Name: use of two dimensional semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm size heterogeneity of amyloid or amyloid-like fibers
Uploaded: 2018-04-26T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers at JoVE.com

This work is supported by a fellowship for S.H.-A. from NIH/NCATS (TL1TR001104), a Welch Foundation grant (I-1827), and a R01 grant from NIGMS (RGM120502A) to Z.W. Z.W. is the Virginia Murchison Linthicum Scholar in Medical Research and Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Scholar (R1222).

1. Prepare Samples
<ol>
	<li>Culture 2 x&#160;106 amyloid producing HT-29 colon cancer cells in a 10-cm tissue culture dish in 10 mL of Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin. Culture cells overnight in a 37 &#176;C incubator with 5% CO2.
	<ol>
		<li>After the cells grow to 80% confluency, wash the cells with 10 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Add 3 mL of Trypsin solution and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 3 min.</li>
		<li>Afte...

<ol>
	<li>Ross, C. A., Poirier, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+aggregation+and+neurodegenerative+disease.">Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease.</a> Nature medicine. 10, 10-17 (2004).</li><li>Hou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAVS+forms+functional+prion-like+aggregates+to+activate+and+propagate+antiviral+innate+immune+response.">MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response.</a> Cell. 146, 448-461 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RIP1/RIP3+necrosome+forms+a+functional+amyloid+signaling+complex+required+for+programmed+necrosis.">The RIP1/RIP3 necrosome forms a functional amyloid signaling complex required for programmed necrosis.</a> Cell. 150, 339-350 (2012).</li><li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MLKL+forms+disulfide+bond-dependent+amyloid-like+polymers+to+induce+necroptosis.">MLKL forms disulfide bond-dependent amyloid-like polymers to induce necroptosis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114, 7450-7459 (2017).</li><li>Uptain, S. M., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions+as+protein-based+genetic+elements.">Prions as protein-based genetic elements.</a> Annual review of microbiology. 56, 703-741 (2002).</li><li>Halfmann, R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+amyloid+aggregation+by+Semi-Denaturing+Detergent-Agarose+Gel+Electrophoresis.">Screening for amyloid aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Sipe, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomenclature+2014:+Amyloid+fibril+proteins+and+clinical+classification+of+the+amyloidosis.">Nomenclature 2014: Amyloid fibril proteins and clinical classification of the amyloidosis.</a> Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis. 21, 221-224 (2014).</li><li>Eisenberg, D. S., Sawaya, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Studies+of+Amyloid+Proteins+at+the+Molecular+Level.">Structural Studies of Amyloid Proteins at the Molecular Level.</a> Annual review of biochemistry. 86, 69-95 (2017).</li><li>Bagriantsev, S. N., Kushnirov, V. V., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 412, 33-48 (2006).</li><li>Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+protein+mediates+necrosis+signaling+downstream+of+RIP3+kinase.">Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase.</a> Cell. 148, 213-227 (2012).</li><li>He, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+interacting+protein+kinase-3+determines+cellular+necrotic+response+to+TNF-alpha.">Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha.</a> Cell. 137, 1100-1111 (2009).</li></ol>

The most critical aspect of the 2D SDD-AGE is that the electrophoresis conditions are the same for the first and second dimension. The ability to detect a sharp diagonal line at 45&#176; (indicating that no dissociation or degradation has occurred) depends on the fibers migrating in an identical manner during both electrophoreses. Using different conditions, for example changing the voltage or the length of run time, will obscure these results. Also, as is the case for traditional 1D SDD-AGE, boiling the sample should be...

The formation of amyloid fibers due to protein misfolding has long been known to play a role in pathologic conditions such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and Huntington&#39;s disease1. More recently, the formation of amyloid or amyloid-like fibers has been shown to be a part of signaling pathways in humans, including during anti-viral innate immune response2 and necroptosis3,4, and in lower organisms such as yeast5,6. Therefore, the ability to detect these fibers in the lab is important. Currently, there are three main ways to detect amyloid and amyloid-like fibers: the use of dyes, EM, and SDD-AGE.
The use of dyes, such as Congo Red or Thioflavin T, offers the advantage of being rapid and easily detectable using either microscopy or spectroscopy7. However, detection by microscopy, in the case of Congo Red, provides no specificity about which proteins comprise the fibers, or the size of the fibers. Similarly, the use of spectroscopy to detect Congo Red or Thioflavin T binding to protein complexes provides only a positive or negative result.
EM provides conclusive evidence of the presence of fibers and also quantitative information about the fiber length and diameter8. However, this method requires very stringent purification. Additionally, EM is a specialized technique which uses expensive equipment.
SDD-AGE has been used to detect SDS-resistant mega Dalton protein complexes including amyloid or amyloid-like fibers. It offers many advantages. First, it does not require the purification of the fibers and is easy to peform9. Second, it provides qualitative information about the size of the fibers, including relative size and amount of fiber heterogenicity. Lastly, because Western blotting can be performed after electrophoresis, it is easy to detect the presence of any protein for which there is an antibody, although it should be noted that because SDD-AGE is semi-denaturing, some epitopes may remain concealed which complicates detection by antibody.
Recently, receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and 3 (RIPK3) have been reported to form amyloid fibers to serve as signaling platforms during necroptosis, a programmed form of necrosis3. While studying these fibers, our lab showed that another necroptosis-associated protein, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), also formed amyloid-like fibers4. However, upon examination with SDD-AGE, the size of the MLKL fibers appeared distinct from the RIPK1 and RIPK3 fibers, which appeared identical to each other (Figure 1). This was unexpected because it is well-known that MLKL binds to RIPK1/RIPK3 to form the necroptosis signaling complex called the necrosome10.
There are at least two explanations. First, two totally distinct amyloid-like fibers may form during necroptosis, one containing RIPK1/RIPK3 and the other containing MLKL. Second, only one type of amyloid-like fibers containing RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL may be formed during necroptosis, but the association of MLKL with the other proteins is weak enough that it dissociates during SDD-AGE.
To address this, we propose performing a two-dimensional (2D) SDD-AGE. SDD-AGE-stable amyloid or amyloid-like fibers will have the same migration pattern during the first and second dimension electrophoresis. This will be detectable after transferring the proteins to a membrane and carrying out a Western blot. Stable fibers will exhibit a sharp diagonal pattern. Any deviation from this would suggest that the fibers undergo changes due to the SDS-electrophoresis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >gel electrophoresis unit</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td >HE99XPRO</td>
			<td >appratus for gel running.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >agrose</td>
			<td >VWR</td>
			<td >97062-250</td>
			<td>For agarose gel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >paper tower</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td >19-120-2484</td>
			<td>for transfering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >filter paper</td>
			<td >VWR</td>
			<td >21427-386</td>
			<td>for transfering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PVDF membrane</td>
			<td >Bio-Rad</td>
			<td >162-0177</td>
			<td>for transfering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >blocking milk powder</td>
			<td >Bio-Rad</td>
			<td >1706404XTU</td>
			<td>for blocking in Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MLKL antibody</td>
			<td >Genetex</td>
			<td >GTX107538</td>
			<td>rabbit anti-MLKL antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >RIPK1 antibody</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >610459</td>
			<td>mouse anti-RIPK1 antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >RIPK3 antibody</td>
			<td >gift from Dr. Xiaodong Wang</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>rabbit anti-RIPK3. See refenence 11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >anti-Rabbit-HRP</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >A6154</td>
			<td>secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ECL</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td >WBKLS0500</td>
			<td>Western chemiluminescent HRP substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >X-ray film</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td >F-BX810</td>
			<td>for Western blot result</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DMEM</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >D6429</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >F4135</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >penicilin-streptomycin</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >P4333</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Trypsin solution</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >T4049</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PBS for tissue culture</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >D8662</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >recombinant TNF</td>
			<td >made in our lab</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >smac-mimetic</td>
			<td >gift from Dr. Xiaodong Wang</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ZVAD-FMK</td>
			<td >ApexBio</td>
			<td >A1902</td>
			<td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cell Counter</td>
			<td >Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450102</td>
			<td>Model TC20; for counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pierce&#8482; BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >23225</td>
			<td>for measuring protein concentration in cell lysates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cell lifter</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td >07-200-364</td>
			<td>to remove cells from dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Lysis Buffer (1 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >20 mL 1 M Tris pH 7.4 
			10 mL glycerol 
			30 mL 5 M NaCl 
			840 mL ddH2O 
			10 mL Triton-X100 
			(protease and phosphates inhibitors as desired)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10X TAE (1 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >48.4 g Tris base 
			11.42 mL glacial acetic acid 
			20 mL 0.5M EDTA pH 8 
			ddH20 to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >4X SDD-AGE loading buffer (50 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >5 mL 10X TAE 
			10 mL glycerol 
			4 mL 20% SDS 
			0.5 mL 10% bromophenol blue 
			31 mL ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >TBS Transfer Buffer (1 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >20 mL 1 M Tris pH 7.4 
			30 mL 5 M NaCl 
			950 mL ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PBST Wash Buffer (1 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >100 mL 10xPBS 
			800 mL ddH2O 
			1 mL Tween20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10X PBS (10 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td >800 g NaCl 
			20 g KCl 
			144 g Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O 
			24 g KH2PO4 
			add ddH2O to 10 L</td>
		</tr>
		</tbody>
</table>

use of two dimensional semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm size heterogeneity of amyloid or amyloid-like fibers

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. The ability to readily detect the formation of these fibers under various experimental conditions is essential for understanding their potential function. Many methods have been used to detect the fibers, but not without some drawbacks. For example, electron microscopy (EM), or staining with Congo Red or Thioflavin T often requires purification of the fibers. On the other hand, semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis (SDD-AGE) allows detection of the SDS-resistant amyloid-like fibers in the cell extracts without purification. In addition, it allows the comparison of the size difference of the fibers. More importantly, it can be used to identify specific proteins within the fibers by Western blotting. It is less time consuming and more easily accessible to a wider number of labs. SDD-AGE results often show variable degree of heterogeneity. It raises the question whether part of the heterogeneity results from the dissociation of the protein complex during the electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. For this reason, we have employed a second dimension of SDD-AGE to determine if the size heterogeneity seen in SDD-AGE is truly a result of fiber heterogeneity in vivo and not a result of either degradation or dissociation of some of the proteins during electrophoresis. This method allows fast, qualitative confirmation that the amyloid or amyloid-like fibers are not partially dissociating during the SDD-AGE process.

After necroptosis induction, RIPK1 and RIPK3 showed almost identical amyloid-like patterns (lanes 2 and 4, Figure 1). However, MLKL fibers were more heterogeneous and seemed to be smaller than RIPK1/RIPK3 fibers (lane 6, Figure 1). That prompted us to develop the 2D SDD-AGE method to address the possibility whether MLKL forms RIPK1/RIPK3-independent fibers or MLKL simply dissociates from the large RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL fibers during S...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers at JoVE.com

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

Here we use two-dimensional semi-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the presence of amyloid-like fibers of heterogeneous size and exclude the possibility that the size heterogeneity is due to dissociation of the amyloid fibers during the gel running process.

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. ...

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