Name: establishing cell lines overexpressing dr3 to assess the apoptotic response to anti-mitotic therapeutics
Uploaded: 2019-01-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants 53110000117 (to G.W.) and 043222019 (to X.W.) from Tsinghua University.

Please note that all the mouse experiments described here were approved and performed in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Tsinghua University.
1. Generation of DR3 Overexpression Cell Lines
<ol>
	<li>Construct the plasmid for DR3 expression (pMXs-IRES-DR3-FLAG) by inserting full-length DR3 cDNA with 3x FLAG at the C-terminus into retroviral vector pMXs-IRES-Blasticidin at the restriction sites of BamHI/XhoI.</li>
	<li>Grow Plat-A cells in 60 mm dishe...

<ol>
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X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+receptor+3+mediates+TNFSF15-+and+TNFalpha-induced+endothelial+cell+apoptosis.">Death receptor 3 mediates TNFSF15- and TNFalpha-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.</a> The International Journal of Biochemistry &amp; Cell Biology. 55, 109-118 (2014).</li><li>Wen, L., Zhuang, L., Luo, X., Wei, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TL1A-induced+NF-kappaB+activation+and+c-IAP2+production+prevent+DR3-mediated+apoptosis+in+TF-1+cells.">TL1A-induced NF-kappaB activation and c-IAP2 production prevent DR3-mediated apoptosis in TF-1 cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (40), 39251-39258 (2003).</li><li>Nakayama, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+pathways+of+TWEAK-induced+cell+death.">Multiple pathways of TWEAK-induced cell death.</a> Journal of Immunology. 168 (2), 734-743 (2002).</li><li>Kitamura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrovirus-mediated+gene+transfer+and+expression+cloning:+powerful+tools+in+functional+genomics.">Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression cloning: powerful tools in functional genomics.</a> Experimental Hematology. 31 (11), 1007-1014 (2003).</li><li>Wang, G., Shang, L., Burgett, A. 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In this manuscript, we describe a method to generate HT29-DR3 stable cell lines. HT29-DR3 cells provide a model for studying the molecular mechanisms by which DR3 contributes to apoptosis induced by antimitotic agents. This approach is versatile and repeatable. To ensure the success of the procedure, four key steps of the protocol need to be considered. First, in order to produce a high enough virus titer, it is recommended to perform DNA transfection when the Plat-A cells are at 80% - 90% confluence. Second, the viral s...

Heterologous gene expression is often employed to study the function of genes of interest. Two methods, transient and stable transfection, are prevalently used in cells and molecular biology to insert a segment of DNA or RNA into a host cell1,2. Transiently-transfected DNA or RNA cannot be passed on to daughter cells, so the genetic alteration can only be retained for a short period of time. On the other hand, in stably transfected cells, exogenous genes are integrated into the host cell genome, sustaining its expression in the cell line. Thus, stable transfection is a method that is usually reserved for research into long-term genetic regulation. The stable cell line can also be transplanted as xenografts into mouse models for in vivo study3. Stable transfection can be divided into two categories: viral and nonviral. Compared to nonviral transfection, viral infection can transfer genes into a wider variety of human cells with a higher efficiency4,5,6,7. Furthermore, a stable cell line from a single clone offers the advantage of homogeneity and clonal purity.
Uncontrolled cell growth and division are the most distinguishing features of cancer. In clinical settings, antimitotic agents are the primary treatments for many types of tumors8. However, some significant limitations of antimitotic agents cannot be ignored. First, these chemotherapies can also kill normal cells along with the undesired cancerous cells and, thus, can result in severe side effects8. Second, antitubulin drugs are not effective against all types of tumors, despite tubulin&#39;s ubiquitous expression in a wide variety of different tissues as a cytoskeletal protein9,10. It is unclear why antitubulin agents showed promising efficacy against ovarian, lung, and hematological cancers in clinical treatment, but not in kidney, colon, or pancreatic cancers11.&#160;Finally, even patients with the same type of tumor can respond&#160;to the antimitotics differently in an unpredictable manner. There may be a key effector molecule that affects the sensitivity of different patients to antimitotic agents, resulting in the diverse outcomes seen in clinical treatment12. Thus, the potential differential sensitivities of patients to antimitotic treatment should be taken into consideration in order to optimize therapeutic interventions13.
A high-throughput whole-genome siRNA library screen demonstrated that DR3 knockdown could render sensitive cells resistant to antimitotic drugs, implicating a role for DR3 in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis14. As a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, DR3 has been reported to mediate cell apoptosis in various systems15,16,17,18. Thus, we set out to establish stable cell lines overexpressing DR3 to study the molecular mechanisms by which antimitotic drugs induce apoptosis. An appropriate cell model for studying DR3 overexpression can be provided by the human colon cancer cell line HT29, which was found to be DR3-deficient. Additionally, in the clinic, colon cancers are insensitive to antimitotic drugs19.
In this article, we describe a method which allows the generation of an HT29-DR3 stable cell line through retroviral infection. We further show how to validate the DR3 expression in these cells using western blotting and how to assess the sensitivity to antimitotic agents by using a cell viability assay and morphological observation. The cells are amplified from single clones and, thus, have the advantage of a homogeneous genetic background. In addition, the FLAG tag on DR3 allowed for the visualization of cellular DR3 by microscopy and analysis of gene expression and protein interaction by biochemical approaches. Furthermore, the cells can be xenografted in mice to further analyze tumor progression in response to antimitotics in vivo14.
The HT29-DR3 cell system presented here offered an effective tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of how antimitotics kill cancer cells14. Since overexpression and knockdown cell lines are common tools for studying gene function, this protocol can be adapted easily to other genes of interest or other cell lines and, thus, turned into an extensively used approach.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C11965500BT</td>
			<td>Supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Penicilin/Streptomycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminescent Cell Viability Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G7571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paclitaxel</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMXs-IRES-Blasicidin</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs</td>
			<td>RTV-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C14190500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-134220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse secondary antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Flag antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F-3165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT29 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plat-A cell line</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs</td>
			<td>RV-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF Immobilon-P</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloning Cylinder</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td>BTCYT3MV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CKX53 Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Nest</td>
			<td>712001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Nest</td>
			<td>705001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Nest</td>
			<td>601052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m steril filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810000327</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well White Polystyrene Microplate&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western ECL Substrate</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1705060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS 4000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS 4000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decoloring Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>HINOTECH</td>
			<td>TS-2000A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>ant-bl-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated cell counter</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>TC 20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing cell lines overexpressing dr3 to assess the apoptotic response to anti-mitotic therapeutics

Studying the function of a gene of interest can be achieved by manipulating its level of expression, such as decreasing its expression with knockdown cell lines or increasing its expression with overexpression cell lines. Transient and stable transfection are two methods that are often used for exogenous gene expression. Transient transfection is only useful for short-term expression, whereas stable transfection allows exogenous genes to be integrated into the host cell genome where it will be continuously expressed. As a result, stable transfection is usually employed for research into long-term genetic regulation. Here we describe a simple protocol to generate a stable cell line overexpressing tagged death receptor 3 (DR3) to explore DR3 function. We picked single clones after a retroviral infection in order to maintain the homogeneity and purity of the stable cell lines. The stable cell lines generated using this protocol render DR3-deficient HT29 cells sensitive to antimitotic drugs, thus reconstituting the apoptotic response in HT29 cells. Moreover, the FLAG tag on DR3 compensates for the unavailability of good DR3 antibody and facilitates the biochemical study of the molecular mechanism by which antimitotic agents induce apoptosis.

A characterization of HT29 cells stably expressing DR3 is shown in Figure 1. The clones express varying levels of DR3, while the wild-type cells, which serve as a negative control, do not show exogenous gene expression. Here we only show five clones, among which clone 1 and 5 express the highest level of DR3. We chose clone 1 and 5 for the following experiments.
The morphology of HT29 and HT29-DR3 c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics at JoVE.com

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics

Establishing a stable cell line overexpressing a gene of interest to study gene function can be done by stable transfection-picking single clones after transfecting them via retroviral infection. Here we show that HT29-DR3 cell lines generated in this way elucidate the mechanisms by which death receptor 3 (DR3) contributes to antimitotics-induced apoptosis.

Studying the function of a gene of interest can be achieved by manipulating its level of expression, such as decreasing its expression with knockdown cell ...

Overexpressing genes in cells is a important way to study gene function. Stable transfection with the retrovirus allows endogenous genes to be integrated into the host genome and be expressed continuously. We picked up single colonies of the retroviral infection and generated stable cell lines overexpressing FLAG-tagged DR3.The cell lines compensated for the unavailability of good DR3 antibody and provided excellent tools for DR3 function study post in vitro and in vivo. We generated the DR3 overexpression cell lines by picking up a single colony of the retroviral infection. Cell lines from single colony could maintain the homogeneity and purity.In addition, the protocol is easy and simple to handle. To begin this procedure, grow plat-A cells overnight in 60-millimeter dishes with four milliliters of DMEM. When cells reach 80 to 90%confluence, use transfection reagent to transfect them with two micrograms of the constructed plasmid as outlined in the manufacturer's manual.After 72 hours, collect the supernatant. Using a 0.45 micrometer sterile filter, filter the media, and keep the viral suspension in the dark at four degrees Celsius. Next, grow HT29 cells overnight in a 60-millimeter dish with DMEM, incubating the cells at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide.When the cells reach 30 to 50%confluence, infect them with two milliliters of viral suspension in the presence of eight micrograms of polybrene per milliliter of viral suspension. Incubate the infected cells at 37 degrees Celsius for four to six hours. Then, aspirate the viral suspension.Add four milliliters of fresh DMEM and return the dish to the incubator. At 24 hours post infection, remove the media from the dishes and carefully wash the cells with two milliliters of pre-warmed PBS. Add one milliliter of trypsin EDTA, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for three minutes.Using a microscope at 10 times magnification, observe the cells to ensure that most of them have detached. After this, add two milliliters of DMEM containing 10%FBS to stop the trypsinization, and collect the cell suspension in a 15-milliliter tube. Centrifuge at 200 times g for five minutes at room temperature, and remove the supernatant.Re-suspend the cell pellet in 10 milliliters of DMEM and gently pipette up and down to mix. Next, dilute the cells by factors of 30, 100, and 300. Seed the cells is 150-millimeter dishes that each contain 20 milliliters of DMEM containing blasticidin at a concentration of one microgram per milliliter.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide for approximately one to two weeks. During this period, use an inverted microscope at 10 times magnification to observe the colonies each day. Mark the well-isolated colonies on the bottom of the dish when the colonies'diameter is approximately one to two millimeters.When the incubation period is complete, aspirate the medium and wash the cells with three milliliters of pre-warmed PBS. Add two milliliters of trypsin EDTA in a 60-millimeter dish. Use sterile forceps to pick up autoclaved sterile cloning cylinders and place them in the dish.Then, pick up the cylinders which will now each contain approximately 30 microliters of trypsin EDTA, and gently place them over the marked colonies. Return the dish to the incubator for three minutes. After this, check the cells under a microscope to ensure that they've detached.When the cells have lifted up, at 70 microliters of culture medium to each cylinder to inactivate the trypsin. Use a 200-microliter pipette to gently mix the cell suspension, making sure not to move the cylinder while mixing. Set out two 24-well plates, and label them plate A and plate B.Add one milliliter of DMEM to each well.Add 30 microliters of cell suspension to each well of plate A, and add 70 microliters to the corresponding wells of plate B.Place the plates back into the incubator. When the cells in plate B are at 90%confluence, remove the media and carefully wash the cells with one milliliter of PBS. Removed the PBS completely, and add 50 microliters of 1X SDS-PAGE loading buffer to lyse the cells.After five minutes, transfer the cell lysate from the 24-well plate to 1.5-milliliter centrifuge tubes. Boil the samples at 100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Run the samples on 10%SDS gel at a constant voltage of 80 volts for 15 minutes and then at 120 volts for one hour.Then transfer the protein to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by wet transfer at a constant current of 400 milliamps for two hours. Dilute the primary antibody by a factor of 5, 000 in 5%nonfat milk that is dissolved in TBST. Add the FLAG antibody to the membrane, and incubate at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a decoloring shaker set to 200 RPM, wash the membrane with TBST for 15 minutes, refreshing the TBST every five minutes. Then, dilute an anti-mouse secondary antibody by a factor of 10, 000 in 5%nonfat milk. Incubate the membrane with diluted secondary antibody at four degrees Celsius for five to six hours.Wash the membrane on the decoloring shaker again as previously described. After this, use Western enhanced chemiluminescence and a gel documentation system to image the membrane and detect the FLAG expression. First, collect both HT29 and HT29-DR3 cells by trypsinization, and use an automatic cell counter to measure the cell density.Seed the cells into the wells of 12-well plates with DMEM at a density of 30, 000 cells per well, and incubate overnight at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide. The next day, add 10 nanomolar of diazonamide to each well that contains cells using 1%DMSO as a negative control, and transfer the plates to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide. After 48 hours of treatment, image the cells under a microscope at 10 times magnification.Next, seed both HT29 and HT29-DR3 cells into the wells of 96-well plate with DMEM at a density of 3, 000 cells per well, and allow them to grow at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The next day, add dose-escalating diazonamide concentrations as outlined in the text protocol. After 48 hours of treatment, use a luminescence-based cell viability assay kit to measure the cell viability.Remove the 96-well plate from the incubator, and let it stand at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. Then, add 50 microliters of assay reagents to each well, and shake the plate for two minutes at room temperature to lyse the cells. Incubate the plate at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then use a microplate reader to determine the luminescence of each well.Characterization of HT29 cells stably expressing DR3 reveals that the clones express varying levels of DR3 while the wild-type cells do not show exogenous gene expression. Genes one and five are seen to express the highest levels of DR3, and so are chosen for further experiments. The morphology of HT29 and HT29-DR3 cells are observed after being treated for 48 hours with diazonamide.HT29-DR3 cells display obvious apoptosis with a broken cell membrane and cell debris. However, HT29 cells show only mitotic arrest with intact cells that exhibit a round-up cell shape. The cell viability of these cell types is then determined after being treated for 48 hours with three nanomolar of diazonamide.HT29-DR3 cells are seen to have a cell death of over 80%while the parental HT29 cells demonstrate only a slight response in the form of mitotic arrest. This indicates that the overexpression of DR3 reconstituted the diazonamide-induced apoptotic pathway in these cells. Proper serial dilutions are important to get optimum density of single clones.It is also important to make sure every clone cylinder only contains one colony and to avoid contaminating nearby colonies. The DR3 overexpressing cell lines facilitated the biochemical study of the molecular mechanisms in vitro. We generated HT29-DR3 xenografts through subcutaneous injection of HT29-DR3 cells, and it helped elaborate the mechanisms of antimitotic agents-induced apoptosis in vivo.This protocol can be used to study genes of interest in other cell lines. In addition, gene knockout is another way for functional study, and our protocol can be adapted to the gene knockdown systems. Thus, it is generally applicable to elucidate gene functions.Remember to drop the virus relay to the garbage to specific containers for safety disposal.

establishing-cell-lines-overexpressing-dr3-to-assess-apoptotic

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a common mechanism of disease progression and a prognostic-determinant feature of malignant tumors. In prostate cancer (PC), resistance to MTAs such as the taxane Docetaxel dictates treatment failure as well as progression towards lethal stages of disease that are defined by a poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Though studied for decades, the array of mechanisms contributing to acquired resistance are not completely understood, and thus pose a significant limitation to the development of new therapeutic strategies that could benefit patients in these advanced stages of disease. In this protocol, we describe the generation of Docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cell lines that mimic lethal features of late-stage prostate cancer, and therefore can be used to study the mechanisms by which acquired chemoresistance arises. Despite potential limitations intrinsic to a cell based model, such as the loss of resistance properties over time, the Docetaxel-resistant cell lines produced by this method have been successfully used in recent studies and offer&#160;the opportunity to advance our molecular understanding of acquired chemoresistance in lethal prostate cancer.

Resistance to cancer therapies contributes to disease progression and death. Determining the mechanistic underpinnings of resistance is crucial for improving therapeutic response. This manuscript details the protocol to generate taxane-resistant cell models of prostate cancer (PC) to help dissecting the pathways involved in progression to Docetaxel resistance in PC patients.

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a ...

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, in the case that the KD of the protein of interest has a lethal effect on cells or the anticipated effect of the KD is time-dependent, unconditional KD methods are not appropriate. Conditional systems are more suitable in these cases and have been the subject of much interest. These include Ecdysone-inducible overexpression systems, Cytochrome P-450 induction system1, and the tetracycline regulated gene expression systems. 
The tetracycline regulated gene expression system enables reversible control over protein expression by induction of shRNA expression in the presence of tetracycline. In this protocol, we present an experimental design using functional Tet-ON system in human cancer cell lines for conditional regulation of gene expression. We then demonstrate the use of this system in the study of tumor cell-monocyte interaction.

This protocol serves as a scheme for setting up a functional Tet-ON system in cancer cell lines and its subsequent use, in particular for studying the role of tumor cell-derived proteins in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment.

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

Long-term Live-cell Imaging to Assess Cell Fate in Response to Paclitaxel

Live-cell imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to directly visualize biological phenomena in single cells over extended periods of time. Over the past decade, new and innovative technologies have greatly enhanced the practicality of live-cell imaging. Cells can now be kept in focus and continuously imaged over several days while maintained under 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 cell culture conditions. Moreover, multiple fields of view representing different experimental conditions can be acquired simultaneously, thus providing high-throughput experimental data. Live-cell imaging provides a significant advantage over fixed-cell imaging by allowing for the direct visualization and temporal quantitation of dynamic cellular events. Live-cell imaging can also identify variation in the behavior of single cells that would otherwise have been missed using population-based assays. Here, we describe live-cell imaging protocols to assess cell fate decisions following treatment with the anti-mitotic drug paclitaxel. We demonstrate methods to visualize whether mitotically arrested cells die directly from mitosis or slip back into interphase. We also describe how the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system can be used to assess the fraction of interphase cells born from mitotic slippage that are capable of re-entering the cell cycle. Finally, we describe a live-cell imaging method to identify nuclear envelope rupture events.

Live-cell imaging provides a wealth of information on single cells or whole populations that is unattainable by fixed cell imaging alone. Here, live-cell imaging protocols to assess cell fate decisions following treatment with the anti-mitotic drug paclitaxel are described.

Live-cell imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to directly visualize biological phenomena in single cells over extended periods of time. Over ...

Longitudinal Intravital Imaging of Brain Tumor Cell Behavior in Response to an Invasive Surgical Biopsy

Biopsies are standard of care for cancer treatment and are clinically beneficial as they allow solid tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment determination. However, perturbation of the tumor architecture by biopsy and other invasive procedures has been associated with undesired effects on tumor progression, which need to be studied in depth to further improve the clinical benefit of these procedures. Conventional static approaches, which only provide a snapshot of the tumor, are limited in their ability to reveal the impact of biopsy on tumor cell behavior such as migration, a process closely related to tumor malignancy. In particular, tumor cell migration is the key in highly aggressive brain tumors, where local tumor dissemination makes total tumor resection virtually impossible. The development of multiphoton imaging and chronic imaging windows allows scientists to study this dynamic process in living animals over time. Here, we describe a method for the high-resolution longitudinal imaging of brain tumor cells before and after a biopsy in the same living animal. This approach makes it possible to study the impact of this procedure on tumor cell behavior (migration, invasion, and proliferation). Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and limitations of this technique, as well as the ability of this methodology to study changes in the cancer cell behavior for other surgical interventions, including tumor resection or the implantation of chemotherapy wafers.

Here we describe a method for high-resolution time-lapse multiphoton imaging of brain tumor cells before and after invasive surgical intervention (e.g., biopsy) within the same living animal. This method allows studying the impact of these invasive surgical procedures on tumor cells&#39; migratory, invasive, and proliferative behavior at a single cell level.

Biopsies are standard of care for cancer treatment and are clinically beneficial as they allow solid tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized ...

Radiosensitivity of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung Cancer Cell Lines

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been associated with relapse or poor outcomes after radiotherapy. Studying radioresistant CSCs may provide clues to overcoming radioresistance. Voltage-gated calcium channel &#945;2&#948;1 subunit isoform 5 has been reported as a marker for radioresistant CSCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Using calcium channel &#945;2&#948;1 subunit as an example of a CSC marker, methods to study the radiosensitivity of CSCs in NSCLC cell lines are presented. CSCs are sorted with putative markers by flow cytometry, and the self-renewal capacity of sorted cells is evaluated by sphere formation assay. Colony formation assay, which determines how many cells lose the ability to generate descendants forming the colony after a certain dose of radiation, is then performed to assess the radiosensitivity of sorted cells. This manuscript provides initial steps for studying the radiosensitivity of CSCs, which establishes the basis for further understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

The presence of cancer stem cells have been associated with relapse or poor outcomes after radiotherapy. This manuscript describes the methods to study the radiosensitivity of cancer stem cells in lung cancer cell lines.

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been associated with relapse or poor outcomes after radiotherapy. Studying radioresistant CSCs may provide ...

Analysis of Side Population in Solid Tumor Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important cause of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Isolation and identification of CSCs are of great significance for tumor research. Currently, several techniques are used for the identification and purification of CSCs from tumor tissues and tumor cell lines. Separation and analysis of side population (SP) cells are two of the commonly used methods. The methods rely on the ability of CSCs to rapidly expel fluorescent dyes, such as Hoechst 33342. The efflux of the dye is associated with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and can be inhibited by ABC transporter inhibitors. Methods for staining cultured tumor cells with Hoechst 33342 and analyzing the proportion of their SP cells by flow cytometry are described. This assay is convenient, fast, and cost-effective. Data generated in this assay can contribute to a better understanding of the effect of genes or other extracellular and intracellular signals on the stemness properties of tumor cells.

A convenient, fast, and cost-effective method to measure the proportion of side population cells in solid tumor cell lines is presented.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important cause of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Isolation and identification of CSCs are of great ...

Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation From Suspension-Growing Cancer Cells

Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more efforts are still needed to fully understand the link involving alterations in mitochondria and tumorigenesis, as well as to identify tumor-associated mitochondrial phenotypes. For instance, to evaluate the contribution of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and metastasis processes, it is essential to understand the influence of mitochondria from tumor cells in different nuclear environments. For this purpose, one possible approach consists of transferring mitochondria into a different nuclear background to obtain the so-called cybrid cells. In the traditional cybridization techniques, a cell line lacking mtDNA (&#961;0, nuclear donor cell) is repopulated with mitochondria derived from either enucleated cells or platelets. However, the enucleation process requires good cell adhesion to the culture plate, a feature that is partially or completely lost in many cases in invasive cells. In addition, another difficulty found in the traditional methods is achieving complete removal of the endogenous mtDNA from the mitochondrial-recipient cell line to obtain pure nuclear and mitochondrial DNA backgrounds, avoiding the presence of two different mtDNA species in the generated cybrid. In this work, we present a mitochondrial exchange protocol applied to suspension-growing cancer cells based on the repopulation of rhodamine 6G-pretreated cells with isolated mitochondria. This methodology allows us to overcome the limitations of the traditional approaches, and thus can be used as a tool to expand the comprehension of the mitochondrial role in cancer progression and metastasis.

Author Spotlight: Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines  

This protocol describes a technique for cybrid generation from suspension-growing cancer cells as a tool to study the role of mitochondria in the tumorigenic process.

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more ...

Quantifying Telomere Length Using Non-Radioactive Chemiluminescence Detection

Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay

Telomeres are repetitive sequences which are present at chromosomal ends; their shortening is a characteristic feature of human somatic cells. Shortening occurs due to a problem with end replication and the absence of the telomerase enzyme, which is responsible for maintaining telomere length. Interestingly, telomeres also shorten in response to various internal physiological processes, like oxidative stress and inflammation, which may be impacted due to extracellular agents like pollutants, infectious agents, nutrients, or radiation. Thus, telomere length serves as an excellent biomarker of aging and various physiological health parameters. The TAGGG telomere length assay kit is used to quantify average telomere lengths using the telomere restriction fragment (TRF) assay and is highly reproducible. However, it is an expensive method, and because of this, it is not employed routinely for large sample numbers. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for an optimized and cost-effective measurement of telomere length using Southern blots or TRF analysis and non-radioactive chemiluminescence-based detection.

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay  

Here, we describe in detail the protocol for quantifying telomere length using non-radioactive chemiluminescent detection, with a focus on the optimization of various performance parameters of the TAGGG telomere length assay kit, such as buffer quantities and probe concentrations.

Telomeres are repetitive sequences which are present at chromosomal ends; their shortening is a characteristic feature of human somatic cells. Shortening ...

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Automated Kinetic Imaging for Drug Assessment in Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

Multiplexed Live-Cell Imaging for Drug Responses in Patient-Derived Organoid Models of Cancer

Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models of cancer are a multifunctional research system that better recapitulates human disease as compared to cancer cell lines. PDO models can be generated by culturing patient tumor cells in extracellular basement membrane extracts (BME) and plating them as three-dimensional domes. However, commercially available reagents that have been optimized for phenotypic assays in monolayer cultures often are not compatible with BME. Herein, we describe a method to plate PDO models and assess drug effects using an automated live-cell imaging system. In addition, we apply fluorescent dyes that are compatible with kinetic measurements to quantify cell health and apoptosis simultaneously. Image capture can be customized to occur at regular time intervals over several days. Users can analyze drug effects in individual Z-plane images or a Z Projection of serial images from multiple focal planes. Using masking, specific parameters of interest are calculated, such as PDO number, area, and fluorescence intensity. We provide proof-of-concept data demonstrating the effect of cytotoxic agents on cell health, apoptosis, and viability. This automated kinetic imaging platform can be expanded to other phenotypic readouts to understand diverse therapeutic effects in PDO models of cancer.

Author Spotlight: Developing Multiplexed Kinetic Assays for Organoid-Based Drug Response Analysis

Patient-derived tumor organoids are a sophisticated model system for basic and translational research. This methods article details the use of multiplexed fluorescent live-cell imaging for simultaneous kinetic assessment of different organoid phenotypes.

Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models of cancer are a multifunctional research system that better recapitulates human disease as compared to cancer cell ...

Transfection of TMEM200A siRNA in Stomach Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines

Transfection of TMEM200A siRNA in Stomach Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines  

To begin, navigate to the TIMER2.0 database website interface. Select the Cancer Exploration tab. Input the gene ID into the search box and click Submit to produce the differential expression images of TMEM200A in various tumor types.For transfection, label three micro-centrifuge tubes as siRNA-1, 2, and 3. Then add transfection reagent followed by the basal medium in each tube. add four micrograms of siRNA to the respective tubes and mix thoroughly.Now distribute the mixture into the three wells of the six-well plate containing the adenocarcinoma cells. Gently shake the plate to ensure even distribution of the mixture. Label the three wells where the mixture was added as siRNA 1, siRNA two, and siRNA three.After incubating the cells for four to six hours, replace half of the medium in the labeled wells with fresh complete medium. Incubate the cells for 24 to 48 hours before using them for quantitative RTPCR and Western blotting.