이 문서에서 설명 하는 프로토콜의 개발은 다음 자금 지원 기관에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다: BBSRC (BB/I026359/1), 시력 (1429와 1822), 소아 당뇨병 연구 재단 (2-2003-525), Wellcome 신뢰 (074648/Z/04)에 대 한 싸움 영국 심장 재단 (PG/11/94/29169), HSC R & D 부문 (STL/4748/13) 및 MRC (MC_PC_15026).

<ol>
	<li>Kohner, E. M., Patel, V., Rassam, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+blood+flow+and+impaired+autoregulation+in+the+pathogenesis+of+diabetic+retinopathy.">Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.</a> Diabetes. 44, 603-607 (1995).</li><li>Hafez, A. S., Bizzarro, R. L., Lesk, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+optic+nerve+head+and+peripapillary+retinal+blood+flow+in+glaucoma+patients,+ocular+hypertensives,+and+normal+subjects.">Evaluation of optic nerve head and peripapillary retinal blood flow in glaucoma patients, ocular hypertensives, and normal subjects.</a> American Journal of Ophthalmology. 136, 1022-1031 (2003).</li><li>Curtis, T. M., Gardiner, T. A., Stitt, A. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+retinal+vascular+patterns.+I.+Normal+architecture.">Studies of retinal vascular patterns. I. Normal architecture.</a> Archives of Ophthalmology. 64, 904-911 (1960).</li><li>Scholfield, C. N., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+physiology+of+retinal+and+choroidal+arteriolar+smooth+muscle+cells.">Cellular physiology of retinal and choroidal arteriolar smooth muscle cells.</a> Microcirculation. 14 (1), 11-24 (2007).</li><li>Puro, D. 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박사 조 안 나 Kur Medtronic (트윈-도시, 미네소타, 미국)의 직원은 지금, 그녀의 현재 작업을 충돌 하지 않는 여기에 제시 된 그.

위에서 설명한 프로토콜 연습을 필요로 하지만 최소한의 문제 해결 달성 되어야 합니다. 평균 하루에 우리 6-8 사용할 arterioles 고립에서 얻을 것이 고 3-4 성공적인 실험을 달성. 그러나 문제가 발생 하는 경우, 성공률을 개선 하기 위해 취할 수 있는 몇 가지 단계가 있습니다. 때때로 우리는 발견, 어린 쥐 (< 8 주)를 사용 하는 경우에 특히 arterioles의 수익률 낮은 될 수 있습니다. 이 문제를 회피, 단계 1.12-1.14 단계는 분쇄의 각 사이 망막 조직 (500g x 10-30 s) centrifuging 좋습니다 것 이다. 이 종종 혈관의 수율을 개선 하는 데 도움이 하지만 준비 내 세포 파편의 양을 증가.
때 혈관 압력 myography 연구에 대 한 cannulating arterioles 수 분기 가까운 죽 습 되었습니다가지고 있는 모든 사이드 지점에 대 한 신중 하 게 확인 하기 중요 하다. 이 실험 동안 누설의 일반적인 원인 및 압력의 손실을 나타냅니다. [캘리포니아2 +]나 프로토콜 함께 발생할 수 있는 주요 문제는 염료 로드의 수준 이다. 불 쌍 한 염료 로드 일반 Ca2 + 항상성 장애에 결과 오버 로드 하는 동안 낮은 신호 대 잡음 비율, 리드. 이러한 문제 중 하나에의 가능성을 줄이기 위해, 망막 homogenate의 작은 약 수를 제거할 수 있습니다, 하 고 격리 된 선박 로드 프로토콜 동안 정기적으로 검사 합니다. 사업 패치 클램프 실험, gigaseal 형성의 성공률도 높은 방법에 의존 하는 경우 기저 lamina 소화 되어 있다. 때 처음이 프로토콜 테스트 또는 사용 하 여 새로운 많은 효소의 효소 소화 농도/기간 조정 필요할 수 있습니다. 충분히 기초를 제거 하는 충분 한 소화 보장 한다 내 피 및 평활 근 층의 분리를 신중 하 게 모니터링 액세스 laminal. 주의 깊은 모니터링 하는 것은 또한 혈관 수축 시작으로 매니 페스트 수 있습니다-소화를 방지 하는 데 필요한입니다. 이 경우, 평활 근 세포는 종종 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 너무 약 합니다. 효소를 적용할 때 그것은 DNAse를 포함 하는 것이 중요 내가 DNA에서 해방의의 제거를 보장 하기 위해 손상 된 세포 격리 과정. DNA 파편은 끈 적 원인과 (4.4 단계), 청소 과정의 최종 단계는 되에 고착을 겸 종종 선박 손실의 결과로. 혈관 청소 기술적으로 어려운 이며 가장 높은 최고의 가능한 팁 직경의 닫힌된 집게의 부드러운 연소 움직임 확대 (20 X)에서 수행 됩니다. 스윕, 사이 랩 롤과 집게 청소.
강조,이 원고에 설명 된 프로토콜의 개발 뒤에 주요 동기 망막 혈관 질환 중 혈 중단 왜 이해를 했다. 날짜를 우리의 작품의 대부분은 당뇨병 안구 질환28,33에 집중 했다. Arterioles 섹션 1에에서 설명 된 방법을 사용 하 여 당뇨병의 실험적인 설치류 모델의 망막에서 격리 될 수 있습니다. 실험에서 당뇨병 동물에서 분리 된 망막 arterioles 때 그것은 밀접 하 게 비보에혈관에 의해 경험 hyperglycemic 조건 복제 하려고 하는 것이 중요. 이러한 이유로, 우리가 일반적으로 우리의 절연 및 25 m m 실험적인 솔루션에서 D-포도 당 수준을 인상 것입니다. 혈관 지하실 막 두껍게 당뇨병34,35동안 망막 혈관에 잘 인식 된 현상입니다. 동물을 사용 하 여 장기간 당뇨병 (> 1 개월 질병 기간) 때 증가 효소 농도 또는 소화 시간 종종 필요 패치 클램프 기록 방법의 응용 프로그램을 활성화 합니다.
비보 전 을 사용 하 여 중요 한 제한 절연 망막 arterioles 망막 혈관 생리학을 공부 하 고 이상 주변 망막 neuropile의 손실 이다. 망막 폐해 및 신경 세포의 제거는 세포 생리학 연구에 대 한 망막 혈관 평활 근 세포에 쉽게 액세스할 수 있습니다,. 비록 vasoactive 중재자에 대 한 혈관의 응답 부재 및 망막의 존재에서 극적으로 변경할 수 있습니다. 조직입니다. 아데노신 트라이-인산 염 (ATP)의 작업은 예를 들어이 포인트의 좋은 그림을 제공합니다. 고립 된 쥐 망막 arterioles, ATP 트리거의 추가 선박36의 강력한 수축, 그대로 neuropile의 존재에 혈관 팽창37. 따라서, 가능 하다 면, 우리가 일반적으로 시도 비보 전 망막 전체 마운트 및 선박 직경 및 혈액 흐름16,37 의 측정 vivo에서 를 사용 하 여 우리의 고립된 되 준비에서 주요 연구 결과 유효성을 검사 하 . 주의 새로운 방법을 최근 작은 arterioles38,39 비보 전전체 끼얹는다 돼지 망막 모세 혈관을 공부 하 고 대 한 나왔다. 이러한 준비 크게 망막 neuropile 망막 arteriolar 및 모 세관 톤을 조절 하는 방법 및 망막 haemodynamics에 변화 망막에 신경 활동을 조절 하는 어떻게의 우리의 이해를 향상 시킬 가능성이 있다.
이 문서에서 설명 하는 절차는 이해 arteriolar 부드러운 근육 세포 생리학에 대 한 고립 된 쥐 망막 arterioles의 사용에 초점을 맞추고 있다, 하지만 우리는 현재 프로토콜에 내 피 세포 기능 연구 활성화를 개발합니다 이러한 선박입니다. 예비 작업에서 우리는 캘리포니아2 + 이미징 및 연구 기록 patchclamp 의무가 가능한 내 피 세포 튜브를 망막 arteriolar 세그먼트의 효소 소화 수정에 성공 되었습니다. Intraluminal 배달, 약물의 사용, 양쪽 끝에 격리 arterioles cannulation 수도 미래에 이러한 선박에 조사를 사용 피 종속 vasodilatory 응답.

비정상적인 혈 시력을 위협 하는 다양 한의 병 인에 연루 되어 이후 중요 한 목표는 망막에 혈액 흐름을 제어 하는 방법을 이해 망막 질병1,2,3, 4. 제공 안 망막 신경 그리고 glial 세포, 망막 순환 arterioles 망막 venules 그리고 마지막으로 혈관5모 세관을 통과 하 고 망막 동맥에서 혈액의 모든 최종 동맥 배열을, 있다. 망막에 혈액 흐름의 망막 동맥, arterioles 톤 후 모 세관 venules6,7, 및 망막 모세 혈관의 벽에 있는 pericytes의 수축 성 활동에 의해 통제 된다 8. 망막 혈관 음색의 제어는 복잡 하 고 다양 한 분자와 호르몬, 순환 혈액 가스를 포함 한 주변 망막 조직 하 고 순환 시스템에서 입력에 의해 변조 및 vasoactive 물질에서 발표는 망막 혈관 내 피와 macroglia9,,1011. 망막 arterioles 망막의 작은 동맥 가지 단일 층의 혈관 평활 근 세포의 구성와의 내부 안 감 경도 배열 내 피 세포12,13, 14. 이러한 혈관 망막 순환 내 혈관 저항의 주요 사이트를 형성 하 고 따라서 망막 혈액 흐름의 로컬 제어에서 중요 한 역할. 망막 arterioles dilating 또는 변화 혈관 평활 근 수축10,15,16에 의해 중재 luminal 그들의 직경을 constricting에 의해 망막에 모 세관 혈액의 흐름을 조절 합니다. Arterioles 규제는 망막을 통해 망막 관류 필요 준비 arteriolar 평활 근 세포를 액세스할 수 있으며 가능한 생리 적 조건에 가깝게에서 공부 하는 분자 메커니즘을 이해.
고립 된 망막 혈관의 비보 전 준비 아직도 그들의 기능 및 기본 피와 상호를 유지 하는 동안 혈관 평활 근 세포에 대 한 액세스를 제공 합니다. 격리 된 용기를 사용 하 여 현재까지 대부분의 연구는 큰 소 또는 돼지 동맥 혈관 (60-150 µ m)에 집중 했다. 이러한 상용 와이어 또는 혈관 평활 근 세포 수축 메커니즘17,18의 약리 심문 수 있도록 압력 myograph 시스템에 장착할 수 있습니다. 이러한 준비 정상적인 조건에서 망막 혈관 생리학의 우리의 지식에 크게 기여 했다. 몇 가지 연구는 그들의 작은 직경으로 작은 실험실 동물에서 분리 된 망막 arterioles 사용 (~ 8-45 µ m) 기존의 myography 시스템19,20,,2122에 그들의 사용을 방지. 그러나 중요 한 이점,, 작은 실험 동물에서 혈관을 사용 하 여 유전자 변형, 유전자 변형 및 망막 질환 모델의 넓은 가용성 이다. 작은 실험실 동물 개입 연구 비보에 대 한 더 많은 의무가 있습니다.
여기 우리는 분리 하 고 압력 myography 실험 쥐 망막 arterioles cannulating에 대 한 간단한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 캘리포니아2 + 이미징 및 전기 생리학 프로토콜 사용 하 여 이러한 혈관도 자세히 나와 있습니다. 이러한 추가 혈관 평활 근 수축 및 망막에 혈액 흐름의 규칙으로 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15409083</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-109-3542</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable plastic pipette/ transfer</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>86.1174</td>
			<td>6mL is best but other sizes are acceptable; remove tip to widen aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Brunel Microscopes LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #5 14095</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11546963</td>
			<td>Fire polished to reduce friction but not enough to narrow the tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7741</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent 10cm product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette teat</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12426180</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified water supply</td>
			<td>Merek</td>
			<td>Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bottomed test tube</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-958-10 B</td>
			<td>5 mL; any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seratted forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-467-230</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single edge blades</td>
			<td>Agar Scientific</td>
			<td>T585</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184</td>
			<td>Or any pliable surface&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testtube rack</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Derlin</td>
			<td>10257963</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure myography</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>x2 (or any equilavent product)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis plugin</td>
			<td>Myotraker&#160;</td>
			<td>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091791.s002</td>
			<td>Custom plugin for imageJ Freely available for download</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo-4-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #7 14097</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fura-2-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manometer</td>
			<td>Riester</td>
			<td>LF1459</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W558818</td>
			<td>75&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video capture software</td>
			<td>Hypercam</td>
			<td>version 2.28.01</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2411</td>
			<td>3 mg disolved daily in 50 &#956;L of DMSO (sonicate to dissolve)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200a</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analogue digital converter</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type 1A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>260913</td>
			<td>Working stock 1 MU mL-1 (10 MU diluted in 10 mL LCH)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any equilavent commerical product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>CV203BU</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patching software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Pclamp v10.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Type XIV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5147&#160;</td>
			<td>0.01mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole cell pipette glass</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x40 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>40x/0.55, WD 2.1, &#8734;/1.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ca2+ imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition software&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Acquisition Engine V1.1.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software for confocal imaging</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>SP5&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TE2000</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochromator&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Optoscan</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>LAS-AF version 3.3.</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x100 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>x100 N.A. 1.3 oil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL FLUOTAR, 20x/0.50, &#8734;/0.17/D</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>C PLAN, 4x/0.10, &#8734;/-/&#10013;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x63 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL APO, 63x/1.40 - 0.60 OIL CS &#8734;/0.17/E</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Specifications and settings for fabrication of pipettes for experimentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;10 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 290 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 58 
			Time: 150 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 3-10 &#956;m 
			Polishing: no 
			Final Resistance: &#60;1 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>On-cell patching</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;5 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole-cell patching</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 296 
			Pressure: 200 
			Heat: 287 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 50 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 2-3 &#956;m 
			Polishing: helpful but not necessary 
			Final Resistance: 1-2 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of retinal arterioles for ex vivo cell physiology studies

망막은 상당한 혈액 공급을 필요로 하는 높은 metabolically 활성 조직. 망막 순환 안 배는 대뇌를 공급 하는 동안 내부 망막을 지원 합니다. 당뇨병 성 망막 증을 포함 하 여 수많은 시력을 위협 하는 장애에 기여 하는 망막 관류에 변경, 녹 내장 및 망막 정 맥 않기. 망막이 안구 질병 동안 변경 되는 방법을 통해 혈액 흐름의 제어에 관련 된 분자 메커니즘을 이해 이러한 조건의 치료에 대 한 새로운 목표의 식별 될 수 있습니다. 망막 arterioles, 망막의 주요 저항 혈관 이며 따라서 luminal 직경에서 변화를 통해 망막 hemodynamics 조절에 핵심적인 역할을 담당할. 최근 몇 년 동안, 우리는 다양 한 세포 생리학 연구를 포함 하는 응용 프로그램에 대 한 적당 한 쥐 망막에서 arterioles 격리 하기 위한 방법을 개발 했습니다. 이 준비는 이미 혈은 망막에 제어 방법과 눈 질병 중 발생 하는 주요 변경 사항 중 일부를 식별 하기 위해 우리 수 있다에 새로운 통찰력을 얻을 시작 됩니다. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 쥐 망막 arterioles의 고립 위한 방법을 설명 하 고 패치 클램프 전기 생리학, 칼슘 이미징 및 압력 myography 연구에 그들의 사용에 대 한 프로토콜을 포함. 이러한 혈관 PCR-서 부 럽 고 immunohistochemistry-기반 연구에 사용 하기 위해 의무가 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

이 원고는 arterioles, electrophysiological 칼슘 이미징 및 압력 myography 연구에 사용 될 수 있는 쥐 망막에서의 격리에 대 한 간단한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다.

Ex Vivo 세포 생리학 연구에 대 한 망막 Arterioles의 절연

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

isolation-of-retinal-arterioles-for-ex-vivo-cell-physiology-studies

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

10.2K 조회수.  Queen's University of Belfast. 이 원고는 arterioles, electrophysiological 칼슘 이미징 및 압력 myography 연구에 사용 될 수 있는 쥐 망막에서의 격리에 대 한 간단한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex.  The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting. This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex. The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

마우스 부신 Chromaffin 셀 절연

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This ...

연구

생물학

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포의 유전자 발현에 대한 utero 및 전직 생체내의 Electroporation에

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

Targeted ablations of genes and analysis of animal models is the classical strategy for enrolling specific retinal gene function. However, transgenic, retina-specific or conditional knockout mouse models often display early lethality or suffer from severe malformations, preventing an analysis beyond embryonic or early postnatal stages.
Primary cell culture is an alternative to investigate the effects of exogenously applied recombinant factors, overexpression of genes or siRNA-mediated gene knockdown in a controlled environment. Dissociated cell culture has the advantage that the endogenous signals reaching the target cells are reduced, thereby facilitating the identification of exogenously triggered effects after pharmacological manipulation. However, important cell-cell interactions are initially destroyed by enzymatic digestion or mechanical dissociation, even if re-aggregated retinospheroid cultures1 are used.
By contrast, organotypic retinal wholemount cultures provide a system close to the physiological in vivo situation with neuronal interactions and connections still preserved2-5.
In this video article we provide a step by step demonstration of (1) the establishment of in vivo-like organotypic retinal wholemount cultures including dissection peculiarities of embryonic, postnatal and adult murine eyes and (2) a dissociation and cytospin procedure for analysis of neuronal apoptosis and retinal cell proliferation in organotypic wholemounts, e.g. after culture in the presence of exogenously applied recombinant factors.

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

This video article demonstrates the establishment of organotypic retinal wholemount cultures and a cytospin procedure for analysis of exogenously induced effects. Organotypic retinal wholemount cultures mimic the in vivo situation and significantly facilitate the accessibility of murine retinas for experimental manipulations while circumventing the disadvantages of classical murine animal models.

에서 Organotypic Murine 망막 Wholemount 문화 생체내 같은

Targeted ablations of genes and analysis of animal models is the classical strategy for enrolling specific retinal gene function. However, transgenic, ...

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into oligopotent progenitors, committed precursors and mature red blood cells 1. This process is regulated for a large part at the level of gene expression, whereby specific transcription factors activate lineage-specific genes while concomitantly repressing genes that are specific to other cell types 2. Studies on transcription factors regulating erythropoiesis are often performed using human and murine cell lines that represent, to some extent, erythroid cells at given stages of differentiation 3-5. However transformed cell lines can only partially mimic erythroid cells and most importantly they do not allow one to comprehensibly study the dynamic changes that occur as cells progress through many stages towards their final erythroid fate. Therefore, a current challenge remains the development of a protocol to obtain relatively homogenous populations of primary HSCs and erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation in quantities that are sufficient to perform genomics and proteomics experiments.
Here we describe an ex vivo cell culture protocol to induce erythroid differentiation from human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that have been isolated from either cord blood, bone marrow, or adult peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF (leukapheresis). This culture system, initially developed by the Douay laboratory 6, uses cytokines and co-culture on mesenchymal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Using this ex vivo differentiation protocol, we observe a strong amplification of erythroid progenitors, an induction of differentiation exclusively towards the erythroid lineage and a complete maturation to the stage of enucleated red blood cells. Thus, this system provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation as hematopoietic stem cells progress along the erythroid lineage. 
Studying erythropoiesis at the transcriptional level also requires the ability to over-express or knockdown specific factors in primary erythroid cells. For this purpose, we use a lentivirus-mediated gene delivery system that allows for the efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells 7. Here we show that we are able to efficiently knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary human erythroid cells. In addition, GFP expression demonstrates an efficiency of lentiviral infection close to 90%. Thus, our protocol provides a highly useful system for characterization of the regulatory network of transcription factors that control erythropoiesis.

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

An ex vivo protocol to generate mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem/progenitors is described. Additionally we describe an efficient lentiviral-delivery method to knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary erythroid cells. The efficiency of lentivirus mediated gene delivery is demonstrated using GFP expressing viruses.

Lentiviral - 중재 최저 동안 예 VIVO</em인간 조혈 줄기 세포의> 적혈구 조혈

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

예 생체내</em혈관 반응성 조사를위한> 절연 골격 Microvessel 준비

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 문화 시스템 갑상선 개발을 연구하는

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, and membrane potential. All of these approaches depend on measurement of activity at one or multiple locations along the gut simultaneously which are then interpreted to provide a sense of overall motility patterns. Recently, the development of video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques have made it possible to observe and analyze complex patterns in ex vivo whole segments of colon and intestine. Once recorded and digitized, video records can be converted to STmaps in which the luminal diameter is converted to grayscale or color [called diameter maps (Dmaps)]. STmaps can provide data on motility direction (i.e., stationary, peristaltic, antiperistaltic), velocity, duration, frequency and strength of contractile motility patterns. Advantages of this approach include: analysis of interaction or simultaneous development of different motility patterns in different regions of the same segment, visualization of motility pattern changes over time, and analysis of how activity in one region influences activity in another region. Video recordings can be replayed with different timescales and analysis parameters so that separate STmaps and motility patterns can be analyzed in more detail. This protocol specifically details the effects of intraluminal fluid distension and intraluminal stimuli that affect motility generation. The use of luminal receptor agonists and antagonists provides mechanistic information on how specific patterns are initiated and how one pattern can be converted into another pattern. The technique is limited by the ability to only measure motility that causes changes in luminal diameter, without providing data on intraluminal pressure changes or muscle tension, and by the generation of artifacts based upon experimental setup; although, analysis methods can account for these issues. When compared to previous techniques the video recording and STmap approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of gastrointestinal motility.

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Recently available video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques make it possible to visualize and quantify both propagating and mixing patterns of intestinal motility. The goal of this protocol is to explain the generation and analysis of STmaps using the GastroIntestinal Motility Monitoring (GIMM) system.

운동성의 시공간 매핑<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em내장의&gt; 준비

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, ...

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. Here, we present an easy and inexpensive method that would be instrumental for testing new drugs decreasing uterine contractility. This method utilizes the unique ability of the entire mouse reproductive tract to exhibit spontaneous motility when maintained ex vivo in a Petri dish containing oxygenated Krebs buffer. This spontaneous motility resembles the wave-like myometrial activity of the human uterus, referred to as endometrial waves. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we employed a well-known uterine relaxant drug, epinephrine. We demonstrate that the spontaneous motility of the entire mouse reproductive tract can be quickly and reversibly inhibited by 1 &#181;M epinephrine in this Petri dish model. Documenting the changes of uterine motility can be easily done using an ordinary smart phone or a sophisticated digital camera. We developed a MATLAB-based algorithm allowing motion tracking to quantify spontaneous uterine motility changes by measuring the rate of uterine horn movements. A major advantage of this ex vivo approach is that the reproductive tract remains intact throughout the entire experiment, preserving all intrinsic intrauterine cellular interactions. The major limitation of this approach is that up to 10-20% of uteri may exhibit no spontaneous motility. Thus far, this is the first quantitative ex vivo method for assessing spontaneous uterine motility in a Petri dish model.

Uterine contractions are important for the well-being of females. However, pathologically increased contractility may result in dysmenorrhea, especially in younger females. Here, we describe a simple ex vivo preparation allowing quick assessment of the efficacy of smooth muscle relaxants that may be used for treating dysmenorrhea.

마우스 생식 기관 자발적 운동성 및 데이터 분석을 위한 MATLAB 기반 자궁 운동 추적 알고리즘을 평가하기 위한 Ex Vivo 방법

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. ...

Isolation of Cardiomyocytes from Fixed Hearts for Immunocytochemistry and Ploidy Analysis

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably identify nuclei of cardiomyocytes on histological sections, many groups rely on isolating viable cardiomyocytes prior to fixation to perform immunostaining. However, these live cardiomyocyte isolation techniques require optimization to maximize the yield, viability and quality of the samples, with inherent fluctuations from sample to sample despite maximum optimization. Here, we report a reproducible protocol, involving fixation prior to enzymatic digestion of the heart, which leads to maximum yield while preserving the in vivo morphology of individual cardiomyocytes. We further developed an automated analysis platform to determine the number of nuclei and DNA content per nucleus for individual cardiomyocytes. After exposing the chest cavity, the heart was arrested in diastole by perfusion with 60 mM KCl in PBS. Next, the heart was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution, and then digested with 60 mg/mL collagenase solution. After digestions, cells were singularized by trituration, and the cardiomyocyte fraction was enriched via differential centrifugation. Isolated cardiomyocytes were stained for Troponin T and &#945;-actinin to assess purity of the obtained population. Furthermore, we developed an image analysis platform to determine cardiomyocyte nucleation and ploidy status following DAPI staining. Image based ploidy assessments led to consistent and reproducible results. Thus, with this protocol, it is possible to preserve native morphology of individual cardiomyocytes to allow immunocytochemistry and DNA content analysis while achieving maximum yield.

The goal of this work is to develop a method to reproducibly isolate cardiomyocytes from the adult heart and measure DNA content and nucleation.

면역 세포 화학 및 Ploidy 분석을 위한 고정된 심혼에서 심근세포의 격리

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably ...

Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.

The present protocol describes the acute isolation of viable cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells from adult, juvenile, larval, and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio), suitable for electrophysiological studies.

전기 생리 학적 연구를위한 성체, 청소년, 애벌레 및 배아 제브라 피쉬에서 심장 및 혈관 평활근 세포 분리

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the ...