Desarrollo de los protocolos descritos en este trabajo fue apoyado por subvenciones de los organismos de financiamientos siguientes: BBSRC (BB/I026359/1), lucha para la vista (1429 y 1822), la Fundación de investigación de Diabetes Juvenil (2-2003-525), Wellcome Trust (074648/Z/04), British Heart Foundation (PG/11/94/29169), HSC R & D División (STL/4748/13) y MRC (MC_PC_15026).

<ol>
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N., Curtis, T. M., McGeown, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca(2+)+sparks+promote+myogenic+tone+in+retinal+arterioles.">Ca(2+) sparks promote myogenic tone in retinal arterioles.</a> British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (7), 1675-1686 (2013).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez, J. A., McGahon, M. K., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CaV3.1+T-Type+Ca2++Channels+Contribute+to+Myogenic+Signaling+in+Rat+Retinal+Arterioles.">CaV3.1 T-Type Ca2+ Channels Contribute to Myogenic Signaling in Rat Retinal Arterioles.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 56 (9), 5125-5132 (2015).</li><li>McGahon, M. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nifedipine+blocks+Ca2++store+refilling+through+a+pathway+not+involving+L-type+Ca2++channels+in+rabbit+arteriolar+smooth+muscle.">Nifedipine blocks Ca2+ store refilling through a pathway not involving L-type Ca2+ channels in rabbit arteriolar smooth muscle.</a> Journal of Physiology. 532 (3), 609-623 (2001).</li><li>Tumelty, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelin+1+stimulates+Ca2+-sparks+and+oscillations+in+retinal+arteriolar+myocytes+via+IP3R+and+RyR-dependent+Ca2++release.">Endothelin 1 stimulates Ca2+-sparks and oscillations in retinal arteriolar myocytes via IP3R and RyR-dependent Ca2+ release.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 52 (6), 3874-3879 (2011).</li><li>Huynh, K. 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Dr. Joanna Kur es ahora un empleado de Medtronic (ciudades gemelas, Minnesota, USA), su actual trabajo no entra en conflicto con la presentada aquí.

Los protocolos descritos anteriormente requieren práctica pero deben ser con un mínimo de resolución de problemas. En un día normal obtener arteriolas utilizables de 6-8 desde el aislamiento y lograr experimentos exitosos de 3-4. Si se encuentran problemas, sin embargo, hay algunos pasos que pueden tomarse para ayudar a mejorar las tasas de éxito. En ocasiones hemos encontrado, especialmente en ratas jóvenes (< 8 semanas), que el rendimiento de las arteriolas puede ser bajo. Para evitar este problema, sugerimos que el tejido retiniano (10-30 s a 500 x g) entre cada uno de la trituración de la centrifugación los pasos en pasos 1.12-1.14. Esto a menudo ayuda a mejorar el rendimiento de los barcos pero también aumentará la cantidad de restos de células dentro de la preparación.
Cuando canular vasos estudios miografía de presión es importante comprobar las arteriolas cuidadosamente para cualquier ramas laterales que pueden haber sido troceados cerca del sitio de la bifurcación. Esto representa una causa frecuente de fugas y pérdidas de presión durante la experimentación. El principal problema que puede surgir con los [Ca2 +] protocolos es el nivel de carga de tinte. Carga de tinte pobre conduce a proporciones bajas de señal a ruido, mientras se sobrecarga el resultado en la interrupción de la normal homeostasis de Ca2 + . Para reducir la probabilidad de que cualquiera de estas cuestiones, puede extraerse una pequeña alícuota de homogeneizado de retina y vasos aislados controlar periódicamente durante el protocolo de carga. Cuando la empresa experimentos de patch-clamp, la tasa de éxito de formación gigaseal es bien depende en gran medida de cómo la lámina basal ha sido digerida. Cuando inicialmente prueba este protocolo o utilizando nuevos lotes de enzimas puede ser necesario ajustar la concentración/duración de la digestión de la enzima. Supervisar cuidadosamente la separación de las capas endoteliales y músculo liso garantizará suficiente digestión quitar bastante basal laminal para acceder. También es necesario evitar la digestión excesiva, que puede manifestarse como el buque comienza a constrict monitoreo cuidadoso. Si esto ocurre, las células musculares lisas son a menudo demasiado frágiles para la grabación de patch clamp. Aplicación de enzimas, es importante incluir DNasa I para asegurar el retiro de cadenas de ADN liberados de las células dañadas durante el proceso de aislamiento. Fragmentos de ADN son pegajosos y causar el fórceps para adherirse a la arteriola durante las etapas finales del proceso de limpieza (paso 4.4), a menudo dando por resultado pérdida del buque. Limpieza de los vasos es técnicamente difícil y se realiza mejor a gran aumento (20 X) con movimientos suaves de barrido de pinzas cerradas del diámetro más fino posible punta. Entre barridos, limpie la pinza de rodillo del laboratorio.
Como se destacó antes, una motivación clave en el desarrollo de los protocolos descritos en este manuscrito era entender mejor por qué el flujo sanguíneo se interrumpe durante enfermedades vasculares de la retina. La mayor parte de nuestro trabajo hasta la fecha se ha centrado en la enfermedad de ojo diabética28,33. Las arteriolas pueden ser aisladas de las retinas de modelos experimentales de roedores de la diabetes mediante los métodos descritos en la sección 1. Cuando experimentando en arteriolas retinianas aisladas de animales diabéticos, es importante intentar replicar estrechamente las condiciones hiperglucémicos por barcos en vivo. Por esta razón, normalmente sería elevar los niveles D glucosa en nuestras soluciones experimentales a 25 mM y aislamiento. Engrosamiento de las membranas del sótano vasculares es un fenómeno bien reconocido en los vasos retinianos en diabetes34,35. Tratándose de animales con diabetes prolongada (duración de la enfermedad de > 1 meses), las concentraciones de la enzima mayor o tiempos de digestión a menudo se necesitan para permitir la aplicación de métodos de grabación de patch-clamp.
Una importante limitación del uso de ex vivo aislados arteriolas retinianas a estudiar fisiología vascular retiniana y Fisiopatología es la pérdida de los neuropilos de retina circundante. Aunque la eliminación de las células neuronales y gliales retinianas permite fácil acceso a las células del músculo liso vascular retiniano para estudios de fisiología celular, la respuesta de los vasos a mediadores vasoactivos puede cambiar dramáticamente en la ausencia y presencia de retina tejido. Las acciones de la adenosina tri-fosfato (ATP), por ejemplo, proporcionan una buena ilustración de este punto. En aislados arteriolas retinianas, además de ATP los disparadores de la rata una robusta constricción de los vasos36, mientras que en la presencia de un neuropilos intacto, los vasos se dilatan37. Por lo tanto, siempre que sea posible, generalmente tratamos de validar los resultados claves de los preparativos de la arteriola aislados utilizando ex vivo retinal todo-montajes y mediciones en vivo de vaso diámetro y sangre flujo16,37 . De la nota, nuevos métodos han surgido recientemente para el estudio de las pequeñas arteriolas y capilares en toda perfundidos porcina retinas ex vivo38,39. Estas preparaciones suelen mejorar grandemente nuestra comprensión de cómo los neuropilos retina regula tono arteriolar y capilar retiniano y cómo cambios en la hemodinámica retiniana modulan la actividad neuronal en la retina.
Aunque los procedimientos descritos en este documento se centran en el uso de arteriolas retinianas aislado de rata para fisiología comprensión de la célula del músculo liso arteriolar, actualmente estamos desarrollando protocolos para permitir también el estudio de la función endotelial de la célula en estos vasos. En trabajos previos, hemos tenido éxito en la modificación de la digestión enzimática de segmentos arteriolares retinianos para producir tubos de células endoteliales viables que son susceptibles de Ca2 + imagen y patchclamp estudios de grabación. Canulación de las arteriolas aisladas en ambos extremos, permitiendo intramural entrega de drogas, en el futuro podría también activar dependiente del endotelio respuestas vasodilatadoras investigarse en estos vasos.

Entender cómo se controla el flujo sanguíneo en la retina es un objetivo importante, ya que el flujo de sangre anormal se ha implicado en la patogenia de una gran variedad de avistar-que amenaza enfermedades de la retina1,2,3, 4. La circulación retiniana, que provee las células gliales y neuronas retinianas internas, tiene un arreglo de la arteria extremo, con toda la sangre de las arterias retinianas y arteriolas pasando por los capilares a las vénulas retinianas y finalmente las venas5. Flujo sanguíneo en la retina está regulado por el tono de las arterias retinianas y arteriolas así como la actividad contráctil del pericitos situado en las paredes de los capilares de la retina y vénulas post capilares6,7, 8. el control del tono vascular retiniano es complejo y es modulado por una variedad de entradas desde el sistema circulatorio y el tejido retiniano circundante, incluyendo gasometría arterial, circulación de moléculas y hormonas, y sustancias vasoactivas liberados de la retina vascular endotelio y macroglía9,10,11. Las arteriolas retinianas son las pequeñas ramas arteriales de la retina y se componen de una sola capa de células musculares lisas vasculares y un revestimiento interior de longitudinalmente dispuestas las células endoteliales12,13, 14. estos vasos forman el sitio web principal de la resistencia vascular en la circulación retiniana y por lo tanto juegan un papel importante en el control local del flujo sanguíneo retiniano. Arteriolas retinianas regulan el flujo sanguíneo capilar en la retina por dilatación o constricción su diámetro luminal, mediada por cambios en la contractilidad del músculo liso vascular10,15,16. Comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares a través de que retina las arteriolas regulan la perfusión retiniana por lo tanto requiere preparaciones donde las células del músculo liso arteriolar pueden acceder y estudiadas en condiciones como a fisiológico como sea posible.
Ex vivo preparaciones de vasos sanguíneos retinianos aislados proporcionan acceso a las células de músculo liso vascular, mientras que sigue manteniendo su funcionalidad y su interconexión con el endotelio subyacente. Mayoría de los estudios hasta la fecha usando los recipientes aislados se ha centrado en bovinos o porcinos arteriales vasos (60-150 μm). Estas pueden montarse en alambre comercialmente disponible o sistemas de presión de la laringe para permitir interrogatorios farmacológica del músculo liso vascular células mecanismos contráctiles17,18. Estas preparaciones han contribuido enormemente a nuestro conocimiento de la fisiología vascular retiniana en condiciones normales. Pocos estudios han utilizado arteriolas retinianas aisladas de animales de laboratorio pequeños como su diámetro más pequeño (~ 8-45 μm) impide su uso en sistemas convencionales de miografía19,20,21,22. Una ventaja importante, sin embargo, utilizando embarcaciones de animales de laboratorio pequeños es la amplia disponibilidad de modelos de enfermedad retiniana, transgénicos y genéticamente modificados. Animales de laboratorio pequeños también son más susceptibles para estudios de intervención en vivo .
Aquí describimos protocolos sencillos para aislar y canular arteriolas retinianas de ratas para los experimentos miografía de presión. CA2 + proyección de imagen y electrofisiología protocolos utilizando estas embarcaciones también se detallan. Estos pueden proporcionar otras penetraciones en la regulación de la contractilidad del músculo liso vascular y flujo sanguíneo en la retina.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15409083</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-109-3542</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable plastic pipette/ transfer</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>86.1174</td>
			<td>6mL is best but other sizes are acceptable; remove tip to widen aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Brunel Microscopes LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #5 14095</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11546963</td>
			<td>Fire polished to reduce friction but not enough to narrow the tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7741</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent 10cm product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette teat</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12426180</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified water supply</td>
			<td>Merek</td>
			<td>Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bottomed test tube</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-958-10 B</td>
			<td>5 mL; any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seratted forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-467-230</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single edge blades</td>
			<td>Agar Scientific</td>
			<td>T585</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184</td>
			<td>Or any pliable surface&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testtube rack</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Derlin</td>
			<td>10257963</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure myography</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>x2 (or any equilavent product)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis plugin</td>
			<td>Myotraker&#160;</td>
			<td>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091791.s002</td>
			<td>Custom plugin for imageJ Freely available for download</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo-4-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #7 14097</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fura-2-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manometer</td>
			<td>Riester</td>
			<td>LF1459</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W558818</td>
			<td>75&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video capture software</td>
			<td>Hypercam</td>
			<td>version 2.28.01</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2411</td>
			<td>3 mg disolved daily in 50 &#956;L of DMSO (sonicate to dissolve)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200a</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analogue digital converter</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type 1A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>260913</td>
			<td>Working stock 1 MU mL-1 (10 MU diluted in 10 mL LCH)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any equilavent commerical product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>CV203BU</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patching software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Pclamp v10.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Type XIV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5147&#160;</td>
			<td>0.01mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole cell pipette glass</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x40 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>40x/0.55, WD 2.1, &#8734;/1.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ca2+ imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition software&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Acquisition Engine V1.1.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software for confocal imaging</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>SP5&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TE2000</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochromator&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Optoscan</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>LAS-AF version 3.3.</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x100 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>x100 N.A. 1.3 oil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL FLUOTAR, 20x/0.50, &#8734;/0.17/D</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>C PLAN, 4x/0.10, &#8734;/-/&#10013;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x63 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL APO, 63x/1.40 - 0.60 OIL CS &#8734;/0.17/E</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Specifications and settings for fabrication of pipettes for experimentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;10 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 290 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 58 
			Time: 150 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 3-10 &#956;m 
			Polishing: no 
			Final Resistance: &#60;1 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>On-cell patching</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;5 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole-cell patching</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 296 
			Pressure: 200 
			Heat: 287 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 50 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 2-3 &#956;m 
			Polishing: helpful but not necessary 
			Final Resistance: 1-2 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of retinal arterioles for ex vivo cell physiology studies

La retina es un tejido metabólicamente muy activo que requiere una fuente substancial de la sangre. La circulación retiniana compatible con la retina interna, mientras que los vasos coroides fuente de los fotorreceptores. Alteraciones en la perfusión retiniana contribuyan a numerosas enfermedades avistar-que amenaza, incluyendo retinopatía diabética, glaucoma y retina rama oclusiones de la vena. Comprender los mecanismos moleculares implicados en el control del flujo de sangre a través de la retina y cómo estos se alteran en la enfermedad ocular podría conducir a la identificación de nuevas dianas para el tratamiento de estas condiciones. Arteriolas retinianas son los vasos de resistencia principal de la retina y por lo tanto, juegan un papel clave en la regulación hemodinámica retiniana a través de cambios en el diámetro luminal. En los últimos años, hemos desarrollado métodos para aislar las arteriolas de la retina de rata que son convenientes para una amplia gama de aplicaciones, incluyendo estudios de fisiología celular. Esta preparación ha comenzado ya a producir nuevos conocimientos sobre cómo el flujo de sangre es controlado en la retina y nos ha permitido identificar algunos de los cambios claves que ocurren durante la enfermedad ocular. En este artículo, describir los métodos para el aislamiento de arteriolas de retina de rata e incluir protocolos para su uso en estudios miografía presión, proyección de imagen de calcio y electrofisiología patch-clamp. Estos buques también son susceptibles para su uso en PCR, western blot y immunohistochemistry basado en los estudios.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

Este manuscrito describe un protocolo simple para el aislamiento de las arteriolas de la retina de rata que puede utilizarse en, calcio presión y proyección de imagen de miografía estudios electrofisiológicos.

Aislamiento de arteriolas retinianas por estudios de fisiología celular Ex Vivo

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

isolation-of-retinal-arterioles-for-ex-vivo-cell-physiology-studies

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

10.2K vistas.  Queen's University of Belfast. Este manuscrito describe un protocolo simple para el aislamiento de las arteriolas de la retina de rata que puede utilizarse en, calcio presión y proyección de imagen de miografía estudios electrofisiológicos.

Video: Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex.  The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting. This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex. The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

Ratón cromafín aislamiento de células

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This ...

Investigación

Biología

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

La electroporación in vivo en el útero y el ex de la expresión génica en células de ratón ganglionares retinianas

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

Targeted ablations of genes and analysis of animal models is the classical strategy for enrolling specific retinal gene function. However, transgenic, retina-specific or conditional knockout mouse models often display early lethality or suffer from severe malformations, preventing an analysis beyond embryonic or early postnatal stages.
Primary cell culture is an alternative to investigate the effects of exogenously applied recombinant factors, overexpression of genes or siRNA-mediated gene knockdown in a controlled environment. Dissociated cell culture has the advantage that the endogenous signals reaching the target cells are reduced, thereby facilitating the identification of exogenously triggered effects after pharmacological manipulation. However, important cell-cell interactions are initially destroyed by enzymatic digestion or mechanical dissociation, even if re-aggregated retinospheroid cultures1 are used.
By contrast, organotypic retinal wholemount cultures provide a system close to the physiological in vivo situation with neuronal interactions and connections still preserved2-5.
In this video article we provide a step by step demonstration of (1) the establishment of in vivo-like organotypic retinal wholemount cultures including dissection peculiarities of embryonic, postnatal and adult murine eyes and (2) a dissociation and cytospin procedure for analysis of neuronal apoptosis and retinal cell proliferation in organotypic wholemounts, e.g. after culture in the presence of exogenously applied recombinant factors.

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

This video article demonstrates the establishment of organotypic retinal wholemount cultures and a cytospin procedure for analysis of exogenously induced effects. Organotypic retinal wholemount cultures mimic the in vivo situation and significantly facilitate the accessibility of murine retinas for experimental manipulations while circumventing the disadvantages of classical murine animal models.

En vivo-como organotípicos Cultura murino wholemount retina

Targeted ablations of genes and analysis of animal models is the classical strategy for enrolling specific retinal gene function. However, transgenic, ...

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into oligopotent progenitors, committed precursors and mature red blood cells 1. This process is regulated for a large part at the level of gene expression, whereby specific transcription factors activate lineage-specific genes while concomitantly repressing genes that are specific to other cell types 2. Studies on transcription factors regulating erythropoiesis are often performed using human and murine cell lines that represent, to some extent, erythroid cells at given stages of differentiation 3-5. However transformed cell lines can only partially mimic erythroid cells and most importantly they do not allow one to comprehensibly study the dynamic changes that occur as cells progress through many stages towards their final erythroid fate. Therefore, a current challenge remains the development of a protocol to obtain relatively homogenous populations of primary HSCs and erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation in quantities that are sufficient to perform genomics and proteomics experiments.
Here we describe an ex vivo cell culture protocol to induce erythroid differentiation from human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that have been isolated from either cord blood, bone marrow, or adult peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF (leukapheresis). This culture system, initially developed by the Douay laboratory 6, uses cytokines and co-culture on mesenchymal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Using this ex vivo differentiation protocol, we observe a strong amplification of erythroid progenitors, an induction of differentiation exclusively towards the erythroid lineage and a complete maturation to the stage of enucleated red blood cells. Thus, this system provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation as hematopoietic stem cells progress along the erythroid lineage. 
Studying erythropoiesis at the transcriptional level also requires the ability to over-express or knockdown specific factors in primary erythroid cells. For this purpose, we use a lentivirus-mediated gene delivery system that allows for the efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells 7. Here we show that we are able to efficiently knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary human erythroid cells. In addition, GFP expression demonstrates an efficiency of lentiviral infection close to 90%. Thus, our protocol provides a highly useful system for characterization of the regulatory network of transcription factors that control erythropoiesis.

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

An ex vivo protocol to generate mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem/progenitors is described. Additionally we describe an efficient lentiviral-delivery method to knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary erythroid cells. The efficiency of lentivirus mediated gene delivery is demonstrated using GFP expressing viruses.

Lentiviral mediada por derribo Durante Ex Vivo Eritropoyesis de las células estaminales hematopoyéticas

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

La Ex vivo Preparación aislada Microvessel esquelético para la Investigación de la reactividad vascular

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

Un<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Sistema de Cultura para estudiar el desarrollo de la tiroides

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, and membrane potential. All of these approaches depend on measurement of activity at one or multiple locations along the gut simultaneously which are then interpreted to provide a sense of overall motility patterns. Recently, the development of video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques have made it possible to observe and analyze complex patterns in ex vivo whole segments of colon and intestine. Once recorded and digitized, video records can be converted to STmaps in which the luminal diameter is converted to grayscale or color [called diameter maps (Dmaps)]. STmaps can provide data on motility direction (i.e., stationary, peristaltic, antiperistaltic), velocity, duration, frequency and strength of contractile motility patterns. Advantages of this approach include: analysis of interaction or simultaneous development of different motility patterns in different regions of the same segment, visualization of motility pattern changes over time, and analysis of how activity in one region influences activity in another region. Video recordings can be replayed with different timescales and analysis parameters so that separate STmaps and motility patterns can be analyzed in more detail. This protocol specifically details the effects of intraluminal fluid distension and intraluminal stimuli that affect motility generation. The use of luminal receptor agonists and antagonists provides mechanistic information on how specific patterns are initiated and how one pattern can be converted into another pattern. The technique is limited by the ability to only measure motility that causes changes in luminal diameter, without providing data on intraluminal pressure changes or muscle tension, and by the generation of artifacts based upon experimental setup; although, analysis methods can account for these issues. When compared to previous techniques the video recording and STmap approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of gastrointestinal motility.

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Recently available video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques make it possible to visualize and quantify both propagating and mixing patterns of intestinal motility. The goal of this protocol is to explain the generation and analysis of STmaps using the GastroIntestinal Motility Monitoring (GIMM) system.

Mapeo espacio-temporal de la motilidad en<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Preparaciones de los intestinos

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, ...

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. Here, we present an easy and inexpensive method that would be instrumental for testing new drugs decreasing uterine contractility. This method utilizes the unique ability of the entire mouse reproductive tract to exhibit spontaneous motility when maintained ex vivo in a Petri dish containing oxygenated Krebs buffer. This spontaneous motility resembles the wave-like myometrial activity of the human uterus, referred to as endometrial waves. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we employed a well-known uterine relaxant drug, epinephrine. We demonstrate that the spontaneous motility of the entire mouse reproductive tract can be quickly and reversibly inhibited by 1 &#181;M epinephrine in this Petri dish model. Documenting the changes of uterine motility can be easily done using an ordinary smart phone or a sophisticated digital camera. We developed a MATLAB-based algorithm allowing motion tracking to quantify spontaneous uterine motility changes by measuring the rate of uterine horn movements. A major advantage of this ex vivo approach is that the reproductive tract remains intact throughout the entire experiment, preserving all intrinsic intrauterine cellular interactions. The major limitation of this approach is that up to 10-20% of uteri may exhibit no spontaneous motility. Thus far, this is the first quantitative ex vivo method for assessing spontaneous uterine motility in a Petri dish model.

Uterine contractions are important for the well-being of females. However, pathologically increased contractility may result in dysmenorrhea, especially in younger females. Here, we describe a simple ex vivo preparation allowing quick assessment of the efficacy of smooth muscle relaxants that may be used for treating dysmenorrhea.

Método Ex Vivo para evaluar la motilidad espontánea del tracto reproductivo de ratón y un algoritmo de seguimiento de movimiento del útero basado en MATLAB para el análisis de datos

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. ...

Isolation of Cardiomyocytes from Fixed Hearts for Immunocytochemistry and Ploidy Analysis

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably identify nuclei of cardiomyocytes on histological sections, many groups rely on isolating viable cardiomyocytes prior to fixation to perform immunostaining. However, these live cardiomyocyte isolation techniques require optimization to maximize the yield, viability and quality of the samples, with inherent fluctuations from sample to sample despite maximum optimization. Here, we report a reproducible protocol, involving fixation prior to enzymatic digestion of the heart, which leads to maximum yield while preserving the in vivo morphology of individual cardiomyocytes. We further developed an automated analysis platform to determine the number of nuclei and DNA content per nucleus for individual cardiomyocytes. After exposing the chest cavity, the heart was arrested in diastole by perfusion with 60 mM KCl in PBS. Next, the heart was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution, and then digested with 60 mg/mL collagenase solution. After digestions, cells were singularized by trituration, and the cardiomyocyte fraction was enriched via differential centrifugation. Isolated cardiomyocytes were stained for Troponin T and &#945;-actinin to assess purity of the obtained population. Furthermore, we developed an image analysis platform to determine cardiomyocyte nucleation and ploidy status following DAPI staining. Image based ploidy assessments led to consistent and reproducible results. Thus, with this protocol, it is possible to preserve native morphology of individual cardiomyocytes to allow immunocytochemistry and DNA content analysis while achieving maximum yield.

The goal of this work is to develop a method to reproducibly isolate cardiomyocytes from the adult heart and measure DNA content and nucleation.

Aislamiento de cardiomiocitos de corazones fijos para inmunocitoquímica y análisis de ploide

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably ...

Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.

The present protocol describes the acute isolation of viable cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells from adult, juvenile, larval, and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio), suitable for electrophysiological studies.

Aislamiento de células musculares lisas cardíacas y vasculares de peces cebra adultos, juveniles, larvales y embrionarios para estudios electrofisiológicos

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the ...

Aislamiento de arteriolas retinianas por estudios de fisiología celular Ex Vivo

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