Esta investigación fue apoyada por subvenciones de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft GraKo1121, Hu1011/2-1 y SFB940 a SH

Nota: La información detallada sobre los buffers que fija el Protocolo se encuentra disponible en la Tabla 1. 1. La fijación de las interacciones proteína-proteína por formaldehído entrecruzamiento en células vivas <ol><li> Para comenzar a preparar los medios de crecimiento, las soluciones madre y tampón P1 <ol><li> Preparar medio 500 ml: El medio debe ofrecer condiciones que apoyan la interacción entre la proteína cebo membrana y las proteínas de la presa. Además, un experimento debe realizarse en condiciones en que no se espera interacción (por ejemplo, sin entrecruzamiento). Nota: Se comparan las interacciones proteína-proteína en bacterias estresadas y no estresadas. Por lo tanto, preparamos 500 ml de medio Luria Bertani (LB) (Tabla 1) que complementamos con un agente de inducción de estrés (por ejemplo, NaCl 0,5 M) en un matraz Erlenmeyer de 2 l. Para el control, se utiliza medio normal LB con NaCl 0,17 M (pH 7,0). </li><li> Preparar tampón Tris (20 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,0) y 0,1 M de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA), pH de la solución de stock 8,0 (Tabla 1). </li><li> Prepare el tampón P1. Disolver la sacarosa a una concentración final de 0,5 M en tampón Tris. Esterilizar tampón P1 por filtración y almacenarlo a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Se cultivan las células que expresan la proteína cebo membrana con un Strep-tag de fusión C-terminal de un vector. Inducir la expresión de proteínas de cebo de la membrana durante un tiempo suficiente. Nota: Se inducen la expresión de proteínas cebo membrana bacteriana en la fase temprana-log (a 600 = 0,3) mediante la adición de 250 l 1 M isopropil-β-D-tiogalactopiranósido (IPTG) a 500 ml de medio (concentración final: 0,5 mM) . Para permitir una expresión suficiente, nos Incubar las bacterias hasta que la última fase-log (A 600 = 1,2). </li><li> Preparar para cada cultura dos vasos de centrífuga con un volumen mínimo de 300 ml cada uno y colocarlos en hielo. </li><li> Realice formaldehído entrecruzamiento. CAUCIÓN: El formaldehído es altamente tóxico Recomendamos trabajar bajo una campana de seguridad.. <ol><li> Transferir el recipiente de cultivo bajo una campana de seguridad. Dividir cada muestra en dos muestras, una omisión de reticulación (- X) y uno incluyendo el formaldehído de reticulación (X +). Añadir 4 ml de solución de formaldehído al 37% a la cultura de 250 ml hasta alcanzar una concentración final de 0,6%. </li></ol></li><li> La transferencia de los recipientes de cultivo de vuelta y hacer crecer las células durante 20 minutos más que antes. </li><li> Llene sus culturas en los tubos de centrifugación bajo una campana de humos seguridad. Recoger las células por centrifugación a 3000 xg durante 30 min. </li><li> Desechar el sobrenadante con la pipeta cuidadosamente bajo una campana de humos seguridad. Recoger tóxico sobrenadante que contiene formaldehído y disponer de ella adecuadamente. </li><li> Con el fin de alcanzar un rendimiento óptimo durante la preparación de proteína de membrana, preparar esferoplastos primero. Aquí, proporcionamos un protocolo para la formación de esferoplastos de bacterias Gram-negativos: <ol><li> Prepartampón E P2 (Tabla 1) a partir de polvo liofilizado. Disolver suavemente 2 mg de lisozima en 0,1 M EDTA, pH 8, en un tubo de 1,5 ml. Siempre prepare tampón P2 recién para el día del experimento. </li><li> Preparar tampón Tris con inhibidor de la proteasa (tampón P3). Para 10 ml de tampón Tris, añadir 0,1 ml de 1 M de fluoruro de fenilmetilsulfonilo (PMSF) (Tabla 1) a una concentración final de 10 mM. Utilice el tampón de inmediato, para garantizar el funcionamiento correcto de PMSF como inhibidor de la proteasa. </li><li> Resuspender los sedimentos celulares en 10 ml de Tris-tampón con inhibidor de la proteasa y la solución de la transferencia a un tubo cónico de 15 ml. </li><li> Añadir 1 ml de tampón P2 e incubar en hielo durante 30 min. </li><li> Recoger esferoplastos por centrifugación a 3000 xg durante 30 min y desechar el sobrenadante cuidadosamente. </li></ol></li><li> Incubar los pellets esferoplastos noche a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Purificación de Strep-tag de proteínas de membrana (Bait) <ol><li> Coloque pellet esferoplasto en hielo. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Durante el tiempo de los pellets de esferoplastos se descongelan en hielo, preparar 10 ml de tampón P3 para cada preparación de esferoplastos. Disolver suavemente 1 mg de ADNasa I en 10 ml de tampón Tris. Añadir 0,1 ml de 1 M PMSF justo antes del uso. </li><li> Resuspender el sedimento en 6 ml de P3 recién preparada. Sonicar la muestra cuatro veces durante 1 min en hielo continuamente con 1 min de pausa entre cada ráfaga, con el fin de interrumpir esferoplastos. </li><li> Centrifugar la muestra a 10.000 xg durante 10 min a restos celulares de la cosecha. Transferir el sobrenadante con una pipeta a un tubo de ultracentrífuga. </li><li> Pellet la fracción de membrana a 100.000 xg durante 30 min. Lavar el sedimento cuidadosamente en tampón Tris sin disolverla. Secar el tubo con un tejido de papel (por ejemplo pañuelos de papel). Evitar alterar el sedimento en cualquier momento. </li><li> Resuspender el sedimento (= membranas) con cuidado en 1 ml de tampón Tris. Utilice una alícuota de 20 l para determinar la concentración de proteína mediante el ensayo de BCA por ejemplo. En este paso, las membranas se pueden choque congelados en lilibras de nitrógeno y se almacenó a -80 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Purificación de Strep-tag Membrana Bait proteínas y SDS-PAGE <ol><li> Normalizar la concentración de proteína de la fracción de membrana a 5 mg / ml con tampón Tris. Tomar 2,5 ml de fracción de membrana (5 mg / ml) en un tubo de ultracentrífuga y añadir 0,25 ml de 20% de Triton X-100 para llegar a una concentración final de 2%, con el fin de solubilizar las proteínas de la membrana. Añadir una varilla de micro-magnético y se agita en hielo durante 1 h. Nota: Aunque en general tenemos buenos resultados utilizando Triton X-100 como detergente, puede ser útil para cambiar el detergente para la optimización. A este respecto, tenemos mejores resultados con los detergentes utilizados para la purificación funcional de la respectiva proteína cebo membrana. </li><li> Durante la realización de la etapa 3.1, preparar 50 ml de tampón W y 5 ml de tampón E a partir de (Tabla 1). Llenar hasta 10 ml 5x tampón W concentrado a 50 ml y añadir 150 l 20% de Triton X-100. <ol><li> Llenar 1 ml 5x buffeR E concentrado a 10 ml y añadir 30 l 20% de Triton X-100. Equilibrar una columna de flujo de 1 ml de Strep-Tactin gravedad SuperFlow con 8 ml de tampón de W. Nota: Es esencial para añadir el detergente que se usa para la solubilización en una concentración 10 veces por encima de la concentración micelar crítica (CMC) en cualquier tampón durante el procedimiento de purificación. </li></ol></li><li> Retire la varilla de micro-magnética de la muestra de solubilización y ultracentrífuga a 100.000 xg durante 30 min, para sedimentar la fracción de membrana insolubles. Eliminar el sobrenadante con una pipeta para su posterior purificación. </li><li> Cargar el sobrenadante a la columna. Ejecute la columna sólo con flujo por gravedad. Lavar la columna con 5 ml de tampón de W. Repita este paso de lavado 5x. </li><li> Eluir cebo proteínas de membrana con 1 ml de tampón E. Repita este paso de elución de 4x. </li><li> Concentrar las fracciones de elución 2, 3, y de 4 a 300 L con una unidad de filtro centrífugo. </li><li> Mezclar 200 l de cada muestra con 50 l 5x de SDS-PAGCarga de colorante E. Dividir cada preparado en 125 ml de alícuotas. Hervir una alícuota de cada preparación durante 20 min a 95 ° C, para revertir formaldehído enlaces cruzados. Deje que las muestras se enfríen a temperatura ambiente durante al menos 10 minutos en el banco superior. </li><li> De carga 30 l de cada muestra a un solo carril de un gel de poliacrilamida-adecuado para inmunotransferencia. Use un marcador prestained peso molecular para la mejor orientación y ejecutar SDS-PAGE 10. </li></ol> 4. Análisis de inmunotransferencia para confirmar los compañeros de interacción <ol><li> Una vez paso 3.8 se completa, proteínas de transferencia a una membrana de nitrocelulosa por ejemplo semiseco. </li><li> Bloquear la membrana para evitar que el etiquetado no específica. Preparar tampón de bloqueo mediante el pesaje de albúmina de suero bovino (BSA) para lograr 3% en peso por volumen en solución salina tamponada con Tris suplementado con una concentración final de 0,05% de Tween-20 (TBS-T). Utilice un volumen suficiente de tampón de bloqueo para cubrir la membrana. Bloquear la membrana durante 1 hora a TA. </li><li> Diluir unand incubar el primer anticuerpo específico presa de proteínas como de costumbre. Utilice un anticuerpo unido a HRP como el segundo anticuerpo. </li><li> Desarrollar el inmunoblot utilizando un kit de detección de quimioluminiscencia con una alta sensibilidad. Supervisar la señal utilizando un procedimiento de procesamiento de películas clásicas o equipos de imagen digital. </li></ol> 5. Los experimentos de alta resolución NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS identificar a los socios de interacción <ol><li> En caso de que ningún anticuerpo específico disponible para la presa de proteínas o compañeros de interacción desconocidos se debe identificar, utilizar la espectrometría de masas (MS) para la identificación. Con el fin de evitar la contaminación de la queratina, utilizar geles PREFABRICADOS DE HORMIGON para la separación de proteínas. </li><li> Silver Stain la SDS-PAGE usando un kit de tinción compatibles-MS de acuerdo con el protocolo del fabricante. Realice todos los pasos de tinción y lavado de tanques de vidrio. </li><li> Impuestos Especiales respectivas bandas y analizar estos por alta resolución LC / MS 9. </li></ol>

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No tenemos nada que revelar.

Análisis COLUMNA membrana es un enfoque bioquímico que permite a uno para confirmar e identificar a este punto desconocidos compañeros de interacción de proteínas de membrana. COLUMNA membrana combina in vivo reticulación por formaldehído con la purificación de una proteína cebo membrana-Strep etiquetado. La combinación con inmunotransferencia facilita la confirmación de parejas de interacción predichas (Figura 2). Además, la combinación con el análisis de MS permite la identific...

Para entender la función de una proteína que es esencial conocer sus compañeros de interacción. Varias técnicas clásicas están disponibles para la identificación de parejas de interacción de proteínas solubles. Sin embargo, estas técnicas no son fácilmente transferibles a proteínas de la membrana debido a su naturaleza hidrófoba 4. Para superar esta limitación, hemos desarrollado la membrana Strep-proteína interacción experimento (Membrana-COLUMNA) 6. Se basa en el método de columna vertebral, que era sólo es adecuado para proteínas solubles 7. Beneficios de membrana-espina dorsal de dos ventajas de la formaldehído agente de reticulación: primero, el formaldehído pueden penetrar fácilmente las membranas y por lo tanto genera una instantánea precisa de la interactoma de una célula viva 8. En segundo lugar, formaldehído enlaces cruzados pueden revertirse mediante ebullición 9. Aquí, estas dos ventajas se utilizan para identificar no sólo los IBP permanentes pero también transitorios de prot membranains 6. En breve, un Strep-etiqueta se fusiona al C-terminal de la proteína cebo integral de membrana. Las células que expresan la proteína cebo de membrana se incuban con formaldehído que los enlaces cruzados se aprovechan de las proteínas a la proteína cebo membrana (Figura 1). No son necesarias modificaciones de las proteínas de la presa. A continuación, la fracción de membrana se prepara. Por lo tanto, las proteínas de membrana se solubilizan por tratamiento con detergente y cebo proteínas son co-purificadas con sus proteínas presa utilizando la purificación por afinidad. Posteriormente, la reticulación se invierte por ebullición, y el cebo y sus proteínas presa co-eluidos se separan por SDS-PAGE. Finalmente, las proteínas presa pueden ser identificados por análisis de inmunotransferencia o espectrometría de masas.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="878">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">37% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">4979.1</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Should not be older than one year</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DNaseI</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">DN25</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">23225</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Micromagnetic rod</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">0955.2</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">5 mm in length, 2 mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">6683.1</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">standard detergent for solubilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">n-Dodecyl-&#946;-maltoside</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Glycon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">D97002-C</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">the best detergent to solubilze CpxA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">1 ml Strep-Tactin superflow gravity flow column</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">IBA</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">2-1207-050</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Strep-tag protein purification buffer set</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">IBA</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">2-1002-001</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Contains buffer W and buffer E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Amicon Ultra-4 centrifugal filter</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">UFC803024</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent substrate</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">34080</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">SilverQuest Silverstaining kit</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">LC6070</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">FireSilver Staining Kit</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Proteome Factory</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P-S-2001</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

membrane-spine: a biochemical tool to identify protein-protein interactions of membrane proteins in vivo

Las proteínas de membrana son esenciales para la viabilidad celular y son, por tanto, importantes objetivos terapéuticos 1-3. Desde que funcionan en los complejos 4, los métodos para identificar y caracterizar sus interacciones son necesarias 5. Con este fin, hemos desarrollado el Strep-proteína de membrana experimento de interacción, denominada membrana-COLUMNA 6. Esta técnica combina en vivo entrecruzamiento reversible mediante el formaldehído reticulante con la purificación por afinidad de una proteína de membrana de cebo-Strep etiquetado. Durante el procedimiento, las proteínas presa reticulados son co-purificadas con la proteína cebo membrana y posteriormente separados por ebullición. Por lo tanto, dos grandes tareas se pueden ejecutar en el análisis de las interacciones proteína-proteína (PPI) de las proteínas de membrana mediante membrana-COLUMNA: en primer lugar, la confirmación de un compañero de interacción propuesto por inmunotransferencia, y en segundo lugar, la identificación de nuevos socios de la interacción mediante el análisis de espectrometría de masas . Además, incluso lOW afinidad, IBP transitorios son detectables por esta técnica. Por último, la Membrana-ESPINA es adaptable a casi cualquier tipo de célula, por lo que es aplicable como herramienta de detección de gran alcance para identificar los IBP de proteínas de membrana.

Análisis COLUMNA membrana permite la co-purificación de proteínas de membrana y proteínas asociados transitoriamente interactúan. El co-purificación se logra mediante el uso de la formaldehído agente de reticulación. Dos parámetros son fundamentales para evitar inespecíficos enlaces cruzados: la concentración de formaldehído y el tiempo de reticulación. El uso suficiente, pero no excesiva de formaldehído puede ser fácilmente controlado por inmunotransferencia. Complejos de proteínas reticuladas-formaldeh...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Membrane-SPINE: A Biochemical Tool to Identify Protein-protein Interactions of Membrane Proteins In Vivo at JoVE.com

Membrane-SPINE: A Biochemical Tool to Identify Protein-protein Interactions of Membrane Proteins In Vivo

Un enfoque bioquímico se describe para identificar in vivo interacciones proteína-proteína (PPI) de proteínas de membrana. El método combina la reticulación de proteínas, purificación por afinidad y espectrometría de masas, y es adaptable a casi cualquier tipo de célula u organismo. Con este enfoque, incluso la identificación de los IBP transitorios se hace posible.

Membrana-COLUMNA: una herramienta bioquímica para identificar las interacciones proteína-proteína de Proteínas de la Membrana<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Membrane proteins are essential for cell viability and are therefore important therapeutic targets1-3. Since they function in complexes4, methods to ...

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Membrane-SPINE: A Biochemical Tool to Identify Protein-protein Interactions of Membrane Proteins In Vivo

13.6K vistas.  Universität Osnabrück.  Un enfoque bioquímico se describe para identificar in vivo interacciones proteína-proteína (PPI) de proteínas de membrana. El método combina la reticulación de proteínas, purificación por afinidad y espectrometría de masas, y es adaptable a casi cualquier tipo de célula u organismo. Con este enfoque, incluso la identificación de los IBP transitorios se hace posible. 

Video: Membrane-SPINE: A Biochemical Tool to Identify Protein-protein Interactions of Membrane Proteins In Vivo

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless 
biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small 
molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this 
"E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.

"E-DNA" sensors, reagentless, electrochemical biosensors that perform well even when challenged directly in blood and other complex matrices, have been adapted to the detection of a wide range of nucleic acid, protein and small molecule analytes. Here we present a general procedure for the fabrication and use of such sensors.

Fabricación de ADN electroquímico biosensores para la detección Reagentless de ácidos nucleicos, proteínas y moléculas pequeñas

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Visualizing Proteins and Macromolecular Complexes by Negative Stain EM: from Grid Preparation to Image Acquisition

Single particle electron microscopy (EM), of both negative stained or frozen hydrated biological samples, has become a versatile tool in structural biology 1. In recent years, this method has achieved great success in studying structures of proteins and macromolecular complexes 2, 3. Compared with electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM), in which frozen hydrated protein samples are embedded in a thin layer of vitreous ice 4, negative staining is a simpler sample preparation method in which protein samples are embedded in a thin layer of dried heavy metal salt to increase specimen contrast 5. The enhanced contrast of negative stain EM allows examination of relatively small biological samples. In addition to determining three-dimensional (3D) structure of purified proteins or protein complexes 6, this method can be used for much broader purposes. For example, negative stain EM can be easily used to visualize purified protein samples, obtaining information such as homogeneity/heterogeneity of the sample, formation of protein complexes or large assemblies, or simply to evaluate the quality of a protein preparation.
In this video article, we present a complete protocol for using an EM to observe negatively stained protein sample, from preparing carbon coated grids for negative stain EM to acquiring images of negatively stained sample in an electron microscope operated at 120kV accelerating voltage. These protocols have been used in our laboratory routinely and can be easily followed by novice users.

Visualizing protein samples by negative stain electron microscopy (EM) has become a popular structural analysis method. It is useful for quantitative structural analysis, such as calculating a 3D reconstruction of the molecules being studied, and also for qualitative examination of the quality of protein preparations. In this article we present detailed protocols for preparing the EM grids, staining the sample and visualizing the sample in an electron microscope. Novice users can follow these protocols easily and to utilize negative stain EM as a routine assay, in addition to other biochemical assays, for evaluating their protein samples.

Visualización de las proteínas y complejos macromoleculares de Negative EM Mancha: desde la preparación de la cuadrícula para adquisición de imágenes

Single particle electron microscopy (EM), of both negative stained or frozen hydrated biological samples, has become a versatile tool in structural ...

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Diseño de un biorreactor de presión cíclica de la Ex Vivo Estudio de las válvulas aórtica del corazón

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced birth defects and many later studies afterwards proved the opposite. Today several harmful xenobiotics like nicotine, heroin, methadone or drugs as well as environmental pollutants were described to overcome this barrier. With the growing use of nanotechnology, the placenta is likely to come into contact with novel nanoparticles either accidentally through exposure or intentionally in the case of potential nanomedical applications. Data from animal experiments cannot be extrapolated to humans because the placenta is the most species-specific mammalian organ 1. Therefore, the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion, developed by Panigel et al. in 1967 2 and continuously modified by Schneider et al. in 1972 3, can serve as an excellent model to study the transfer of xenobiotics or particles.
Here, we focus on the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion protocol and its further development to acquire reproducible results.
The placentae were obtained after informed consent of the mothers from uncomplicated term pregnancies undergoing caesarean delivery. The fetal and maternal vessels of an intact cotyledon were cannulated and perfused at least for five hours. As a model particle fluorescently labelled polystyrene particles with sizes of 80 and 500 nm in diameter were added to the maternal circuit. The 80 nm particles were able to cross the placental barrier and provide a perfect example for a substance which is transferred across the placenta to the fetus while the 500 nm particles were retained in the placental tissue or maternal circuit. The ex vivo human placental perfusion model is one of few models providing reliable information about the transport behavior of xenobiotics at an important tissue barrier which delivers predictive and clinical relevant data.

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

The ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion model can be used to investigate the transfer of xenobiotics and nanoparticles across the human placenta. In this video protocol we describe the equipment and techniques required for a successful execution of a placenta perfusion.

Determinación de la velocidad de transporte de xenobióticos y Nanomateriales través de la placenta mediante el<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Modelo perfusión placentaria humana

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

Isolation and Characterization Of Chimeric Human Fc-expressing Proteins Using Protein A Membrane Adsorbers And A Streamlined Workflow

Laboratory scale to industrial scale purification of biomolecules from cell culture supernatants and lysed cell solutions can be accomplished using affinity chromatography.&#160;While affinity chromatography using porous protein A agarose beads packed in columns is arguably the most common method of laboratory scale isolation of antibodies and recombinant proteins expressing Fc fragments of IgG, it can be a time consuming and expensive process.&#160;Time and financial constraints are especially daunting in small basic science labs that must recover hundreds of micrograms to milligram quantities of protein from dilute solutions, yet lack access to high pressure liquid delivery systems and/or personnel with expertise in bioseparations. Moreover, product quantification and characterization may also excessively lengthen processing time over several workdays and inflate expenses (consumables, wages, etc.).&#160;Therefore, a fast, inexpensive, yet effective protocol is needed for laboratory scale isolation and characterization of antibodies and other proteins possessing an Fc fragment.&#160;To this end, we have devised a protocol that can be completed by limited-experience technical staff in less than 9 hr (roughly one workday) and as quickly as 4 hr, as opposed to traditional methods that demand 20+ work hours. Most required equipment is readily available in standard biomedical science, biochemistry, and (bio)chemical engineering labs, and all reagents are commercially available.&#160;To demonstrate this protocol, representative results are presented in which chimeric&#160;murine galectin-1 fused to human Fc (Gal-1hFc) from cell culture supernatant was isolated using a protein A membrane adsorber.&#160;Purified Gal-1hFc was quantified using an expedited Western blotting analysis procedure and characterized using flow cytometry. The streamlined workflow can be modified for other Fc-expressing proteins, such as antibodies, and/or altered to incorporate alternative quantification and characterization methods.

Compared with traditional affinity chromatography using protein A agarose bead-packed columns, protein A membrane adsorbers can significantly speed laboratory-scale isolation of antibodies and other Fc fragment-expressing proteins.&#160;Appropriate analysis and quantification methods can further accelerate protein processing, allowing isolation/characterization to be completed in one workday, instead of 20+ work hours.

Aislamiento Y Caracterización De Proteínas Quiméricas Humanas Que Expresan Fc Usando Adsorbentes De Membrana De Proteína A Y Un Flujo de Trabajo Optimizado

Laboratory scale to industrial scale purification of biomolecules from cell culture supernatants and lysed cell solutions can be accomplished using ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 &#197;. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.

We describe here an improved Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) method where we introduce a protease cleavage site between the donor and acceptor fluorophore sites. This modification allows us to obtain specific LRET signals arising from membrane proteins of interest, allowing for the study of membrane proteins without protein purification.

La luminiscencia de energía de resonancia de transferencia para estudiar cambios conformacionales en proteínas de membrana expresado en células de mamífero

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

Optical imaging offers a wide range of diagnostic modalities and has attracted a lot of interest as a tool for biomedical imaging. Despite the enormous number of imaging techniques currently available and the progress in instrumentation, there is still a need for highly sensitive probes that are suitable for in vivo imaging. One typical problem of available preclinical fluorescent probes is their rapid clearance in vivo, which reduces their imaging sensitivity. To circumvent rapid clearance, increase number of dye molecules at the target site, and thereby reduce background autofluorescence, encapsulation of the near-infrared fluorescent dye, DY-676-COOH in liposomes and verification of its potential for in vivo imaging of inflammation was done. DY-676 is known for its ability to self-quench at high concentrations. We first determined the concentration suitable for self-quenching, and then encapsulated this quenching concentration into the aqueous interior of PEGylated liposomes. To substantiate the quenching and activation potential of the liposomes we use a harsh freezing method which leads to damage of liposomal membranes without affecting the encapsulated dye. The liposomes characterized by a high level of fluorescence quenching were termed Lip-Q. We show by experiments with different cell lines that uptake of Lip-Q is predominantly by phagocytosis which in turn enabled the characterization of its potential as a tool for in vivo imaging of inflammation in mice models. Furthermore, we use a zymosan-induced edema model in mice to substantiate the potential of Lip-Q in optical imaging of inflammation in vivo. Considering possible uptake due to inflammation-induced enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, an always-on liposome formulation with low, non-quenched concentration of DY-676-COOH (termed Lip-dQ) and the free DY-676-COOH were compared with Lip-Q in animal trials.

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

The use of fluorophores for in vivo imaging can be greatly limited by opsonization, rapid clearance, low detection sensitivity and cytotoxic effects on the host. Encapsulation of fluorophores in liposomes by film hydration and extrusion leads to fluorescence quenching and protection which enables in vivo imaging with high detection sensitivity.

Fluorescencia de extinción de un fluoróforo encapsulada en liposomas en infrarrojo cercano como herramienta para<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Imagen Óptico

Optical imaging offers a wide range of diagnostic modalities and has attracted a lot of interest as a tool for biomedical imaging. Despite the enormous ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Microentornos-Sandwich como para aprovechar Celulares / Materiales Interacciones

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Collagen is a core component of the ECM, and provides essential cues for several cellular processes ranging from migration to differentiation and proliferation. Provided here is a protocol for embedding cells within 3D collagen hydrogels, and a more advanced technique for generating randomized or aligned collagen matrices using PDMS microchannels.

Preparación de geles de colágeno en 3D y microcanales para el estudio de las interacciones 3D<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of flexible polymers nor of rigid rods. Underlying filaments remain outstretched due to their non-vanishing backbone stiffness, which is quantified via the persistence length (lp), but they are also subject to strong thermal fluctuations. Their finite bending stiffness leads to unique, non-trivial collective mechanics of bulk networks, enabling the formation of stable scaffolds at low volume fractions while providing large mesh sizes. This underlying principle is prevalent in nature (e.g., in cells or tissues), minimizing the high molecular content and thereby facilitating diffusive or active transport. Due to their biological implications and potential technological applications in biocompatible hydrogels, semiflexible polymers have been subject to considerable study. However, comprehensible investigations remained challenging since they relied on natural polymers, such as actin filaments, which are not freely tunable. Despite these limitations and due to the lack of synthetic, mechanically tunable, and semiflexible polymers, actin filaments were established as the common model system. A major limitation is that the central quantity lp cannot be freely tuned to study its impact on macroscopic bulk structures. This limitation was resolved by employing structurally programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling controlled alteration of the filament stiffness. They are formed through tile-based designs, where a discrete set of partially complementary strands hybridize in a ring structure with a discrete circumference. These rings feature sticky ends, enabling the effective polymerization into filaments several microns in length, and display similar polymerization kinetics as natural biopolymers. Due to their programmable mechanics, these tubes are versatile, novel tools to study the impact of lp on the single-molecule as well as the bulk scale. In contrast to actin filaments, they remain stable over weeks, without notable degeneration, and their handling is comparably straightforward.

Semiflexible polymers display unique mechanical properties that are extensively applied by living systems. However, systematic studies on biopolymers are limited since properties such as polymer rigidity are inaccessible. This manuscript describes how this limitation is circumvented by programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling experimental studies on the impact of filament rigidity.

Nanotubos de ADN como una herramienta versátil para el estudio de polímeros Semiflexible

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...