Los autores agradecen a los miembros del Subcomité de Validación de Métodos de Microbiología (MMVS) de la FDA y al Consejo del Manual Analítico Bacteriológico (BAM) por revisar críticamente los estudios de validación del método Salmonella LAMP.

<ol>
	<li>Notomi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+of+DNA.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (12), 63 (2000).</li><li>Kaneko, H., Kawana, T., Fukushima, E., Suzutani, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tolerance+of+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+to+a+culture+medium+and+biological+substances.">Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances.</a> Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 70 (3), 499-501 (2007).</li><li>Francois, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robustness+of+a+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+reaction+for+diagnostic+applications.">Robustness of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for diagnostic applications.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 62 (1), 41-48 (2011).</li><li>Yang, Q., Wang, F., Prinyawiwatkul, W., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robustness+of+Salmonella+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+assays+for+food+applications.">Robustness of Salmonella loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for food applications.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 116 (1), 81-88 (2014).</li><li>Nagamine, K., Watanabe, K., Ohtsuka, K., Hase, T., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+reaction+using+a+nondenatured+template.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using a nondenatured template.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 47 (9), 1742-1743 (2001).</li><li>Zhang, X., Lowe, S. B., Gooding, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+review+of+monitoring+methods+for+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP).">Brief review of monitoring methods for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).</a> Biosensors &amp; Bioelectronics. 61, 491-499 (2014).</li><li>Nagamine, K., Hase, T., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+reaction+by+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+using+loop+primers.">Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers.</a> Molecular and Cellular Probes. 16 (3), 223-229 (2002).</li><li>Yang, Q., Domesle, K. J., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+Salmonella+detection+in+food+and+feed:+Current+applications+and+future+directions.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for Salmonella detection in food and feed: Current applications and future directions.</a> Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 15 (6), 309-331 (2018).</li><li>Mori, Y., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP):+Expansion+of+its+practical+application+as+a+tool+to+achieve+universal+health+coverage.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Expansion of its practical application as a tool to achieve universal health coverage.</a> Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 26 (1), 13-17 (2020).</li><li>Mansour, S. M., Ali, H., Chase, C. C., Cepica, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+diagnosis+of+18+World+Organization+for+Animal+Health+(OIE)+notifiable+viral+diseases+of+ruminants,+swine+and+poultry.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of 18 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable viral diseases of ruminants, swine and poultry.</a> Animal Health Research Reviews. 16 (2), 89-106 (2015).</li><li>Kumar, Y., Bansal, S., Jaiswal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP):+A+rapid+and+sensitive+tool+for+quality+assessment+of+meat+products.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): A rapid and sensitive tool for quality assessment of meat products.</a> Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 16 (6), 1359-1378 (2017).</li><li>Kundapur, R. R., Nema, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification:+Beyond+microbial+identification.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: Beyond microbial identification.</a> Cogent Biology. 2, 1137110 (2016).</li><li>. Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 690.800 Salmonella in Food for Animals Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf">https://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf</a> (2013)</li><li>Bird, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+3M+molecular+detection+assay+(MDA)+2+-+Salmonella+for+the+detection+of+Salmonella+spp.+in+select+foods+and+environmental+surfaces:+collaborative+study,+first+action+2016.01.">Evaluation of the 3M molecular detection assay (MDA) 2 - Salmonella for the detection of Salmonella spp. in select foods and environmental surfaces: collaborative study, first action 2016.01.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 99 (4), 980-997 (2016).</li><li>D'Agostino, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+loop-mediated+amplification/ISO+6579-based+method+for+analysing+soya+meal+for+the+presence+of+Salmonella+enterica.">Validation of a loop-mediated amplification/ISO 6579-based method for analysing soya meal for the presence of Salmonella enterica.</a> Food Analytical Methods. 9 (11), 2979-2985 (2016).</li><li>Ge, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-laboratory+validation+of+a+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+method+for+screening+Salmonella+in+animal+food.">Multi-laboratory validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for screening Salmonella in animal food.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 562 (2019).</li><li>D'Agostino, M., Diez-Valcarce, M., Robles, S., Losilla-Garcia, B., Cook, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification-based+method+for+analysing+animal+feed+for+the+presence+of+Salmonella.">A loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for analysing animal feed for the presence of Salmonella.</a> Food Analytical Methods. 8 (10), 2409-2416 (2015).</li><li>Galan, J. E., Ginocchio, C., Costeas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+functional+characterization+of+the+Salmonella+invasion+gene+invA:+homology+of+InvA+to+members+of+a+new+protein+family.">Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: homology of InvA to members of a new protein family.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 174 (13), 4338-4349 (1992).</li><li>Chen, S., Wang, F., Beaulieu, J. C., Stein, R. E., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+of+viable+salmonellae+in+produce+by+coupling+propidium+monoazide+with+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification.">Rapid detection of viable salmonellae in produce by coupling propidium monoazide with loop-mediated isothermal amplification.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (12), 4008-4016 (2011).</li><li>Yang, Q., Chen, S., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+Salmonella+serovars+in+shell+eggs+by+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification.">Detecting Salmonella serovars in shell eggs by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.</a> Journal of Food Protection. 76 (10), 1790-1796 (2013).</li><li>Yang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+the+rapid,+reliable,+and+robust+detection+of+Salmonella+in+produce.">Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid, reliable, and robust detection of Salmonella in produce.</a> Food Microbiology. 46, 485-493 (2015).</li><li>Yang, Q., Domesle, K. J., Wang, F., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+of+Salmonella+in+food+and+feed+by+coupling+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+with+bioluminescent+assay+in+real-time.">Rapid detection of Salmonella in food and feed by coupling loop-mediated isothermal amplification with bioluminescent assay in real-time.</a> BMC Microbiology. 16 (1), 112 (2016).</li><li>Domesle, K. J., Yang, Q., Hammack, T. S., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Salmonella+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+assay+in+animal+food.">Validation of a Salmonella loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in animal food.</a> International Journal of Food Microbiology. 264, 63-76 (2018).</li><li>Bustin, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MIQE+guidelines:+minimum+information+for+publication+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments.">The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 55 (4), 611-622 (2009).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros competidores. Las opiniones expresadas en este manuscrito son las de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente la política oficial del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos o el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. La referencia a cualquier material comercial, equipo o proceso no constituye de ninguna manera aprobación, aprobación o recomendación por parte de la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos.

Hemos presentado aquí un método LAMP simple, rápido, específico y sensible para la detección y confirmación de Salmonella en alimentos para animales y cultivo puro, respectivamente. Con la comodidad de una mezcla maestra isotérmica que contiene cuatro reactivos clave, y una mezcla de imprimación preparada internamente lista para usar, el montaje de una reacción LAMP requiere sólo unos pocos pasos de pipeteo (Figura 1). El tiempo total de ejecución, incluidas las fases de amplificación y recocido, es inferior a 38 min(Figura 2A, B y Figura 3A,B). Los resultados positivos se supervisan mediante fluorescencia en tiempo real(Figura 2C y Figura 3C,D)y se pueden detectar tan pronto como 5 min26. La fase de recocido sirve como una confirmación adicional de la especificidad de LAMP ya que sólo las muestras con Tm correcta (alrededor de 90 °C) se notifican como positivas(Figura 2D, E y Figura 3E-G). Previamente se han notificado sensibilidades de 1 célula salmonela en cultivo puro y < 1 CFU/25 g en alimentosanimales.
Como LAMP es bastante eficaz y genera una gran cantidad de ADN1,es fundamental que se utilicen las mejores prácticas de laboratorio para prevenir la contaminación cruzada, que pueden incluir separar físicamente las áreas para preparar la mezcla maestra LAMP y agregar plantillas de ADN, evitar generar aerosoles, usar puntas de pipeta de filtro, cambiar guantes a menudo y abstenerse de abrir tubos de reacción LAMP después de la amplificación.
La especificidad de este método Salmonella LAMP se probó previamente utilizando 300 cepas bacterianas (247 Salmonella de 185 serovars y 53 noSalmonella)y demostró ser 100% específica26. En particular, se observaron diferencias significativas en Tmax entre las dos especies de Salmonella, S. enterica y Salmonella bongori,y entre las subespecies S. enterica, especialmente subsp. arizonae (IIIa)26. No obstante, estos resultados positivos siguen siendo válidos según las normas para interpretar los resultados de LAMP. En nuestro estudio colaborativo multi-laboratorio en alimentos para perros secos en el que participaron 14 analistas19,ocasionalmente se observaron muestras con resultados inconsistentes en corridas duplicadas de LAMP. Estos generalmente implicaban muestras con resultados positivos retrasados(Máx. T> 15 min). Repetir ambas ejecuciones de forma independiente normalmente resuelve el problema. Más raramente, observamos muestras con valoresmáximos T m correctospero no o irregulares T(< 5 min). Esto fue generalmente causado por burbujas de aire en el tubo de reacción.
A lo largo del ciclo de vida del desarrollo de métodos LAMP, evaluación, estudio precolaborante y validación multi-laboratorio, hemos observado alta tolerancia de LAMP a inhibidores en diversos alimentos animales o matrices alimentarias y medios de cultivo4,19,22,23,24,destacando la robustez del método y colaborando numerosos otros estudios a escala global8. Esto es superior en comparación con PCR o PCR en tiempo real, que normalmente requiere un control de amplificación interna para asegurarse de que los resultados negativos no se deben a la inhibición de la matriz28. Además, LAMP demostró una especificidad y sensibilidad similares (o superiores) en comparación con pcr o PCR en tiempo real en la gran mayoría de los estudios8. El costo de los reactivos LAMP es de aproximadamente $1 por reacción. Los instrumentos LAMP utilizados en este protocolo son pequeños, de bajo mantenimiento y portátiles. Pueden manejar cualquier método de amplificación isotérmica que emplee la detección de objetivos mediante la medición de fluorescencia, LAMP incluido. Con el software LAMP, se pueden generar informes completos en varios formatos (pdf, texto e imagen).
La validación de métodos es un paso crítico antes de que se pueda adoptar un nuevo método para su uso rutinario. Cabe destacar que el protocolo LAMP notificado aquí ha completado con éxito la validación multi-laboratorio19. Con la reciente incorporación de este protocolo LAMP en el Capítulo 5 de Salmonella27de bam de la FDA de los Estados Unidos, se espera que el método obtenga un uso mucho más amplio, tanto como un método de detección rápida en alimentos para animales como como un método de confirmación confiable para los presuntos aislados salmonela de todas las categorías de alimentos.

La amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) es una nueva prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico isotérmico (iNAAT) inventada en 2000 por un grupo de científicos japoneses1. A través de la formación de una estructura de ADN de bucle vástago específica del objetivo durante los pasos iniciales, LAMP utiliza una polimerasa de ADN que desplaza las hebras para amplificar eficientemente este material de partida de forma cuasi exponencial, lo que resulta en 109 copias de objetivo en menos de 1 h1. En comparación con la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), un NAAT ampliamente utilizado, LAMP posee varias ventajas. En primer lugar, las reacciones LAMP se llevan a cabo en condiciones isotérmicas. Esto obvia la necesidad de un sofisticado instrumento de ciclismo térmico. En segundo lugar, LAMP es altamente tolerante a los medios de cultivo y sustancias biológicas2 con robustez demostrada tanto para aplicaciones clínicas como alimentarias3,4. Esto simplifica la preparación de la muestra y minimiza los resultados negativos falsos5. En tercer lugar, LAMP es apto para múltiples plataformas de detección, como turbidez, colorimetría, bioluminiscencia, fluorescencia y microfluídica6. En cuarto lugar, LAMP es muy específico, ya que utiliza de cuatro a seis imprimaciones especialmente diseñadas para dirigirse a seis a ocho regiones específicas1,7. En quinto lugar, LAMP es ultrasensible y numerosos estudios han informado de su sensibilidad superior a PCR o PCR8en tiempo real. Por último, LAMP es más rápido con muchos ensayos que ahora adoptan un tiempo de ejecución estándar de 30 minutos, mientras que los ensayos de tipo PCR suelen tomar 1-2 h8.
Estas atractivas características alimentaron la aplicación de LAMP en amplias áreas de detección de patógenos, incluyendo diagnóstico in vitro 9,diagnóstico de enfermedades animales10y pruebas alimentarias y ambientales11. En particular, la OMS ha recomendado una TB-LAMP (LAMP for Mycobacterium tuberculosis)como prueba de sustitución válida para la microscopía de frotis de esputo para diagnósticos de tuberculosis pulmonar en entornos periféricos12. La aplicación LAMP también se expande más allá de la identificación microbiana para incluir la detección de alérgenos, especies animales, resistencia a fármacos, organismos genéticamente modificados y pesticidas13.
Salmonella no fofódica es un patógeno zoonótico de considerable seguridad alimentaria y preocupación de salud pública en todo el mundo14. También se ha identificado como un importante peligro microbiano en los alimentos para animales (es decir, alimentos para animales)15,16. Para prevenir enfermedades/brotes de Salmonella de alimentos humanos contaminados y alimentos para animales, es imperativo contar con métodos rápidos, fiables y robustos para probar Salmonella en una variedad de matrices. En la última década, se han realizado considerables esfuerzos internacionales en el desarrollo y aplicación de ensayos de Salmonella LAMP en una amplia gama de matrices de alimentos, como se resumió recientemente en una extensa revisión8. Varios ensayos de Salmonella LAMP, incluido el presentado aquí, han completado con éxito la validación multi-laboratorio siguiendo directrices internacionales bien establecidas17,18,19,20.
Nuestro ensayo Salmonella LAMP se dirige específicamente al gen de invasión Salmonella invA (número de adhesión a GenBank M90846)21 y es rápido, fiable y robusto en múltiples matrices de alimentos4,22,23,24,25,26. El método ha sido validado en seis matrices de alimentos para animales en un estudio precollaborante26 y en alimentos para perros secos en un estudio colaborativo multi-laboratorio19. Como resultado, el método Salmonella LAMP presentado aquí se ha incorporado recientemente al Manual Analítico Bacteriológico (BAM) capítulo 5 salmonella 27 de la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos (FDA) capítulo 5 Salmonella27 para servir dos propósitos, uno como método de detección rápida para la presencia de Salmonella en alimentos animales y dos como un método de confirmación confiable para la presunta Salmonella aislada de todos los alimentos.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>299070</td>
			<td>Liquid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffered peptone water (BPW)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>218105</td>
			<td>Preenrichment medium for the recovery of Salmonella from animal food samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA AWAY</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>7010</td>
			<td>Eliminates unwanted DNA and DNase from laboratory bench, glassware, and plasticware without affecting subsequent DNA samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie Explorer software</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Version 2.0.6.3</td>
			<td>Supports remote operation of Genie instruments including LAMP runs and data analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie II or Genie III (LAMP instrument)</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>GEN2-02 or GEN3-02</td>
			<td>A small instrument capable of temperature control up to 100 &#176;C with &#177; 0.1 &#176;C accuracy and simultaneous fluorescence detection via the FAM channel. Genie II has 2 blocks (A and B) with 8 samples in each block. Genie III has a single block that accommodates 8 samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie strip</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>OP-0008</td>
			<td>8-well microtube strips with integral locking caps and a working volume of 10 to 150 &#181;l.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie strip holder</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>GBLOCK</td>
			<td>Used to hold Genie strips when setting up a LAMP reaction, the aluminum holder can also be used as a cool block.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, 1 N</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>SA48-500</td>
			<td>Adjusts pH of animal food samples after adding BPW and prior to overnight enrichment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>88-860-022</td>
			<td>Heats samples at 100 &#177; 1 oC for DNA extraction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>3960</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory incubator.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISO-001 isothermal master mix</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>ISO-001</td>
			<td>An optimized master mix to simplify the assembly of a LAMP reaction, containing a strand-displacing GspSSD DNA polymerase large fragment from Geobacillus spp., thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase, reaction buffer, MgSO4, dNTPs, and a double-stranded DNA binding dye (FAM detection channel).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>A416</td>
			<td>Disinfects work surfaces.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAMP primers</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, IA</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>LAMP primers with detailed information in Table 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf North America, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td>22620207</td>
			<td>MiniSpin plus personal microcentrifuge.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td>Standard microcentrifuge tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular grade water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AM9938</td>
			<td>Used in making primer stocks, primer mix, and LAMP reaction mix.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, 1 N</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>SS266-1</td>
			<td>Adjusts pH of animal food samples after adding BPW and prior to overnight enrichment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonselective agar (e.g., blood agar, nutrient agar, and trypticase soy agar)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>R01202</td>
			<td>Solid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone water</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>218071</td>
			<td>Dilutes overnight Salmonella cultures to make positive control DNA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes and tips</td>
			<td>Mettler-Toledo Rainin LLC, Oakland CA</td>
			<td>Pipet Lite LTS series</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory pipettes and tips.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrepMan Ultra sample preparation reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>4318930</td>
			<td>A simple kit used for the rapid preparation of DNA templates for use in a LAMP reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmonella reference strain LT2</td>
			<td>ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>700720</td>
			<td>Salmonella reference strain used as positive control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypticase soy broth (TSB)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>211768</td>
			<td>Liquid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, Inc., Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory vortex mixer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whirl-pak filter bag</td>
			<td>Nasco Sampling Brand, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td>B01318</td>
			<td>Filter bags to hold animal food samples for preenrichment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

loop-mediated isothermal amplification for screening salmonella in animal food and confirming salmonella from culture isolation

La amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) ha surgido como una potente prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico para la detección rápida de numerosos agentes bacterianos, fúngicas, parásitos y virales. La salmonela es un patógeno bacteriano de importancia mundial en la seguridad alimentaria, incluidos los alimentos para los animales. Aquí se presenta un protocolo lamp de salmonela con múltiples laboratorios validado que se puede utilizar para examinar rápidamente los alimentos de los animales para detectar la presencia de la contaminación por Salmonella y también se puede utilizar para confirmar los presuntos aislados de Salmonella recuperados de todas las categorías de alimentos. El ensayo LAMP se dirige específicamente al gen de invasión Salmonella (invA)y es rápido, sensible y altamente específico. Los DNAs de plantilla se preparan a partir de caldos de enriquecimiento de alimentos para animales o cultivos puros de presuntos aislados salmonela. La mezcla de reactivos LAMP se prepara combinando una mezcla maestra isotérmica, imprimaciones, plantilla de ADN y agua. El ensayo LAMP se ejecuta a una temperatura constante de 65 °C durante 30 min. Los resultados positivos se supervisan a través de la fluorescencia en tiempo real y se pueden detectar tan pronto como 5 min. El ensayo LAMP exhibe una alta tolerancia a los inhibidores en los alimentos o medios de cultivo de los animales, sirviendo como un método rápido, fiable, robusto, rentable y fácil de usar para la detección y confirmación de Salmonella. El método LAMP se ha incorporado recientemente al Capítulo 5 del Manual Analítico Bacteriológico (BAM) de la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos.

La Figura 2 y la Figura 3 muestran gráficos/tablas LAMP representativos que se muestran en ambas plataformas. En esta ejecución lamp, las muestras S1 a S6 son diluciones serie de 10 veces de S. enterica serovar Infantis ATCC 51741 que van desde 1.1 x 106 CFU a 11 CFU por reacción. El control positivo es S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (LT2) a 1,7 x 104 CFU por reacción y NTC es agua de grado molecular.
Como se muestra en la Figura 2E y la Figura 3G,los pozos NTC y PC son controles válidos. El pozo NTC tiene Tmax en blanco, mientras que Tm es < 83 °C en el panel de instrumentos LAMP y en blanco en el software LAMP, lo que sugiere un resultado negativo. El pozo pc tiene Tmáx. de 7 min 45 seg y Tm de ~ 90 °C en ambas plataformas, lo que sugiere un resultado positivo. Las muestras S1 a S6 tienen Tmax entre 6 min 30 seg y 12 min 15 seg, todas son Salmonella-positivas.
Después de las ejecuciones duplicadas del mismo conjunto de muestras, se notifican los resultados finales de LAMP para estas muestras. Esta ejecución representativa de LAMP muestra que LAMP detecta con éxito Salmonella con una amplia gama de concentraciones en las muestras.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig2v2.jpg"> Figura 2: Resultados representativos de LAMP que se muestran en el panel de instrumentos LAMP. (A) La pestaña Perfil muestra el perfil de temperatura programado. (B) La pestaña Temperatura muestra las temperaturas reales en los pozos de muestra a medida que avanza la reacción de LAMP. (C) La pestaña Amplificación muestra lecturas de fluorescencia durante la amplificación de LAMP. (D) La pestaña Anneal muestra cambios en la fluorescencia (derivado) durante la fase de recocido. (E) La pestaña Resultados muestra una vista tabular de los resultados de LAMP. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig3v2.jpg"> Figura 3: Resultados representativos de LAMP vistos en el software LAMP. (A) La pestaña Perfil muestra el perfil de temperatura programado. (B) La pestaña Temperatura muestra las temperaturas reales en los pozos de muestra a medida que avanza la reacción de LAMP. (C) La pestaña Amplificación muestra lecturas de fluorescencia durante la amplificación de LAMP. (D) La pestaña Tasa de amplificación muestra cambios en la fluorescencia (relación de fluorescencia) durante la amplificación de LAMP. (E) La pestaña Anneal muestra lecturas de fluorescencia durante la fase de recocido. (F) La pestaña Derivado de Anneal muestra cambios en la fluorescencia (derivado) durante la fase de recocido. (G) La pestaña Resultado muestra una vista tabular de los resultados de LAMP. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation at JoVE.com

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

La amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) es una prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico isotérmico (iNAAT) que ha atraído un amplio interés en el campo de detección de patógenos. Aquí, presentamos un protocolo Salmonella LAMP validado multi-laboratorio como un método rápido, confiable y robusto para la detección de Salmonella en alimentos animales y la confirmación de la presunta Salmonella del aislamiento cultural.

Amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle para la detección de salmonela en alimentos para animales y la confirmación de salmonela del aislamiento cultural

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a powerful nucleic acid amplification test for the rapid detection of numerous bacterial, ...

loop-mediated-isothermal-amplification-for-screening-salmonella

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

7.9K vistas.  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. La amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) es una prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico isotérmico (iNAAT) que ha atraído un amplio interés en el campo de detección de patógenos. Aquí, presentamos un protocolo Salmonella LAMP validado multi-laboratorio como un método rápido, confiable y robusto para la detección de Salmonella en alimentos animales y la confirmación de la presunta Salmonella del aislamiento cultural.

Video: Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

The bacterial infected mouse model is a powerful model system for studying areas such as infection, inflammation, immunology, signal transduction, and tumorigenesis. Many researchers have taken advantage of the colitis induced by Salmonella typhimurium for the studies on the early phase of inflammation and infection. However, only few reports are on the chronic infection in vivo. Mice with Salmonella persistent existence in the gastrointestinal tract allow us to explore the long-term host-bacterial interaction, signal transduction, and tumorigenesis. We have established a chronic bacterial infected mouse model with Salmonella typhimurium colonization in the mouse intestine over 6 months. To use this system, it is necessary for the researcher to learn how to prepare the bacterial culture and gavage the animals. We detail a methodology for prepare bacterial culture and gavage mice. We also show how to detect the Salmonella persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, this protocol will aid researchers using the bacterial infected mouse model to address fundamentally important biological and microbiological questions.

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

Establish a chronic bacterial infected mouse model with persistent Salmonella typhimurium colonization in intestine for 27 weeks.

Crónico Salmonella Modelo de ratón infectado

The bacterial infected mouse model is a powerful model system for studying areas such as infection, inflammation, immunology, signal transduction, and ...

Investigación

Biología

Isolation and Primary Culture of Rat Hepatic Cells

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology and other related subjects. The method based on two-step collagenase perfusion for isolation of intact hepatocytes was first introduced by Berry and Friend in 1969 1 and, since then, has undergone many modifications. The most commonly used technique was described by Seglenin 1976 2. Essentially, hepatocytes are dissociated from anesthetized adult rats by a non-recirculating collagenase perfusion through the portal vein. The isolated cells are then filtered through a 100 &mu;m pore size mesh nylon filter, and cultured onto plates. After 4-hour culture, the medium is replaced with serum-containing or serum-free medium, e.g. HepatoZYME-SFM, for additional time to culture. These procedures require surgical and sterile culture steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol, which allow consistently in the generation of viable hepatocytes in large numbers.

Primary hepatocytes provide a valuable tool to evaluate biochemical, molecular, and metabolic functions in a physiologically relevant experimental system. We describe a reliable protocol for rat in situ liver perfusion, which consistently generates viable hepatocytes up to 1.0 &times; 108 cells per preparation with cell viability between 88 ~ 96%.

Aislamiento y cultivo primario de células hepáticas de ratas

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse incisor provides a model for these processes. This remarkable organ grows continuously throughout the animal&#39;s life and generates all the necessary cell types from active pools of adult stem cells housed in the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loop (CL) regions. Only the dental stem cells from the labial CL give rise to ameloblasts that generate enamel, the outer covering of teeth, on the labial surface. This asymmetric enamel formation allows abrasion at the incisor tip, and progenitors and stem cells in the proximal incisor ensure that the dental tissues are constantly replenished. The ability to isolate and grow these progenitor or stem cells in vitro allows their expansion and opens doors to numerous experiments not achievable in vivo, such as high throughput testing of potential stem cell regulatory factors. Here, we describe and demonstrate a reliable and consistent method to culture cells from the labial CL of the mouse incisor.

The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a model for studying renewal of dental tissues from dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs). A robust system for consistently and reliably obtaining these cells from the incisor and expanding them in vitro is reported here.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre epiteliales dental del adulto Ratón Incisivo

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

A Simple High Efficiency Protocol for Pancreatic Islet Isolation from Mice

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other important biological functions. The islets primarily consist of five types of hormone-secreting cells: &#945; cells secrete glucagon, &#946; cells secrete insulin, &#948; cells secrete somatostatin, &#949; cells secrete ghrelin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Sixty to 80% of the cells in the islets are &#946; cells, which are the most important cell population to study insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets are a crucial model system to study ex vivo insulin secretion. Acquiring high quality islets is of great importance for diabetes research. Most islet isolation procedures require technically difficult to access site of collagenase injection, harsh and complex digestion procedures, and multiple density gradient purification steps. This paper features a simple high yield mouse islet isolation method with detailed descriptions and realistic demonstrations, showing the following specific steps: 1) injection of collagenase P at the ampulla of Vater, a small area joining the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, 2) enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation of the exocrine pancreas, and 3) a single gradient purification step. The advantages of this method are the injection of digestive enzyme using the more accessible ampulla of Vater, more complete digestion using combination of enzymatic and mechanical approaches, and a simpler single gradient purification step. This protocol produces approximately 250&#8212;350 islets per mouse; and islets are suitable for various ex vivo studies. Possible caveats of this procedure are potentially damaged islets due to enzymatic digestion and/or prolonged gradient incubation, all of which can be largely avoided by careful ad justification of incubation time.

This islet isolation protocol described a novel route of collagenase injection to digest the exocrine tissue and a simplified gradient procedure to purify the islets from mice. It involves enzymatic digestion, gradient separation/purification, and islet hand-picking. Successful isolation can yield 250&#8211;350 high quality and fully functional islets per mouse.

Un protocolo simple de alta eficiencia para el aislamiento de islotes pancreáticos de ratones

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other ...

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also termed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The reproductive axis is a key integrator of environmental and internal input adapting fertility to favorable conditions for reproduction. Prior to embarking upon a fertility study in mice and rats, sexual maturity is evaluated to exclude the possibility that the observed reproductive phenotypes are caused by delayed or absent pubertal onset. This protocol describes a non-invasive approach to assess pubertal onset in males through the determination of preputial separation, and in females through vaginal opening and first estrus. After the confirmation of the completion of puberty and the achievement of sexual maturity, a fertility study can be initiated. The procedure describes the optimal breeding conditions for mice and rats, how to set up a fertility study, and what parameters to evaluate and determine if the treatment or gene deletion has an impact on fertility.

Many treatments and genetic mutations impact the timing of sexual maturity and fertility. This protocol describes a non-invasive method to evaluate pubertal onset in mice and rats prior to setting up a fertility study in sexually mature animals.

Determinación de la capacidad reproductiva por confirmar Inicio puberal y de realizar un análisis de fertilidad en ratones y ratas

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

Análisis de metagenómica cuasi de Salmonella de muestras alimentarias y ambientales

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Oral Keratinocytes from the Adult Mouse Palate

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have attracted attention because of their unique function and characteristics. They maintain the homeostasis of the oral epithelium and serve as resources for applications in regenerative therapies. However, in vitro studies that use oral primary keratinocytes from adult mice have been limited due to the lack of an efficient and well-established culture protocol. Here, oral primary keratinocytes were isolated from the palate tissues of adult mice and cultured in a commercial low-calcium medium supplemented with a chelexed-serum. Under these conditions, keratinocytes were maintained in a proliferative or stem cell-like state, and their differentiation was inhibited even after increased passages. Marker expression analysis showed that the cultured oral keratinocytes expressed the basal cell markers p63, K14, and &#945;6-integrin and were negative for the differentiation marker K13 and the fibroblast marker PDGFR&#945;. This method produced viable and culturable cells suitable for downstream applications in the study of oral epithelial stem cell functions in vitro.

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of oral keratinocytes derived from the adult mouse palate. An evaluation method using immunostaining is also reported.

Aislamiento y cultivo de queratinocitos orales primarios del paladar del ratón adulto

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.
Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 &#176;C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.

Aislamiento de núcleos de riñón de ratón adulto para secuenciación de ARN de un solo núcleo

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are ...

Double-Staining Method to Detect Pectin in Plant-Fungus Interaction

Plant cells use different structural mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible, to defend themselves from fungal infection. Encapsulation is an efficient inducible mechanism to isolate the fungal haustoria from the plant cell protoplast. Conversely, pectin, one of the polymeric components of the cell wall, is a target of several pectolytic enzymes in necrotrophic interactions. Here, a protocol to detect pectin and fungal hyphae through optical microscopy is presented. The pectin-rich encapsulation in the cells of coffee leaves infected by the rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix and the mesophyll cell wall modification induced by Cercospora coffeicola are investigated. Lesioned leaf samples were fixed with the Karnovsky solution, dehydrated, and embedded in glycol methacrylate for 2-4 days. All steps were followed by vacuum-pumping to remove air in the intercellular spaces and improve the embedding process. The embedded blocks were sectioned into 5-7 &#181;m thick sections, which were deposited on a glass slide covered with water and subsequently heated at 40 &#176;C for 30 min. Next, the slides were double-stained with 5% cotton blue in lactophenol to detect the fungus and 0.05% ruthenium red in water to detect pectin (acidic groups of polyuronic acids of pectin). Fungal haustoria of Hemileia vastatrix were found to be encapsulated by pectin. In coffee cercosporiosis, mesophyll cells exhibited dissolution of cell walls, and intercellular hyphae and conidiophores were observed. The method presented here is effective to detect a pectin-associated response in the plant-fungi interaction.

This protocol describes a microscopical method to detect pectin in coffee-fungus interaction.

Método de doble tinción para detectar la pectina en la interacción planta-hongo

Plant cells use different structural mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible, to defend themselves from fungal infection. Encapsulation is an ...

Isolation and Screening from Soil Biodiversity for Fungi Involved in the Degradation of Recalcitrant Materials

Environmental pollution is an increasing problem, and identifying fungi involved in the bioremediation process is an essential task. Soil hosts an incredible diversity of microbial life and can be a good source of these bioremediative fungi. This work aims to search for soil fungi with bioremediation potential by using different screening tests. Mineral culture media supplemented with recalcitrant substances as the sole carbon source were used as growth tests. First, soil dilutions were plated on Petri dishes with mineral medium amended with humic acids or lignocellulose. The growing fungal colonies were isolated and tested on different substrates, such as complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (petrolatum and used motor oil) and powders of different plastic polymers (PET, PP, PS, PUR, PVC). Qualitative enzymatic tests were associated with the growth tests to investigate the production of esterases, laccases, peroxidases, and proteases. These enzymes are involved in the main degradation processes of recalcitrant material, and their constitutive secretion by the examined fungal strains could have the potential to be exploited for bioremediation. More than 100 strains were isolated and tested, and several isolates with good bioremediation potential were found. In conclusion, the described screening tests are an easy and low-cost method to identify fungal strains with bioremediation potential from the soil. In addition, it is possible to tailor the screening tests for different pollutants, according to requirements, by adding other recalcitrant substances to minimal culture media.

Here, we present a protocol for screening soil biodiversity to look for fungal strains involved in the degradation of recalcitrant materials. First, fungal strains able to grow on humic acids or lignocellulose are isolated. Their activity is then tested both in enzymatic assays and on pollutants such as hydrocarbons and plastics.