El trabajo fue apoyado por Grants de la Manpei Suzuki Diabetic Foundation (YT), Boston Children's Hospital OFD/BTREC/CTREC Faculty Career Development Grant, Boston Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation, BCH Pilot Award, BCH Manton Center Fellowship y Little Giraffe Foundation (ZF), The German Research Foundation (DFG; BC [CA1940/1-1]), NIH R24EY024868, EY017017, R01EY01717-13S1, EY030904-01, BCH IDDRC (1U54HD090255), Massachusetts Lions Eye Foundation (LEHS).

Todos los experimentos con animales descritos fueron aprobados por el Comité Institucional de Cuidado y Uso de Animales en boston Children's Hospital (protocolo ARCH número 19-04-3913R).
1. Preparación
<ol><li>Añadir 5 ml de penicilina/estreptomicina (10000 U/mL) y 5 ml y 10 ml de suplementos disponibles comercialmente a 500 ml de medio clásico completo con suero. Aliquot 50 mL del medio inicialmente. NOTA: No devuelva ningún medio a la población para evitar la contaminación.</li>
	<li>Ponga una alícuota de medio clásico completo sobre hielo.</li>
	<li>Use 70% de etanol para limpiar el microscopio de disección, los fórceps y las tijeras.</li>
	<li>Preparar dos platos de cultivo celular (10 cm), uno en el microscopio de disección, otro sobre hielo; poner 10 ml de medio clásico completo en cada plato.</li>
</ol>2. Pasos experimentales (Figura 1)
<ol><li>Sacrificar ratones C57BL/6J alrededor del postnatal (P) 20 usando 75-100 mg/kg de ketamina y 7,5 -10 mg/kg de xiazina inyectada intraperitonealmente. Mantenga los ojos en medio clásico completo sobre hielo antes de la disección.</li>
	<li>Retire el tejido conectivo (músculo y tejido graso) y el nervio óptico en el ojo.</li>
	<li>Utilice una micro-tijera para cortar circunferencialmente 0,5 mm posterior al limbo corneal. Retire el complejo de córnea/iris, el vítreo y la lente.</li>
	<li>Haga una incisión de 1 mm perpendicular al borde de corte hacia el nervio óptico y corte una banda circunferencial de 1 mm de ancho. Separe las regiones central y periférica del complejo. Use fórceps para despegar la retina del complejo RPE/coroide/sclera.</li>
	<li>Mantener la banda coroidea periférica en medio clásico completo sobre hielo; aislar el otro ojo y repetir el proceso para cortar una segunda banda.</li>
	<li>Cortar la banda circular en piezas cuadradas iguales a 6o (1 mm x 1 mm). NOTA: Nunca toque ningún borde.</li>
	<li>Descongelar el extracto de membrana basal (BME) por instrucción de fabricación. Añadir 30 l/pozo de BME en el centro de cada pocómo de una placa de cultivo de tejido de 24 pocillos. Asegúrese de que la gota de BME forma una cúpula convexa en la parte inferior de la placa sin tocar los bordes. NOTA: Descongele el BME durante la noche en un refrigerador. BME debe estar en el hielo en cualquier momento después de descongelar.</li>
	<li>Coloque el tejido en el centro de la BME. NOTA: No aplanar el explano coroides; generalmente, deje que el tejido se expanda dentro de la BME. La orientación del tejido (lado escleral hacia arriba o hacia abajo) no afecta el resultado experimental.</li>
	<li>Incubar la placa a 37oC durante 10 min para dejar que el gel se solidifique.</li>
	<li>Añadir 500 l del medio/pozo clásico completo.</li>
	<li>Cambie el medio clásico cada dos días (500 l). La brotación de coroide se puede observar después de 3 días con un microscopio. NOTA: Para el tratamiento del factor de crecimiento, muera de hambre el tejido durante 4 h. Diluir un compuesto de ensayo en medio reducido por factor de crecimiento (1:200 impulso en lugar de 1:50).</li>
</ol>3.SWIFT-Método de cuantificación computarizada Choroid17 (Figura 2)
NOTA: Se utilizó un método computarizado para medir el área cubierta por los buques en crecimiento. Se necesita un plugin de macro para el software ImageJ antes de la cuantificación (consulte Información complementaria para obtener más detalles).
<ol><li>Abra la imagen de brotación de coroides con ImageJ y marque "Imagen | Tipo| 8 bits" con escala de grises.</li>
	<li>Vaya a"| de imagen Ajustar | Brillo/Contraste (Ctrl/shift/C)" y optimizar el contraste.</li>
	<li>Utilice la función de varita mágica para perfilar y eliminar de la imagen el tejido coroides que está presente en el centro de los brotes (utilizando la tecla de método abreviado "F1") (Figura 2A,B). NOTA: Establezca la tasa de tolerancia de la varita mágica en 20-30%.</li>
	<li>Elimine el fondo de la imagen con las herramientas de selección gratuitas (Figura 2C). Vaya a"| de imagen Ajustar | Umbral (Ctrl/shift/T)". Utilice la función de umbral para definir los brotes microvasculares en el fondo y la periferia (Figura 2D).</li>
	<li>Haga clic en "F2" y aparecerá un resumen. Guarde una imagen del área seleccionada haciendo clic en "Guardar". Guarde en la misma carpeta que la imagen original para futuras referencias.</li>
	<li>Después de medir un grupo de muestras, copie el registro para el análisis de datos. NOTA: También es posible medir el área (m2) por"Analizar | Establezca Escala" utilizando imágenes con barras de escala.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zarbin, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+concepts+in+the+pathogenesis+of+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (4), 598-614 (2004).</li><li>Pemp, B., Schmetterer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocular+blood+flow+in+diabetes+and+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Ocular blood flow in diabetes and age-related macular degeneration.</a> Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 43 (3), 295-301 (2008).</li><li>Murakami, Y., Ishikawa, K., Nakao, S., Sonoda, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+response+in+retinal+homeostasis+and+inflammatory+disorders.">Innate immune response in retinal homeostasis and inflammatory disorders.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 74, 100778 (2020).</li><li>Fu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dyslipidemia+in+retinal+metabolic+disorders.">Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders.</a> EMBO Molecular Medicine. 11 (10), 10473 (2019).</li><li>Daruich, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+macular+edema:+Beyond+the+surface.">Mechanisms of macular edema: Beyond the surface.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 63, 20-68 (2018).</li><li>Tomita, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-Acting+FGF21+Inhibits+Retinal+Vascular+Leakage+in+In+Vivo+and+In+Vitro+Models.">Long-Acting FGF21 Inhibits Retinal Vascular Leakage in In Vivo and In Vitro Models.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (4), 21041188 (2020).</li><li>Maisto, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARPE-19-derived+VEGF-containing+exosomes+promote+neovascularization+in+HUVEC:+the+role+of+the+melanocortin+receptor+5.">ARPE-19-derived VEGF-containing exosomes promote neovascularization in HUVEC: the role of the melanocortin receptor 5.</a> Cell Cycle. 18 (4), 413-424 (2019).</li><li>Mazzoni, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt+Inhibitor+Apcdd1+Coordinates+Vascular+Remodeling+and+Barrier+Maturation+of+Retinal+Blood+Vessels.">The Wnt Inhibitor Apcdd1 Coordinates Vascular Remodeling and Barrier Maturation of Retinal Blood Vessels.</a> Neuron. 96 (5), 1055-1069 (2017).</li><li>Fu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adiponectin+Mediates+Dietary+Omega-3+Long-Chain+Polyunsaturated+Fatty+Acid+Protection+Against+Choroidal+Neovascularization+in+Mice.">Adiponectin Mediates Dietary Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Protection Against Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. 58 (10), 3862-3870 (2017).</li><li>Gong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochrome+P450+Oxidase+2C+Inhibition+Adds+to+omega-3+Long-Chain+Polyunsaturated+Fatty+Acids+Protection+Against+Retinal+and+Choroidal+Neovascularization.">Cytochrome P450 Oxidase 2C Inhibition Adds to omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protection Against Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 36 (9), 1919-1927 (2016).</li><li>Nicosia, R. F., Zorzi, P., Ligresti, G., Morishita, A., Aplin, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paracrine+regulation+of+angiogenesis+by+different+cell+types+in+the+aorta+ring+model.">Paracrine regulation of angiogenesis by different cell types in the aorta ring model.</a> International Journal of Developmental Biology. 55 (4-5), 447-453 (2011).</li><li>Bellacen, K., Lewis, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aortic+ring+assay.">Aortic ring assay.</a> Journal of Visulaized Experiments. (33), e1564 (2009).</li><li>Masson, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Aortic+Ring+Assay:+A+New+Approach+of+the+Molecular+Genetics+of+Angiogenesis.">Mouse Aortic Ring Assay: A New Approach of the Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis.</a> Biological Procedures Online. 4, 24-31 (2002).</li><li>Katakia, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+model+for+studying+endothelial+tip+cells:+Revisiting+the+classical+aortic-ring+assay.">Ex vivo model for studying endothelial tip cells: Revisiting the classical aortic-ring assay.</a> Microvascular Research. 128, 103939 (2020).</li><li>Rezzola, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+ex+vivo+retina+angiogenesis+assays.">In vitro and ex vivo retina angiogenesis assays.</a> Angiogenesis. 17 (3), 429-442 (2014).</li><li>Rezzola, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+ex+vivo+murine+retina+angiogenesis+(EMRA)+assay.">A novel ex vivo murine retina angiogenesis (EMRA) assay.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 112, 51-56 (2013).</li><li>Shao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+sprouting+assay:+an+ex+vivo+model+of+microvascular+angiogenesis.">Choroid sprouting assay: an ex vivo model of microvascular angiogenesis.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), 69552 (2013).</li><li>Tomita, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+fatty+acid+receptor+4+activation+protects+against+choroidal+neovascularization+in+mice.">Free fatty acid receptor 4 activation protects against choroidal neovascularization in mice.</a> Angiogenesis. 23, 385-394 (2020).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+TWIST1+promotes+pathological+ocular+angiogenesis.">Endothelial TWIST1 promotes pathological ocular angiogenesis.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science. 55 (12), 8267-8277 (2014).</li><li>Liu, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+microRNA-150+is+an+intrinsic+suppressor+of+pathologic+ocular+neovascularization.">Endothelial microRNA-150 is an intrinsic suppressor of pathologic ocular neovascularization.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U. S. A. 112 (39), 12163-12168 (2015).</li><li>Zhou, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LncEGFL7OS+regulates+human+angiogenesis+by+interacting+with+MAX+at+the+EGFL7/miR-126+locus.">LncEGFL7OS regulates human angiogenesis by interacting with MAX at the EGFL7/miR-126 locus.</a> Elife. 8, 40470 (2019).</li><li>Kobayashi, S., Fukuta, M., Kontani, H., Yanagita, S., Kimura, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+assay+for+angiogenesis+of+cultured+choroidal+tissues+in+streptozotocin-diabetic+Wistar+and+spontaneously+diabetic+GK+rats.">A quantitative assay for angiogenesis of cultured choroidal tissues in streptozotocin-diabetic Wistar and spontaneously diabetic GK rats.</a> Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 78 (4), 471-478 (1998).</li><li>Kobayashi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+effects+of+tetrandrine+and+related+synthetic+compounds+on+angiogenesis+in+streptozotocin-diabetic+rodents.">Inhibitory effects of tetrandrine and related synthetic compounds on angiogenesis in streptozotocin-diabetic rodents.</a> Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 22 (4), 360-365 (1999).</li><li>Kobayashi, S., Shinohara, H., Tsuneki, H., Nagai, R., Horiuchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine+proliferated+CD34(+)+cells+from+rat+choroidal+explant+in+culture.">N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine proliferated CD34(+) cells from rat choroidal explant in culture.</a> Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 27 (9), 1382-1387 (2004).</li><li>Kobayashi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overproduction+of+N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine-induced+neovascularization+in+cultured+choroidal+explant+of+streptozotocin-diabetic+rat.">Overproduction of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine-induced neovascularization in cultured choroidal explant of streptozotocin-diabetic rat.</a> Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 27 (10), 1565-1571 (2004).</li><li>Bergers, G., Song, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+pericytes+in+blood-vessel+formation+and+maintenance.">The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance.</a> Neuro-Oncology. 7 (4), 452-464 (2005).</li><li>Browning, A. C., Stewart, E. A., Amoaku, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reply+to:+Phenotypic+plasticity+of+human+umbilical+vein+endothelial+cells.">Reply to: Phenotypic plasticity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.</a> British Journal of Ophthalmology. 96 (9), 1275-1276 (2012).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen revelaciones financieras. El método informatizado está disponible de forma gratuita para las instituciones académicas a través de los autores.

El ensayo coral de brotes ayuda a la investigación en NEOvascular AMD9,10,18,19,20. Los explantes de coroide se pueden aislar de ratones, así como ratas y humanos17,21. El explanto coroides incluye ECs, macrófagos y pericitos17. En este ensayo la interacción entre las CE cor...

La desregulación de la angiogénesis coroidal se asocia con la degeneración macular neovascular relacionada con la edad (AMD)1. La coroides es un lecho microvascular presente debajo del epitelio pigmentario de la retina (RPE). Se ha demostrado que la reducción del flujo sanguíneo en la coroides se asocia con la progresión de AMD2. La intrincada relación entre el endotelio vascular, RPE, macrófagos, pericitos y otras células es responsable de la homeostasis del tejido3,4,5. Por lo tanto, un ensayo reproducible que modela el microambiente coroideo es fundamental para el estudio de la DMAE neovascular.
Los ensayos de angiogénesis ex vivo y los cultivos celulares endoteliales in vitro pueden complementar los estudios del comportamiento microvascular in vivo, para la prueba de nuevos fármacos y para estudios de patogénesis. Células endoteliales tales como células endoteliales microvasculares de la retina humana (HRMEC), células endoteliales de vena umbilical humana (HUVEC), cerebro animal primario aislado o EC de la retina se utilizan a menudo en estudios in vitro para la investigación de la angiogénesis ocular6,7,8. Los HDH, en particular, se han utilizado ampliamente como modelo de neovascularización coroidal in vitro (CNV)9 mediante la evaluación de la proliferación endotelial, la migración, la formación tubular y la fuga vascular para evaluar las intervenciones6,10. Sin embargo, las CE en el cultivo son limitadas como modelo de CNV debido a la falta de interacciones con otros tipos de células que se encuentran en la coroides y porque la mayoría de las CE utilizadas en estos ensayos no se originan en la coroides. Las ECs coroideales de ratón son difíciles de aislar y mantener en el cultivo.
El ensayo de anillo aórtico es ampliamente utilizado como un modelo de proliferación macro vascular. Los brotes vasculares de explantes aórticos incluyen ECs, pericitos y macrófagos11. El ensayo de anillo aórtico modela bien de angiogénesis de vasos grandes12,13,14. Sin embargo, tiene limitaciones como modelo de neovascularización coroidal ya que los anillos aórticos son un tejido macrovascular que carece del entorno microvascular coroidal característico, y los brotes de grandes vasos pueden diferir de los brotes de redes capilares implicadas en la patología microvascular. Recientemente un grupo publicó un ensayo de retina ex vivo15,16. Aunque, es adecuado para la enfermedad neovascular de la retina, no es tan apropiado para la neovascularización coroidal como se ve en la DMAE.
El ensayo coral de brotación utilizando RPE de ratón, tejido coroides y explantado escleral fue desarrollado para modelar mejor el CNV. El tejido se puede aislar fácilmente de los ojos de ratón (u otras especies)17. Este ensayo permite una evaluación reproducible del potencial pro y anti-angiogénico de los compuestos farmacológicos y la evaluación del papel de vías específicas en la neovascularización coroidacional utilizando tejido de ratones modificados genéticamente y controles18. Este ensayo coral de brotación ha sido referenciado en muchas publicaciones posteriores9,10,18,19,20. Aquí se demuestra el método implicado en el uso de este ensayo.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AnaSed (Xylazine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59339-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basal membrane extract (BME) Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>704001</td>
			<td>10cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete classic medium with serum and CultureBoost</td>
			<td>Cell systems</td>
			<td>4Z0-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof</td>
			<td>Pharmco</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>use for 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>06-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>Axio Observer Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>10000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plate (24-well)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>25-107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VetaKet CIII (Ketamine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59399-114-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an ex vivo choroid sprouting assay of ocular microvascular angiogenesis

La angiogénesis coroidal patológica, una característica destacada de la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad, conduce a un deterioro de la visión y ceguera. Los ensayos de proliferación de células endoteliales (EC) que utilizan células endoteliales microvasculares de retina humana (HRMEC) o EC de retina primaria aisladas se utilizan ampliamente en modelos in vitro para estudiar la angiogénesis retiniana. Sin embargo, aislar las células endoteliales de la retina murina pura es técnicamente difícil y las CE de la retina pueden tener diferentes respuestas de proliferación que las células endoteliales coroidales y diferentes interacciones celulares/células. Se desarrolló un ensayo de brotación coroidacional ex vivo altamente reproducible como modelo de proliferación microvascular coroidal. Este modelo incluye la interacción entre la vasculatura coroides (EC, macrófagos, pericitos) y el epitelio pigmentario de la retina (RPE). Los explantes de RPE/coroide/escleral de ratón se aíslan e incuban en el extracto de membrana basal (BME) con factor de crecimiento reducido (BME) (día 0). El medio se cambia cada dos días y la brotación coroides se cuantifica en el día 6. Las imágenes de la explanta de coroides individuales se toman con un microscopio de fase invertida y el área de brotación se cuantifica utilizando un macro plug-in semiautomático para el software ImageJ desarrollado en este laboratorio. Este ensayo de brotación coroidal ex vivo reproducible se puede utilizar para evaluar compuestos para el tratamiento potencial y para la investigación de enfermedades microvasculares para evaluar las vías implicadas en la proliferación de micro vasos coroidacionales utilizando tejido de ratón de tipo salvaje y modificado genéticamente.

Comparación del crecimiento de brotes de coroides por día
Diseccionamos la coroides con esclerótica, incrustada en BME y la cultivamos durante 6 días(Figura 1). El coroides que brota en ratones C57BL/6J desde el día 3 hasta el día 6 fueron examinados con un microscopio y cuantificados con SWIFT-Choroid un método de cuantificación semiautomático en ImageJ. En un caso representativo, la zona de brotación coroidal (los vasos que se extiende...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Este protocolo presenta el ensayo de brotación coroides, un modelo ex vivo de proliferación microvascular. Este ensayo se puede utilizar para evaluar las vías implicadas en la proliferación de micro vasos corooidales y evaluar los tratamientos farmacológicos utilizando tejido de ratón de tipo salvaje y modificado genéticamente.

Un ensayo ex vivo de brotes de coroides de angiogénesis microvascular ocular

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

an-ex-vivo-choroid-sprouting-assay-ocular-microvascular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K vistas.  Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Este protocolo presenta el ensayo de brotación coroides, un modelo ex vivo de proliferación microvascular. Este ensayo se puede utilizar para evaluar las vías implicadas en la proliferación de micro vasos corooidales y evaluar los tratamientos farmacológicos utilizando tejido de ratón de tipo salvaje y modificado genéticamente.

Video: An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis Interview

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro. He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes: un modelo in vitro para el estudio de la angiogénesis (Entrevista)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that ...

Investigación

Biología

Optimized Fibrin Gel Bead Assay for the Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These steps include: degradation of the basement membrane, proliferation and migration (sprouting) of endothelial cells (EC) into the extracellular matrix, alignment of EC into cords, branching, lumen formation, anastomosis, and formation of a new basement membrane.  Many in vitro assays have been developed to study this process, but most only mimic certain stages of angiogenesis, and morphologically the vessels within the assays often do not resemble vessels in vivo.  Based on earlier work by Nehls and Drenckhahn, we have optimized an in vitro angiogenesis assay that utilizes human umbilical vein EC and fibroblasts.  This model recapitulates all of the key early stages of angiogenesis and, importantly, the vessels display patent intercellular lumens surrounded by polarized EC. EC are coated onto cytodex microcarriers and embedded into a fibrin gel.  Fibroblasts are layered on top of the gel where they provide necessary soluble factors that promote EC sprouting from the surface of the beads.  After several days, numerous vessels are present that can easily be observed under phase-contrast and time-lapse microscopy. This video demonstrates the key steps in setting up these cultures.

This video demonstrates the protocol of an in vitro angiogenesis assay that recapitulates several stages of angiogenesis. Time-lapse images of sprouting, lumen formation, branching and anastomosis - key features of angiogenesis - are shown.

Optimizado de gel de fibrina bolas de ensayo para el Estudio de la angiogénesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These ...

Ex vivo Mechanical Loading of Tendon

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace. Most are associated with repetitive, high force hand activities. The mechanisms of cellular and structural damage due to cyclical loading are not well known. The purpose of this video is to present a new system that can simultaneously load four tendons in tissue culture. The video describes the methods of sterile tissue harvest and how the tendons are loaded onto a clamping system that is subsequently immersed into media and maintained at 37&deg;C. One clamp is fixed while the other one is moved with a linear actuator. Tendon tensile force is monitored with a load cell in series with the mobile clamp. The actuators are controlled with a LabView program. The four tendons can be repetitively loaded with different patterns of loading, repetition rate, rate of loading, and duration. Loading can continue for a few minutes to 48 hours. At the end of loading, the tendons are removed and the mid-substance extracted for biochemical analyses. This system allows for the investigation of the effects of loading patterns on gene expression and structural changes in tendon. Ultimately, mechanisms of injury due to overuse can be studies with the findings applied to treatment and prevention.

A new in vitro system for simultaneously loading four tendons in culture is described.

Ex vivo Carga mecánica del tendón

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace.  Most are associated with ...

Rat Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in vivo [see review papers], which is the dominating form of angiogenesis in human tumors and non-tumor 
tissues, as discussed in invited review papers1,2. Angiogenesis induced in the membranous mesenteric parts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a pro-angiogenic factor can be modulated
by subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) treatment with modifying agents of choice. Each membranous part of the mesentery is 
translucent and framed by fatty tissue, giving it a window-like appearance.
The assay has the following advantageous features: (i) the test tissue is natively vascularized, albeit 
sparsely, and since it is extremely thin, the microvessel network is virtually two-dimensional, which allows the entire network 
to be assessed microscopically in situ; (ii) in adult rats the test tissue lacks significant physiologic angiogenesis, which characterizes
 most normal adult mammalian tissues; the degree of native vascularization is, however, correlated with age, as discussed in1; 
(iii) the negligible level of trauma-induced angiogenesis ensures high sensitivity; (iv) the 
assay replicates the clinical situation, as the angiogenesis-modulating test drugs are administered systemically and the responses 
observed reflect the net effect of all the metabolic, cellular, and molecular alterations induced by the treatment; (v) the assay 
allows assessments of objective, quantitative, unbiased variables of microvascular spatial extension, density, and network pattern 
formation, as well as of capillary sprouting, thereby enabling robust statistical analyses of the dose-effect and molecular 
structure-activity relationships; and (vi) the assay reveals with high sensitivity the toxic or harmful effects of treatments in 
terms of decreased rate of physiologic body-weight gain, as adult rats grow robustly.
Mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis was first demonstrated using this assay3,4. The model demonstrates a high level of 
discrimination regarding dosage-effect relationships and the measured effects of systemically administered chemically or functionally closely related drugs and proteins, 
including: (i) low-dosage, metronomically administered standard chemotherapeutics that yield diverse, drug-specific effects (i.e., 
angiogenesis-suppressive, neutral or angiogenesis-stimulating activities5); (ii) natural iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin, which stimulates 
VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis6, and natural iron-unsaturated bovine lactoferrin, which inhibits VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis7; and (iii) 
low-molecular-weight heparin fractions produced by various means8,9. Moreover, the assay is highly suited to studies of the combined 
effects on angiogenesis of agents that are administered systemically in a concurrent or sequential fashion.
The idea of making this video originated from the late Dr. Judah Folkman when he visited our laboratory and witnessed the methodology being demonstrated.
Review papers (invited) discussing and appraising the assay
Norrby, K. In vivo models of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 588-612 (2006).
Norrby, K. Drug testing with angiogenesis models. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 3, 533-549 (2008).

Normal adult vascularized mammalian tissue that lacks physiologic angiogenesis and that has not been exposed to surgical intervention is used to study: (i) the initiation and development of angiogenesis following intraperitoneal administration of test agents; and (ii) modification of angiogenesis following systemic administration of selected test agents.

Rata mesenterio ensayo angiogénesis

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in ...

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using this protocol, angiogenesis may be measured in vitro in a fast, quantifiable manner. Primary or immortalized endothelial cells are mixed with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane matrix. The endothelial cells form capillary like structures in response to angiogenic signals found in conditioned media. The tube formation occurs quickly with endothelial cells beginning to align themselves within 1&#160;hr and lumen-containing tubules beginning to appear within 2 hr. Tubes can be visualized using a phase contrast inverted microscope, or the cells can be treated with calcein AM prior to the assay and tubes visualized through fluorescence or confocal microscopy. The number of branch sites/nodes, loops/meshes, or number or length of tubes formed can be easily quantified as a measure of in vitro angiogenesis. In summary, this assay can be used to identify genes and pathways that are involved in the promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in a rapid, reproducible, and quantitative manner.

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

The tube formation assay is a fast, quantifiable method for measuring in vitro angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are combined with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane extract. Tube formation occurs within hours and newly formed tubules easily quantified.

Ensayo de formación de tubos de células endoteliales para la<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Estudio de la angiogénesis

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

Un<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Sistema de Cultura para estudiar el desarrollo de la tiroides

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

La proteína c-Fos detección inmunohistoquímico: una herramienta útil como marcador de vías centrales implicados en las respuestas fisiológicas específicas<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; y<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the choroidal vessels supply the photoreceptors. Alterations in retinal perfusion contribute to numerous sight-threatening disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal branch vein occlusions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of blood flow through the retina and how these are altered during ocular disease could lead to the identification of new targets for the treatment of these conditions. Retinal arterioles are the main resistance vessels of the retina, and consequently, play a key role in regulating retinal hemodynamics through changes in luminal diameter. In recent years, we have developed methods for isolating arterioles from the rat retina which are suitable for a wide range of applications including cell physiology studies. This preparation has already begun to yield new insights into how blood flow is controlled in the retina and has allowed us to identify some of the key changes that occur during ocular disease. In this article, we describe methods for the isolation of rat retinal arterioles and include protocols for their use in patch-clamp electrophysiology, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies. These vessels are also amenable for use in PCR-, western blotting- and immunohistochemistry-based studies.

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

This manuscript describes a straightforward protocol for the isolation of arterioles from the rat retina that can be used in electrophysiological, calcium imaging and pressure myography studies.

Aislamiento de arteriolas retinianas por estudios de fisiología celular Ex Vivo

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique tissue important for proper function of the synovial joint and is constituted by a dense extracellular matrix (ECM), rich in proteoglycan and type II collagen. Chondrocytes are the only cell type present within cartilage and are widespread and relatively low in number. Altered external stimuli and cellular signalling can lead to changes in ECM composition and deterioration, which are important pathological hallmarks in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Ex vivo cartilage models allow 1) profiling of chondrocyte mediated alterations of cartilage tissue turnover, 2) visualizing the cartilage ECM composition, and 3) chondrocyte rearrangement directly in the tissue. Profiling these alterations in response to stimuli or treatments are of high importance in various aspects of cartilage biology, and complement in vitro experiments in isolated chondrocytes, or more complex models in live animals where experimental conditions are more difficult to control.
Cartilage explants present a translational and easily accessible method for assessing tissue remodeling in the cartilage ECM in controllable settings. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating and culturing live bovine cartilage explants. The method uses tissue from the bovine knee, which is easily accessible from the local butchery. Both explants and conditioned culture medium can be analyzed to investigate tissue turnover, ECM composition, and chondrocyte function, thus profiling ECM modulation.

Here, we present a protocol describing isolation and culturing of cartilage explants from bovine knees. This method provides an easy and accessible tool to describe tissue changes in response to biological stimuli or novel therapeutics targeting the joint.

Un modelo de cultivo de tejido ex vivo de remodelación del cartílago en explantes de rodilla bovinas

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique ...

Glomerular Outgrowth as an Ex Vivo Assay to Analyze Pathways Involved in Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell activation could therefore be a tool to attenuate the progression of glomerular diseases. This article describes a method to culture and analyze parietal epithelial cell outgrowth of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. After dissecting isolated mouse kidneys, the tissue is minced, and glomeruli are isolated by sieving. Encapsulated glomeruli are collected, and single glomeruli are cultured for 6 days to obtain glomerular outgrowth of parietal epithelial cells. During this period, parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration can be analyzed by determining the cell number or the surface area of outgrowing cells. This assay can therefore be used as a tool to study the effects of an altered gene expression in transgenic- or knockout-mice or the effects of culture conditions on parietal epithelial cell growth characteristics and signaling. Using this method, important pathways involved in the process of parietal epithelial cell activation and consequently in glomerulosclerosis can be studied.

This article describes a method for culturing and analyzing glomerular parietal epithelial cell outgrowths of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. This method can be used to study pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration.

Crecimiento glomerular como ensayo ex vivo para analizar las rutas involucradas en la activación de células epiteliales parietales

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of ...