この作品の交わりに支えられて s. h. a.NIH/NCATS (TL1TR001104) からウェルチ財団 (I-1827) を与えるし、Z.W. Z.W. に日の出 (RGM120502A) から R01 グラントはテキサス州学者の研究所 (R1222) やがん予防医学研究のバージニア マーチソン リンシカム学者。

1. 試料を準備します。
<ol><li>2 x 10 の文化6アミロイド 10 ml のダルベッコ変更イーグル培地 (DMEM) 10% 牛胎児血清とペニシリン-ストレプトマイシンを含む 10 cm 培養皿に HT 29 大腸がん細胞を生産します。培養細胞は、5% CO2と 37 ° C のインキュベーターで一晩します。<ol>
<li>セルは、80% の confluency に成長後は、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) 10 ml セルを洗浄しています。トリプシン溶液 3 mL を追加し、3 分の 37 ° C で孵化させなさい。</li>
		<li>セルはお皿から完全解離後培地 10 mL を追加し、15 mL の円錐管に 10 mL のピペットで細胞を転送します。室温で 3 分間 1,000 x g で細胞を遠心します。培地を吸引を 5 mL の培地、細胞を再懸濁します、携帯カウンターを使用してセルをカウントします。それぞれ 2 つの 10 cm 料理のプレート 2 x 106セルです。</li>
		<li>細胞が接着し、5% CO2と 37 ° C のインキュベーターで一晩回復を許可します。一皿 20 ng/ml の腫瘍壊死因子-α (TNF-α)、100 nM Smac 擬態と 20 μ M 汎カスパーゼ阻害剤 Z VAD FMK11アミロイドの形成を誘導するために治療を適用します。組み合わせはチーリンと省略されます。コントロールとして車両と他の料理を扱います。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>適切な期間後 6 h 通常細胞ライセートの収穫します。<ol>
<li>プラスチックのスクレーパーとプレートから細胞をこすり、15 mL の円錐管に 10 mL のピペットを使用します。4 ° C で 3 分間 1,000 x g で細胞を遠心分離します。</li>
		<li>10 mL の氷冷 PBS に再、4 ° C で 3 分間 1,000 × g で遠心分離によってセルを洗浄して 2 回PBS ソリューションを吸い出しなさい。 注: プロセスをここで休止して細胞ペレットを液体窒素で凍結し、˗80 ° C で 1 ヶ月保存できます。</li>
		<li>1.5 mL 遠心チューブに細胞ペレットを転送し、0.3 mL の氷の上で 30 分間溶解バッファーで孵化させなさい。4 ° C で 15 分間 20,000 × g で遠心します。上清は全細胞ライセートです。 注: プロセスは、-20 ° c で数ヶ月にサンプルを格納することによってここで休止できます。</li>
		<li>製造元のプロトコルに従ってブラッドフォードの試金蛋白質濃度を測定します。4 x 20 μ 3 μ g/μ L のサンプルを準備し、10 分間室温でインキュベート SDD 時代読み込みバッファーを追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 準備し、ゲルを実行
<ol><li>寒天 2 g を 200 mL のガラス製ビーカーで agarose を溶かし、電子レンジで加熱 1 x トリス酢酸バッファー (TAE) に追加します。最終濃度 0.1 %sds の 20 %sds の 1 mL を追加します。慎重に混合旋回します。SDS 添加後泡を生成しないように注意してください。</li>
	<li>15 cm × 14 cm ゲル平板にアガロース溶液を注ぐ。1 mL ピペットを使用して任意の気泡を除去します。1 つの 20 も櫛を上部に配置します。</li>
	<li>まず寸法: ピペット 60 μ g の全細胞ライセート一番右車線で。(染料のフロントはゲルを通って約 ¾) まで約 4 時間 60 V でゲルを実行実行バッファーとして 0.1 %sds を含む TAE を使用します。</li>
	<li>2 番目の寸法: 慎重回転させるとゲル 90 ° 反時計回り (図 2A)。約 4 時間の 60 V でゲルを実行します。 注: 一般的な走行条件は 4 V/cm のゲルの長さです。実行条件が最初と 2 番目のディメンションの同じであることが重要です。</li>
</ol>3. 転送
<ol><li>ポリフッ化ビニリデン (PVDF) 二フッ化膜 (図 2B) に蛋白質を転送するための毛管転送メソッドを使用します。<ol>
<li>転送バッファーの 500 の mL を追加し、約 20 cm × 20 cm のコンテナー。コンテナーの横にあるペーパー タオルの 5 cm 高スタックを確認します。スタックの先頭の表面積は、ゲルの大きさよりも大きくなければなりません。</li>
		<li>転送バッファーの 14 cm x 15 cm のフィルター ペーパーを浸し、紙タオルのスタック上に配置。しわや気泡がない紙の上に注意してください。フィルター紙の別の部分でを繰り返します。</li>
		<li>30 のメタノールで 14 cm x 15 cm PVDF 膜をアクティブに s は、ローラーを使用して、すべてのバブルを削除する世話ろ紙上にレイヤーします。転送バッファーでゲルを洗い流すし、再び任意の気泡をロールアウト、膜上にレイヤーします。</li>
		<li>プラスチック製のラップと転送バッファーのコンテナーに最も近いペーパー タオルの端をカバーします。ペーパー タオルのスタックとの直接接触に次の手順で紙の鉄橋が来ないことが重要です。</li>
		<li>転送バッファーの 15 cm × 35 cm フィルター紙を浸漬し、一端がゲルの上をカバーしてもう一方の端は、転送バッファーのコンテナー内に配置します。別の橋を繰り返します。</li>
		<li>プラスチック製のラップのコンテナーをカバーし、室温で一晩おきます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. ウエスタンブロット検出
<ol><li>0.05% を含む PBS の 50 mL の膜を洗浄トゥイーン 20 (pbst;) 20 cm × 20 cm のコンテナー。PBST で 5% ミルク 20 mL を追加します。ブロックを 30 分間室温でロック。</li>
	<li>PBST で 5% ミルク 20 mL にウサギ抗 MLKL 抗体の 10 μ L をピペットし、コンテナーに追加します。4 ° C で一晩ロッカーでインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>5 分繰り返し 5 回 20 ml PBST の膜を洗浄します。</li>
	<li>Pbst; 5% ミルク 20 mL に抗うさぎ HRP の 4 μ L をピペットし、コンテナーに追加します。ロッカー 2 時間室温で孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>5 分繰り返し 5 回 20 ml PBST の膜を洗浄します。</li>
	<li>基板化学発光 (ECL) を追加し、製造元のプロトコルによると x 線フィルムを公開します。</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Ross, C. A., Poirier, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Protein+aggregation+and+neurodegenerative+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease.</a> Nature medicine. 10, 10-17 (2004).</li>
<li>Hou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MAVS+forms+functional+prion-like+aggregates+to+activate+and+propagate+antiviral+innate+immune+response%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response.</a> Cell. 146, 448-461 (2011).</li>
<li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+RIP1%2FRIP3+necrosome+forms+a+functional+amyloid+signaling+complex+required+for+programmed+necrosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">The RIP1/RIP3 necrosome forms a functional amyloid signaling complex required for programmed necrosis.</a> Cell. 150, 339-350 (2012).</li>
<li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MLKL+forms+disulfide+bond-dependent+amyloid-like+polymers+to+induce+necroptosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">MLKL forms disulfide bond-dependent amyloid-like polymers to induce necroptosis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114, 7450-7459 (2017).</li>
<li>Uptain, S. M., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prions+as+protein-based+genetic+elements%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+review+of+microbiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prions as protein-based genetic elements.</a> Annual review of microbiology. 56, 703-741 (2002).</li>
<li>Halfmann, R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Screening+for+amyloid+aggregation+by+Semi-Denaturing+Detergent-Agarose+Gel+Electrophoresis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Screening for amyloid aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li>
<li>Sipe, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Nomenclature+2014%3A+Amyloid+fibril+proteins+and+clinical+classification+of+the+amyloidosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Amyloid+%3A+the+international+journal+of+experimental+and+clinical+investigation+%3A+the+official+journal+of+the+International+Society+of+Amyloidosis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Nomenclature 2014: Amyloid fibril proteins and clinical classification of the amyloidosis.</a> Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis. 21, 221-224 (2014).</li>
<li>Eisenberg, D. S., Sawaya, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+Studies+of+Amyloid+Proteins+at+the+Molecular+Level%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+review+of+biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural Studies of Amyloid Proteins at the Molecular Level.</a> Annual review of biochemistry. 86, 69-95 (2017).</li>
<li>Bagriantsev, S. N., Kushnirov, V. V., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0076687906120030">Methods in Enzymology</a>. 412, Academic Press. 33-48 (2006).</li>
<li>Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+protein+mediates+necrosis+signaling+downstream+of+RIP3+kinase%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase.</a> Cell. 148, 213-227 (2012).</li>
<li>He, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Receptor+interacting+protein+kinase-3+determines+cellular+necrotic+response+to+TNF-alpha%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha.</a> Cell. 137, 1100-1111 (2009).</li>
</ol>

著者は利益相反を宣言しません。

2 D の SDD 時代の最も重要な側面は、電気泳動条件が最初と 2 番目のディメンションの同じであることです。45 ° (解離や劣化が発生しなかったことを示す) でシャープな斜めラインによって異なります両方中に同じ方法で移行する繊維を検出する能力は electrophoreses します。電圧または実行時間の長さを変更するなど、さまざまな条件を使用して、これらの結果があいまいされます。また、従?...

1アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病などの病態に関与するタンパク質のミスフォールディングによるアミロイド繊維の形成を知られている長い。最近では、アミロイドやアミロイド様線維形成が抗ウイルス自然免疫応答2ネクロトーシス3,4中を含む人間と低い有機体のシグナル伝達経路の一部であると示されています。酵母5,6などしたがって、実験室でこれらの繊維を検出する機能は重要です。現在、アミロイドとアミロイド様線維を検出する 3 つの主な方法があります: 染料、EM、および SDD 時代の使用。
コンゴ赤や Thioflavin T などの染料の使用では、急速な顕微鏡、分光法7を使用して容易に検出できるという利点を提供しています。しかし、コンゴ赤の場合、顕微鏡による検出には、繊維、または繊維のサイズを構成するタンパク質の特異性は提供しません。同様に、コンゴ赤または Thioflavin T のバインディングを蛋白質の複合体を検出する分光学の使用は、正または負の結果のみを提供します。
EM は、繊維と繊維の長さと直径の8について定量的な情報の存在の決定的な証拠を提供します。ただし、この方法では、非常に厳格な浄化が必要です。さらに、EM は高価な機器を使用する特殊な技術です。
SDD 時代は、SDS 耐性メガ ダルトン タンパク質やアミロイドのようなアミロイド繊維を含むを検出するために使用されています。多くの利点を提供しています。最初に、それは繊維の精製を必要としないし、peform9に簡単です。第二に、それは相対的なサイズおよび繊維の heterogenicity の量を含む繊維のサイズに関する定性的情報を提供します。ウェスタンブロッティングは、電気泳動後実行できます、ために、最後に、それは、SDD 時代は半変化、いくつかのエピトープが隠されたままにするそれに注意する必要がありますを任意のタンパク質、抗体がある存在を検出する簡単です抗体による検出を複雑になります。
最近では、受容体相互作用タンパク質キナーゼ 1 (RIPK1) と 3 (RIPK3) は、ネクロトーシス、壊死3のプログラムのフォームの間にプラットフォームをシグナルとして機能するフォーム アミロイド線維に報告されています。これらの繊維を勉強しながら私たちの研究室は、リネージュ キナーゼ ドメインのような (MLKL) を混合、別のネクロトーシス関連蛋白質がまた4アミロイド様線維を形成を示した。しかし、SDD の年齢を調べると、MLKL 繊維のサイズ登場登場お互い (図 1) と同じ RIPK1 と RIPK3 の繊維とは異なる。MLKL RIPK1/RIPK3 にバインド ネクロトーシス シグナリング複合 necrosome10と呼ばれる形成して知られているのでこれは予想外だった。
少なくとも 2 つの説明があります。最初に、2 つのまったく異なるアミロイドのような繊維がネクロトーシス、1 つ含む RIPK1/RIPK3 およびその他の含まれている MLKL の中にフォームがあります。第二に、含む RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL 可能性がありますネクロトーシス、MLKL 協会他の蛋白質との間に形成されるアミロイド様線維の 1 種類のみですそれは SDD 時代の間に電離する十分に弱いです。
これに対処するため二次元 (2 D) SDD 時代を実行することを提案します。SDD 時代安定アミロイドやアミロイド様線維は最初と 2 番目のディメンションの電気泳動中に同じの移行パターンをあります。膜へのタンパク質の転送、西部のしみの実施後、これは検出可能になります。安定した繊維は、シャープな斜めパターンを展示いたします。これからの逸脱は、繊維が SDS 電気泳動による変化を受けることを示唆するでしょう。

<table><tbody><tr><td>gel electrophoresis unit</td><td>Fisher</td><td>HE99XPRO</td><td>appratus for gel running.</td></tr><tr><td>agrose</td><td>VWR</td><td>97062-250</td><td>For agarose gel.</td></tr><tr><td>paper tower</td><td>Fisher</td><td>19-120-2484</td><td>for transfering</td></tr><tr><td>filter paper</td><td>VWR</td><td>21427-386</td><td>for transfering</td></tr><tr><td>PVDF membrane</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>162-0177</td><td>for transfering</td></tr><tr><td>blocking milk powder</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1706404XTU</td><td>for blocking in Western blot</td></tr><tr><td>MLKL antibody</td><td>Genetex</td><td>GTX107538</td><td>rabbit anti-MLKL antibody</td></tr><tr><td>RIPK1 antibody</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>610459</td><td>mouse anti-RIPK1 antibody</td></tr><tr><td>RIPK3 antibody</td><td>gift from Dr. Xiaodong Wang</td><td></td><td>rabbit anti-RIPK3. See refenence 11.</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Rabbit-HRP</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6154</td><td>secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>ECL</td><td>Fisher</td><td>WBKLS0500</td><td>Western chemiluminescent HRP substrate</td></tr><tr><td>X-ray film</td><td>Fisher</td><td>F-BX810</td><td>for Western blot result</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6429</td><td>for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>fetal bovine serum</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F4135</td><td>for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>penicilin-streptomycin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4333</td><td>for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T4049</td><td>for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>PBS for tissue culture</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8662</td><td>for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>recombinant TNF</td><td>made in our lab</td><td></td><td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td></tr><tr><td>smac-mimetic</td><td>gift from Dr. Xiaodong Wang</td><td></td><td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td></tr><tr><td>ZVAD-FMK</td><td>ApexBio</td><td>A1902</td><td>for inducing necroptosis. See reference 11.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Counter</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1450102</td><td>Model TC20; for counting cells</td></tr><tr><td>Pierce&amp;trade; BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>23225</td><td>for measuring protein concentration in cell lysates</td></tr><tr><td>Cell lifter</td><td>Fisher</td><td>07-200-364</td><td>to remove cells from dish</td></tr><tr><td>Lysis Buffer (1 L)</td><td></td><td></td><td>20 mL 1 M Tris pH 7.4&lt;br/&gt; 10 mL glycerol&lt;br/&gt; 30 mL 5 M NaCl&lt;br/&gt; 840 mL ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;br/&gt; 10 mL Triton-X100&lt;br/&gt; (protease and phosphates inhibitors as desired)</td></tr><tr><td>10X TAE (1 L)</td><td></td><td></td><td>48.4 g Tris base&lt;br/&gt; 11.42 mL glacial acetic acid&lt;br/&gt; 20 mL 0.5M EDTA pH 8&lt;br/&gt; ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;0 to 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>4X SDD-AGE loading buffer (50 mL)</td><td></td><td></td><td>5 mL 10X TAE&lt;br/&gt; 10 mL glycerol&lt;br/&gt; 4 mL 20% SDS&lt;br/&gt; 0.5 mL 10% bromophenol blue&lt;br/&gt; 31 mL ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>TBS Transfer Buffer (1 L)</td><td></td><td></td><td>20 mL 1 M Tris pH 7.4&lt;br/&gt; 30 mL 5 M NaCl&lt;br/&gt; 950 mL ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>PBST Wash Buffer (1 L)</td><td></td><td></td><td>100 mL 10xPBS&lt;br/&gt; 800 mL ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;br/&gt; 1 mL Tween20</td></tr><tr><td>10X PBS (10 L)</td><td></td><td></td><td>800 g NaCl&lt;br/&gt; 20 g KCl&lt;br/&gt; 144 g Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;br/&gt; 24 g KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br/&gt; add ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O to 10 L</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of two dimensional semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm size heterogeneity of amyloid or amyloid-like fibers

アミロイドやアミロイド様線維は多くの人間の病気に関連付けられている、今多くのシグナル伝達経路の重要であることが発見されています。様々 な実験条件下でのこれらの繊維の形成を容易に検出する機能は潜在的な機能を理解するために不可欠です。多くの方法は、繊維を検出するために使用されているいくつかの欠点がないわけで。たとえば、電子顕微鏡検査 (EM) やコンゴーレッドまたは Thioflavin T にしばしば染色繊維の精製が必要です。その一方で、半変化洗剤アガロース電気泳動 (SDD-年齢) は精製することがなく細胞抽出液の SDS 耐性のアミロイド様線維の検出をことができます。さらに、それは繊維の大きさの違いの比較をことができます。もっと重大に、それは西部にしみが付くことによって繊維内の特定の蛋白質を識別するために使用できます。時間がかかるであり、ラボの広い数をより簡単にアクセスできます。SDD 時代結果しばしば不均質性が変化します。それはタンパク質の SDS 存在下での電気泳動の中に複合体の解離に起因する不均一性の一部であるかどうか質問を上げます。このため、我々 は SDD 時代の SDD 時代に見られるサイズの不均一性が真に繊維不均質体内の結果、劣化または中にタンパク質のいくつかの解離の結果ではないかどうかの 2 番目の次元を採用しています。電気泳動。このメソッドは、SDD 時代プロセス中にアミロイドやアミロイド様線維が部分的に解離しない高速、定性の確認できます。

ネクロトーシス誘導後 RIPK1 と RIPK3 は、ほぼ同一のアミロイドのようなパターン (レーン 2、4、図 1) を示した。しかし、MLKL 繊維はより均一であった、RIPK1/RIPK3 繊維 (レーン 6、図 1) よりも小さくなるように見えた。求め、私たちは MLKL フォーム RIPK1/RIPK3 に依存しない繊維または MLKL を単に SDD 時代に大規模な RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers at JoVE.com

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

アミロイドやアミロイドのような繊維のサイズの不均一性を確認するため 2 次元半変化洗剤 Agarose のゲル電気泳動の使用

ここでは、異機種混在サイズのアミロイド様線維の存在を確認し、ゲルの中にアミロイド線維の解離によるサイズの不均一性がある可能性を除外する二次元半変化 agarose のゲルの電気泳動を使用します。実行中のプロセス。

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. ...

use-two-dimensional-semi-denaturing-detergent-agarose-gel

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.7K ビュー.  UT Southwestern Medical Center. ここでは、異機種混在サイズのアミロイド様線維の存在を確認し、ゲルの中にアミロイド線維の解離によるサイズの不均一性がある可能性を除外する二次元半変化 agarose のゲルの電気泳動を使用します。実行中のプロセス。

ビデオ: Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&beta; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis1. A&beta; is predominantly a 40- or 42-amino acid peptide that is prone to self-aggregation into &beta;-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils that are found in the cores of cerebral senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence suggests that low molecular weight, soluble A&beta; multimers are more toxic than fibrillar A&beta; amyloid2. The identification and quantification of low- and high-molecular weight multimeric A&beta; species in brain tissue is an essential objective in Alzheimer's disease research, and the methods employed also can be applied to the identification and characterization of toxic multimers in other proteopathies3. Naturally occurring A&beta; multimers can be detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting with A&beta;-specific antibodies. However, the separation and detection of multimeric A&beta; requires the use of highly concentrated cortical homogenates and antigen retrieval in small pore-size nitrocellulose membranes. Here we describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE, and antigen-epitope retrieval/Western blotting with antibody 6E10 to the N-terminal region of the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect A&beta; monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher molecular weight multimers in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&#946; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

We describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, protein separation by SDS-PAGE, antigen retrieval and immunoblotting with an antibody to the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect monomeric and multimeric A&beta; in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

ヒト皮質組織におけるAβ多量体のSDS-PAGE/Immunoblotの検出は、抗原エピトープの検索を使用してホモジネート

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's ...

神経科学

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Amyloid aggregation is associated with numerous protein misfolding pathologies and underlies the infectious properties of prions, which are conformationally self-templating proteins that are thought to have beneficial roles in lower organisms.  Amyloids have been notoriously difficult to study due to their insolubility and structural heterogeneity.  However, resolution of amyloid polymers based on size and detergent insolubility has been made possible by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (SDD-AGE).  This technique is finding widespread use for the detection and characterization of amyloid conformational variants.  Here, we demonstrate an adaptation of this technique that facilitates its use in large-scale applications, such as screens for novel prions and other amyloidogenic proteins.  The new SDD-AGE method uses capillary transfer for greater reliability and ease of use, and allows any sized gel to be accomodated.  Thus, a large number of samples, prepared from cells or purified proteins, can be processed simultaneously for the presence of SDS-insoluble conformers of tagged proteins.

SDD-AGE is a useful technique for the detection and characterization of amyloid-like polymers in cells. Here we demonstrate an adaptation that makes this technique amenable to large-scale applications.

セミ変性洗剤-アガロースゲル電気泳動によりアミロイド凝集のためにスクリーニング

Amyloid aggregation is associated with numerous protein misfolding pathologies and underlies the infectious properties of prions, which are ...

生物学

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or pathological conditions. Basically, this technique is based on the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point in a first step, and secondly according to their molecular weights by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In this report an optimized sample preparation protocol for little amount of human post-mortem and mouse brain tissue is described. This method enables to perform both two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mini 2DE immunoblotting. The combination of these approaches allows one to not only find new proteins and/or protein modifications in their expression thanks to its compatibility with mass spectrometry detection, but also a new insight into markers validation. Thus, mini-2DE coupled to western blotting permits to identify and validate post-translational modifications, proteins catabolism and provides a qualitative comparison among different conditions and/or treatments. Herein, we provide a method to study components of protein aggregates found in AD and Lewy body dementia such as the amyloid-beta peptide and the alpha-synuclein. Our method can thus be adapted for the analysis of the proteome and insoluble proteins extract from human brain tissue and mice models too. In parallel, it may provide useful information for the study of molecular and cellular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases as well as potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

A common protein extraction protocol using urea/thiourea/SDS buffer for human and mice brain tissue allows indentification of proteins by 2D-DIGE and their subsequent characterization by mini 2DE immunoblotting. This method enables one to obtain more reproducible and reliable results from human biopsies and experimental models.

コンセンサス脳由来のタンパク質、2D-DIGEとミニ2DEイムノ両方を使用して、ヒトおよびマウスの脳プロテオーム研究のための抽出プロトコール

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or ...

Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyloid-beta peptides form protofibrils in the extracellular space, which act as seeds that gradually grow and mature into large amyloid plaques. Despite this basic understanding, current knowledge of the amyloid fibril structure, composition, and deposition patterns in the brain is limited. One major barrier has been the inability to isolate highly purified amyloid fibrils from brain extracts. Affinity purification and laser capture microdissection-based approaches have been previously used to isolate amyloids but are limited by the small quantity of material that can be recovered. This novel, robust protocol describes the biochemical purification of amyloid plaque cores using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilization with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and ultrasonication and yields highly pure fibrils from AD patients and AD model brain tissues. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based bottom-up proteomic analysis of the purified material represents a robust strategy to identify nearly all the primary protein components of amyloid fibrils. Previous proteomic studies of proteins in the amyloid coronae have revealed an unexpectedly large and functionally diverse collection of proteins. Notably, after refining the purification strategy, the number of co-purifying proteins was reduced by more than 10-fold, indicating the high purity of the isolated SDS insoluble material. Negative staining and immuno-gold electron microscopy allowed confirmation of the purity of these preparations. Further studies are required to understand the spatial and biological attributes that contribute to the deposition of these proteins into amyloid inclusions. Taken together, this analytical strategy is well-positioned to increase the understanding of amyloid biology.

This biochemical purification method with mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis facilitates the robust characterization of amyloid fibril cores, which may accelerate the identification of targets for preventing Alzheimer's disease.

脳からのアミロイド線維コアの生化学的浄化とプロテオミクス特性評価

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease ...

Separating Protein with SDS-PAGE

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE, is a widely-used technique for separating mixtures of proteins based on their size and nothing else. SDS, an anionic detergent, is used to produce an even charge across the length of proteins that have been linearized. By first loading them into a gel made of polyacrylamide and then applying an electric field to the gel, SDS-coated proteins are then separated. The electric field acts as the driving force, drawing the SDS coated proteins towards the anode with larger proteins moving more slowly than small proteins. In order to identify proteins by size, protein standards of a known size are loaded along with samples and run under the same conditions.
This video presents an introduction to SDS-PAGE by first explaining the theory behind it and later demonstrating its step-by-step procedure. Various experimental parameters, such as the polyacrylamide concentration and voltage applied to the gel are discussed. Downstream staining methods like Coomassie and silver stains are introduced, and variations of the method, like 2D gel electrophoresis are presented.

Separating Protein with SDS-PAGE: Procedure and Applications

SDS-PAGEを用いたタンパク質の分離

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE, is a widely-used technique for separating mixtures of proteins based on their ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

基礎生物学

細胞および分子生物学の基本的方法

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) is a technique that can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a mixture. This technique involves two distinct separation methods that have been coupled together: isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This physically separates compounds across two axes of a gel by their isoelectric points (an electrochemical property) and their molecular weights.
The procedure in this video covers the main concepts of 2DGE and a general procedure for characterizing the composition of a complex protein solution. Three examples of this technique are shown in the applications section, including biomarker detection for disease initiation and progress, monitoring treatment in patients, and the study of proteins following posttranslational modification (PTM).
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">
Two-dimensional, or 2D, gel electrophoresis is a technique utilizing two distinct separation methods which can separate thousands of proteins from a single mixture. One of the techniques, SDS-PAGE or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cannot fully separate complex mixtures alone. 2D gel electrophoresis couples the SDS-PAGE to a second method, isoelectric focusing or IEF, which separates based on isoelectric points, allowing for the resolution of potentially all proteins in a cell lysate. This video will show the principles of 2D gel electrophoresis, a general procedure, and some of its biomedical applications.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">
2D gel electrophoresis begins with IEF as the first dimension. Every protein has a pH value, called the isoelectric point or pI, where the net charge is zero. When a protein is subjected to an electric field, it will move toward the electrode with opposite charge. Samples of interest are loaded onto immobilized pH gradient, or IPG, strips which have embedded ampholytes, molecules containing both acidic and basic groups. An electric field is then applied to the pH gradient strip, causing the proteins to migrate until they reach the pH value matching their pI, where they lose their net charge.
Prior to running the second-dimension, the embedded proteins are treated with SDS, denaturing them and providing a uniform negative charge. Once completed, the IPG strips are placed onto a polyacrylamide gel. An applied electric field draws the proteins toward the anode, with larger proteins moving more slowly through the gel.
Once the protein mixture has been separated according to pI and molecular weight, the proteome map is visualized using stains, and proteins of interest are identified.
Now that we have discussed the principles of 2D gel electrophoresis, let&#39;s go over a typical laboratory procedure.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">
Before the experiment can be performed, the proteins must be solubilized into media. Solubilization of the sample is achieved by de-aggregating proteins with a combination of chaotropic agents for disrupting hydrogen-bonding interactions, nonionic detergents to prevent altering of the proteins&#39; charge, reducing agents to break disulfide bonds, and buffers. To remove interfering abundant proteins and other molecules, the material is sequentially extracted by centrifugation, and collection of the resulting pellet; followed by treatment with endonuclease, an enzyme used to consume any DNA that would interfere with the experiment.
Once the proteins have been solubilized, IPG strips are prepared by rinsing with a strip-cleaning solution and left upside-down to dry. Each strip is then assigned a strip holder number. Once ready, the cellular extract is loaded onto the strips in a slow, sliding motion from the negative to the positive end. For the purpose of rehydration, damp blotting paper is placed on top of the electrode and under the gel strips; the IPG strips are then lined onto the IEF instrument. A high electric current is applied, and the proteins begin to migrate.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">
Following completion of the first dimension, the gel for SDS-PAGE is prepared in a casting apparatus. The IPG strips are treated by placing them face down in SDS-containing equilibration buffer. The electrophoresis unit is readied with the addition of electrophoresis buffer. The treated IPG strips are collected using tweezers, placed on top of the gel plates, and sealed with agarose-sealing solution. A voltage source then applies an electric field, which is held until the fastest-moving proteins are 1 cm from the bottom of the gel.
After completion of the electrophoresis, the proteins must be visualized. Traditionally this is performed by staining with Coomassie blue or silver nitrate. Proteins of interest may be transferred from the gel, and analyzed by Western blot analysis.
A second identification approach involves excision of the proteins from the gel, digesting them, than analyzing them by mass spectrometry.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4">
Now that we&#39;ve reviewed a procedure, let&#39;s look at some of the uses for 2D gel electrophoresis.
One of the most common uses for this technique is the identification of molecules involved in disease initiation and progression. 2D gel electrophoresis, coupled with mass spectrometry, can detect the up- or down-regulation of specific proteins in diseased areas in comparison to healthy ones.
Additionally, 2D gel electrophoresis is useful in following the progress of patients&#39; response to a potential therapeutic drug. Specimens may be taken from patients at various timepoints following administration of the treatment. In this way, 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with Western blot or mass spectrometry analysis, can detect proteins associated with negative responses such as inflammation; or the absence of proteins in an alleviated state.
Another use for 2D gel electrophoresis is in the study of protein structure and function following posttranslational modification, or PTM, which are additions to proteins following their translation from mRNA. PTM&#39;s can regulate a variety of functions, including protein signaling, gene expression, or cause oxidative damage. 2D gel electrophoresis is sensitive to modifications such as methylation or acetylation, which can cause a shift in pI as well as the molecular weight.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5">
You&#39;ve just watched JoVE&#39;s video on 2D gel electrophoresis. This video described the principles of the technique, a typical experimental procedure, and several of its applications in the field of biomedicine.
Thanks for watching!
</div>

二次元ゲル電気泳動

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) is a technique that can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a mixture. This technique involves two distinct ...

化学

生化学

Isolation of Amyloid Fibrils from Brain Tissue Extract

Source: Upadhyay, A. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63816">Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the protocol for isolating&#160; amyloid fibrils from mouse brain tissue extract using density gradient centrifugation and digestion of non-amyloid proteins.

脳組織抽出物からのアミロイド線維の単離

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Tissue harvesting and ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Two-Dimensional Semi-Denaturing Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: A Technique to Separate Polymorphic Amyloids Fibers Based on Size Heterogeneity

Source: Hanna-Addams, S., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/57498">Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video demonstrates the two-dimensional semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis-based separation of amyloid fibers. The technique separates the polymorphic amyloid aggregates based on their heterogeneous size.

二次元半変性アガロースゲル電気泳動:サイズ不均一性に基づく多形アミロイド繊維を分離する技術

Source: Hanna-Addams, S., et al. Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or ...

生物学的手法

電気泳動技術

Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: A Separation Technique for Analysis of Proteins in Complex Protein Mixture Based on Charge and Molecular Weight

Source: Zhan, X., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/56739">Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
In this video, we demonstrate a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method that separates individual proteins from a complex protein mixture obtained from tumor tissues of human nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA). The proteins are separated based on their electric charge in the first dimension and further separated based on molecular weights in the second dimension.

二次元ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動:電荷と分子量に基づく複雑なタンパク質混合物中のタンパク質の分析のための分離技術

Source: Zhan, X., et al. Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue ...

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O&#39;&#160;Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such as&#160; cells and tissues, are first prepared for IEF by treatment with a buffer containing urea, dithiothreitol, detergents, and ampholytes. Here, urea and detergent solubilize and denature the proteins. Dithiothreitol is a reducing agent that cleaves disulfide bonds. Ampholytes used in a suitable concentration solubilize the protein and maintain pH. The buffer also rehydrates the IPG strip that helps it absorb the proteins before their charge-based separation.
Proteins are amphoteric molecules with positive and negative charges. The amphoteric protein molecules migrate on the pH gradient of the IPG strip under the electric current. Once the proteins reach their isoelectric point, they immobilize because, at this point, they have no net charge. IPG strips have a fixed pH gradient; for instance, strips with a smaller pH range (for example, pH 4-7) can detect proteins with higher accuracy than those with a broader range (pH 3-10). Once the proteins separate, the IPG strips are treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer to proceed to the next phase, i.e., mass-based separation using SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). SDS covers the uncharged protein on the IPG strips with a negative charge, and glycerol reduces electroendosmosis which helps the transfer of proteins from the first to the second dimension.
Generally, bands on the gel can be visualized upon staining. Sometimes radiolabelled samples are used to obtain an autoradiographic image. Samples capable of producing fluorescent images can also be used.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has gained importance owing to the precision of the outcome results. However, the method is unsuitable for distinguishing highly hydrophobic proteins,&#160; proteins with high molecular mass, or those present in very low quantities per cell.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O&#39;&#160;Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method ...

アミロイドやアミロイドのような繊維のサイズの不均一性を確認するため 2 次元半変化洗剤 Agarose のゲル電気泳動の使用

要約

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ヒト皮質組織におけるAβ多量体のSDS-PAGE/Immunoblotの検出は、抗原エピトープの検索を使用してホモジネート

セミ変性洗剤-アガロースゲル電気泳動によりアミロイド凝集のためにスクリーニング

コンセンサス脳由来のタンパク質、2D-DIGEとミニ2DEイムノ両方を使用して、ヒトおよびマウスの脳プロテオーム研究のための抽出プロトコール

脳からのアミロイド線維コアの生化学的浄化とプロテオミクス特性評価

SDS-PAGEを用いたタンパク質の分離

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脳組織抽出物からのアミロイド線維の単離

二次元半変性アガロースゲル電気泳動:サイズ不均一性に基づく多形アミロイド繊維を分離する技術

二次元ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動:電荷と分子量に基づく複雑なタンパク質混合物中のタンパク質の分析のための分離技術

二次元ゲル電気泳動