236</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For His-tag protein purificationwith 250mM Imidazole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Mini-Protean Tris-Tricine precast gels 10-20%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">456-3115</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For seperation of peptide and small protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris/Tricine/SDS running buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0744</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Transfer Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-190</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Add 20% methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nitrocellulose membrane&#160; 0.45 mm</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1620115</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9647</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anti Myc antibody</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Cell Signaling</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2272</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Peptide</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Genscipt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>customize ordering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Precision Plus Protein Dual color Standarts</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of detergent-sensitive interactions between membrane proteins

Our ability to explore protein-protein interactions is the key to understanding regulatory connections in the cell. However, detection of protein-protein interactions in many cases is associated with significant experimental challenges. In particular, sorting receptors interact with their protein cargo in the lumen of the membrane compartments often in a detergent-sensitive fashion, making co-immunoprecipitation of these proteins unusable. Binding of the sorting receptor sortilin to glucose transporter GLUT4 may serve as an example of weak luminal interactions between membrane proteins. Here, we describe a fast, simple, and inexpensive assay to validate the interaction between sortilin and GLUT4. For that, we have designed and chemically synthesized the myc-tagged peptide corresponding to the potential sortilin-binding epitope in the luminal part of GLUT4. Sortilin tagged with six histidines was expressed in mammalian cells, and isolated from cell lysates using Cobalt beads. Sortilin immobilized on the beads was incubated with the peptide solution at different pH values, and the eluted material was analyzed by Western blotting. This assay can be easily adapted to study other detergent-sensitive protein-protein interactions.

Lysates were prepared from 3T3 L1 cells stably transfected with Sortilin-myc/His5 and from WT 3T3 L1 cells, used as a negative control. Both lysates were incubated with cobalt beads at pH 6 or pH 8 and thoroughly washed. Beads with immobilized proteins were then incubated in the solution of Myc-fll-Glut4. After careful washes, proteins bound to the beads were eluted with 0.25 M Imidazole. Samples were subjected, along with the original lysates, to SDS-PAGE in a 10-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins at JoVE.com

Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins

We describe a protocol for detection of detergent-sensitive interactions between membrane proteins using binding of the sorting receptor, sortilin, to the first luminal loop of the glucose transporter protein, GLUT4, as an example.

Our ability to explore protein-protein interactions is the key to understanding regulatory connections in the cell. However, detection of protein-protein ...

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