Çalışma Manpei Suzuki Diyabetvakfı (YT), Boston Çocuk Hastanesi OFD/BTREC/CTREC Fakülte Kariyer Geliştirme Hibesi, Boston Çocuk Hastanesi Oftalmoloji Vakfı, BCH Pilot Ödülü, BCH Manton Center Bursu, ve Little Zaffe Foundation (ZF), Alman Araştırma Vakfı (DFG; BC [CA1940/1-1]), NIH R24EY024868, EY017017, R01EY01717-13S1, EY030904-01, BCH IDDRC (1U54HD090255), Massachusetts Lions Eye (LEH).

Açıklanan tüm hayvan deneyleri Boston Çocuk Hastanesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır (ARCH protokol numarası 19-04-3913R).
1. Hazırlık
<ol><li>5 mL penisilin/Streptomisin (10000 U/mL) ve 5 mL ve 10 mL ticari olarak mevcut takviyeleri 500 mL serumlu komple klasik ortama ekleyin. Aliquot 50 mL başlangıçta orta. NOT: Kontaminasyonu önlemek için herhangi bir ortamı stoğa geri döndürmeyin.</li>
	<li>Buz üzerinde tam klasik orta bir aliquot koyun.</li>
	<li>Diseksiyon mikroskobu, forceps ve makas temizlemek için% 70 etanol kullanın.</li>
	<li>İki hücre kültürü yemekleri (10 cm), bir diseksiyon mikroskop, bir buz üzerinde hazırlayın; her çanak tam klasik orta 10 mL koyun.</li>
</ol>2. Deneysel adımlar (Şekil 1)
<ol><li>Kurban C57BL/6J fareler doğum sonrası etrafında (P) 20 75-100 mg/kg ketamin ve 7.5 -10 mg/kg ksilazin intraperitoneal enjekte. Diseksiyon dan önce gözleri buz üzerinde tam klasik ortamda tutun.</li>
	<li>Bağ dokusu (kas ve yağ dokusu) ve göz optik sinir kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Kornea limbusuna 0,5 mm arka veya çevresi kesmek için mikro makas kullanın. Kornea / iris kompleksi, vitreus ve lens çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Optik sinir doğru kesme kenarına dik bir 1 mm kesi olun ve 1 mm genişliğinde bir çevre bandı kesti. Kompleksin merkezi ve çevresel bölgelerini ayırın. RPE/koroid/sklera kompleksinden retinayı soymak için forceps kullanın.</li>
	<li>Periferik koroid bandı buz üzerinde tam klasik ortamda tutun; diğer göz izole ve ikinci bir bant kesmek için işlemi tekrarlayın.</li>
	<li>Dairesel bandı 6 ~eşit kare parçaya (~1 mm x 1 mm) kesin. NOT: Hiçbir kenara dokunmayın.</li>
	<li>Üretim talimatı başına bazal membran ekstresini (BME) eritin. 24 kuyu doku kültürü plakasının her kuyunun ortasına 30 μL/kuyu BME ekleyin. BME damlacık kenarlarına dokunmadan plakanın altında bir konveks kubbe oluşturduğundan emin olun. NOT: BME'yi bir buzdolabında bir gecede eritin. BME eritme sonra her zaman buz üzerinde olmalıdır.</li>
	<li>BME ortasına doku yerleştirin. NOT: Koroid eksplantDüzleştirmek etmeyin; genellikle, doku BME içinde genişletmek sağlar. Dokunun oryantasyonu (skleral tarafı yukarı veya aşağı) deneysel sonucu etkilemez.</li>
	<li>Jelkatı izin vermek için 10 dakika boyunca 37 °C'de plaka kuluçka.</li>
	<li>Tam klasik orta /kuyu 500 μL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Klasik ortamı her gün (500 μL) değiştirin. Koroid filizlenme mikroskop ile 3 gün sonra görülebilir. NOT: Büyüme faktörü tedavisi için, 4 saat için doku açlıktan. Büyüme faktörü azaltılmış ortamda bir deneme bileşik seyreltmek (1:50 yerine 1:200 artırmak).</li>
</ol>3.SWIFT-Korooid bilgisayarlı niceleme yöntemi17 (Şekil 2)
NOT: Büyüyen damarların kapsadığı alanı ölçmek için bilgisayarlı bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. ImageJ yazılımına bir makro eklentisi, nicelikselleştirmeden önce gereklidir (daha fazla ayrıntı için Ek Bilgiler'e bakın).
<ol><li>ImageJ ile koroid filizlenen görüntüyü açın ve "Resim | Yazın| 8-bit" gri ölçekli.</li>
	<li>"Resim | | ayarlama Parlaklık/Kontrast (Ctrl/shift/C)" ve kontrastı optimize edin.</li>
	<li>Filizin merkezinde bulunan koroid dokuyu anahatlamak ve görüntüden çıkarmak için sihirli değnek işlevini kullanın (kısayol tuşu "F1")(Şekil 2A,B)kullanın. NOT: Sihirli değnek tolerans oranını %20-30 olarak ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Ücretsiz seçim araçlarıyla resmin arka planını kaldırın(Şekil 2C). "Resim | | ayarlama Eşik (Ctrl/shift/T)". Mikrovasküler filizleri arka plana ve çevreye karşı tanımlamak için eşik işlevini kullanın (Şekil 2D).</li>
	<li>"F2" seçeneğini tıklayın ve bir özet görüntülenir. Seçili alanın görüntüsünü " Kaydet " düğmesine tıklayarakkaydedin. Gelecekteki başvuru için özgün resimle aynı klasöre kaydedin.</li>
	<li>Bir grup örnek ölçüldükten sonra, veri analizi için kaydedilen kopyayı kopyalayın. NOT: Alanı (μm²) "Analiz | Ölçekçubukları olan görüntüleri kullanarak Ölçek'i ayarlayın.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarların mali açıklamaları yok. Bilgisayarlı yöntem yazarlar aracılığıyla akademik kurumlara ücretsiz olarak sunulmaktadır.

Koroidal filizlenme tonu neovasküler AMD9,10,18,19,20araştırma yardımcıları . Koroid eksponer fareler yanı sıra sıçan ve insanlar17,21izole edilebilir. Koroid ekstreğe EC, makrofajlar ve perisitler17içerir. Bu tsurkta koroidal EC'ler ve RPE hücreleri gibi komşu hü...

Koroidal anjiyogenez disregülasyonu neovasküler yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonu (AMD)1ile ilişkilidir. Koroid retinapigment epitel (RPE) altında bulunan bir mikrovasküler yatak. Bu koroid azalmış kan akımı AMD ilerlemesi ile ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir2. Vasküler endotel, RPE, makrofajlar, perisitler ve diğer hücreler arasındaki karmaşık ilişki doku homeostaz sorumludur3,4,5. Bu nedenle, korooidal mikroçevre modelleme bir tekrarlanabilir tsay neovasküler AMD çalışması için önemlidir.
Ex vivo anjiyogenez testleri ve in vitro endotel hücre kültürleri, yeni ilaçların test edilmesi ve patogenez çalışmaları için in vivo mikrovasküler davranış çalışmalarını tamamlayabilir. İnsan retinal mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri gibi endotel hücreleri (HRMECs), İnsan Umbilikal Ven Endotel Hücreleri (HUVEC), izole primer hayvan beyni veya retinal ECs genellikle oküler anjiyogenez araştırma için in vitro çalışmalarda kullanılır6,7,8. Özellikle HrMECs yaygın olarak in vitro koroidal nevaskülarozizasyon bir model olarak kullanılmıştır (CNV)9 endotel proliferasyonu, göç, tübüler oluşumu ve vasküler sızıntı değerlendirilerek müdahaleler6,10. Ancak, kültürdeki AK'ler, koroidde bulunan diğer hücre tipleri ile etkileşim eksikliği nedeniyle ve bu tahlillerde kullanılan çoğu EC koroidkaynaklı olmadığından CNV modeli olarak sınırlıdır. Fare koroidal ECs izole etmek ve kültür de korumak zordur.
Aort halkası tonu yaygın makro vasküler proliferasyon modeli olarak kullanılır. Aort eksperlerinden vasküler filizler ECs, perisitler ve makrofajlar11içerir. Aort halka sıyrık modelleri büyük damar anjiyogenez iyi12,13,14. Ancak, aort halkaları karakteristik koroidal mikrovasküler ortamdan yoksun bir makrovasküler doku olarak koroidal nevasaskülarizasyon bir model olarak sınırlamalar vardır, ve büyük damarlardan filizmikrovasküler patoloji dahil kılcal ağlardan filiz farklı olabilir. Son zamanlarda bir grup bir ex-vivo retinal assay15,16yayınladı. Retinal nevasküler hastalık için uygun olmasına rağmen, AMD'de görüldüğü gibi koroidal nevasaskülarizasyon için uygun değildir.
Fare RPE kullanılarak koroidal filizlenme tayini, koroid, ve skleral ekstre doku daha iyi model CNV için geliştirilmiştir. Doku kolayca fare (veya diğer türler) gözleri17izole edilebilir. Bu teşp, farmakolojik bileşiklerin pro- ve anti-anjiojen potansiyelinin tekrarlanabilir değerlendirilmesi ve genetiği değiştirilmiş fareler ve kontrollerden doku kullanarak koroidal nekolkülarizasyonda spesifik yolların rolünün değerlendirilmesisağlar 18. Bu koroidal filizlenme tsay birçok sonrakiyayınlardareferans olmuştur 9,10,18,19,20. Burada, bu tişin kullanımında yer alan yöntem gösterilmiştir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AnaSed (Xylazine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59339-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basal membrane extract (BME) Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>704001</td>
			<td>10cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete classic medium with serum and CultureBoost</td>
			<td>Cell systems</td>
			<td>4Z0-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof</td>
			<td>Pharmco</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>use for 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>06-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>Axio Observer Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>10000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plate (24-well)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>25-107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VetaKet CIII (Ketamine)</td>
			<td>AKORN</td>
			<td>59399-114-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an ex vivo choroid sprouting assay of ocular microvascular angiogenesis

Yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonunun belirgin bir özelliği olan patolojik koroidal anjiyogenez görme bozukluğu ve körlüğe yol açar. İnsan retinal mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri (HRMECs) veya izole primer retinal EC'ler kullanılarak yapılan endotel hücresi (EC) proliferasyon tahlilleri retinal anjiyogenezi incelemek için in vitro modellerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, saf minrik retinal endotel hücrelerini izole etmek teknik olarak zordur ve retinal eC'ler koroidal endotel hücreleri ve farklı hücre/hücre etkileşimlerinden farklı proliferasyon yanıtlarına sahip olabilir. Koroidal mikrovasküler proliferasyon modeli olarak son derece tekrarlanabilir ex vivo koroidal filizlenme tayini geliştirilmiştir. Bu model koroid vaskülatür (EC, makrofajlar, perisitler) ve retinal pigment epitel (RPE) arasındaki etkileşimi içerir. Fare RPE/koroid/skleral eksplorasyonizole edilir ve büyüme faktörü azaltılmış bazal membran ekstresi (BME) (gün 0) inkübe edilir. Orta her gün değiştirilir ve koroid filizlenme gün 6 sayısallaştırılır. Bireysel koroooid eksplant görüntüleri ters faz mikroskobu ile alınır ve filizlenme alanı bu laboratuvarda geliştirilen ImageJ yazılımına yarı otomatik makro eklentisi kullanılarak ölçülür. Bu tekrarlanabilir ex vivo koroidal filizlenme tsay potansiyel tedavi ve mikrovasküler hastalık araştırma yabani tip ve genetiği değiştirilmiş fare dokusu kullanarak koroidal mikro damar çoğalması ile ilgili yolları değerlendirmek için bileşikleri değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Günde korooid filizlenme artışının karşılaştırılması
Biz sklera ile koroid diseksiyon, BME gömülü ve 6 gün boyunca kültürlü(Şekil 1). C57BL/6J farelerinde 3.günden 6.güne kadar filizlenen korooit mikroskopla incelendi ve ImageJ'de yarı otomatik bir niceleme yöntemi ile SWIFT-Choroid ölçüldü. Temsili bir durumda, koroidal filizlenme alanı (ekstreğe kadar uzanan damarlar, eksplantın kendisi hariç) Gün 3'te 0,38 mm<sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Bu protokol, mikrovasküler proliferasyonun ex vivo modeli olan koroid filizlenme testini sunar. Bu tsay koroidal mikro damarlar çoğalan dahil yolları değerlendirmek ve yabani tip ve genetiği değiştirilmiş fare dokusu kullanarak ilaç tedavileri değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Oküler Mikrovasküler Anjiyogenezin Ex Vivo Koroid Filizlenme Satomu

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

an-ex-vivo-choroid-sprouting-assay-ocular-microvascular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K Görüntüleme.  Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Bu protokol, mikrovasküler proliferasyonun ex vivo modeli olan koroid filizlenme testini sunar. Bu tsay koroidal mikro damarlar çoğalan dahil yolları değerlendirmek ve yabani tip ve genetiği değiştirilmiş fare dokusu kullanarak ilaç tedavileri değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Video: An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis Interview

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro. He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes: Bir Anjiyogenez Çalışma in vitro model (Röportaj)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that ...

Biyoloji

Optimized Fibrin Gel Bead Assay for the Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These steps include: degradation of the basement membrane, proliferation and migration (sprouting) of endothelial cells (EC) into the extracellular matrix, alignment of EC into cords, branching, lumen formation, anastomosis, and formation of a new basement membrane.  Many in vitro assays have been developed to study this process, but most only mimic certain stages of angiogenesis, and morphologically the vessels within the assays often do not resemble vessels in vivo.  Based on earlier work by Nehls and Drenckhahn, we have optimized an in vitro angiogenesis assay that utilizes human umbilical vein EC and fibroblasts.  This model recapitulates all of the key early stages of angiogenesis and, importantly, the vessels display patent intercellular lumens surrounded by polarized EC. EC are coated onto cytodex microcarriers and embedded into a fibrin gel.  Fibroblasts are layered on top of the gel where they provide necessary soluble factors that promote EC sprouting from the surface of the beads.  After several days, numerous vessels are present that can easily be observed under phase-contrast and time-lapse microscopy. This video demonstrates the key steps in setting up these cultures.

This video demonstrates the protocol of an in vitro angiogenesis assay that recapitulates several stages of angiogenesis. Time-lapse images of sprouting, lumen formation, branching and anastomosis - key features of angiogenesis - are shown.

Anjiyogenez Çalışmaları için optimize edilmiş Fibrin Jel Boncuk Testi

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These ...

Ex vivo Mechanical Loading of Tendon

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace. Most are associated with repetitive, high force hand activities. The mechanisms of cellular and structural damage due to cyclical loading are not well known. The purpose of this video is to present a new system that can simultaneously load four tendons in tissue culture. The video describes the methods of sterile tissue harvest and how the tendons are loaded onto a clamping system that is subsequently immersed into media and maintained at 37&deg;C. One clamp is fixed while the other one is moved with a linear actuator. Tendon tensile force is monitored with a load cell in series with the mobile clamp. The actuators are controlled with a LabView program. The four tendons can be repetitively loaded with different patterns of loading, repetition rate, rate of loading, and duration. Loading can continue for a few minutes to 48 hours. At the end of loading, the tendons are removed and the mid-substance extracted for biochemical analyses. This system allows for the investigation of the effects of loading patterns on gene expression and structural changes in tendon. Ultimately, mechanisms of injury due to overuse can be studies with the findings applied to treatment and prevention.

A new in vitro system for simultaneously loading four tendons in culture is described.

Tendon ex vivo Mekanik Yükleniyor

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace.  Most are associated with ...

Rat Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in vivo [see review papers], which is the dominating form of angiogenesis in human tumors and non-tumor 
tissues, as discussed in invited review papers1,2. Angiogenesis induced in the membranous mesenteric parts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a pro-angiogenic factor can be modulated
by subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) treatment with modifying agents of choice. Each membranous part of the mesentery is 
translucent and framed by fatty tissue, giving it a window-like appearance.
The assay has the following advantageous features: (i) the test tissue is natively vascularized, albeit 
sparsely, and since it is extremely thin, the microvessel network is virtually two-dimensional, which allows the entire network 
to be assessed microscopically in situ; (ii) in adult rats the test tissue lacks significant physiologic angiogenesis, which characterizes
 most normal adult mammalian tissues; the degree of native vascularization is, however, correlated with age, as discussed in1; 
(iii) the negligible level of trauma-induced angiogenesis ensures high sensitivity; (iv) the 
assay replicates the clinical situation, as the angiogenesis-modulating test drugs are administered systemically and the responses 
observed reflect the net effect of all the metabolic, cellular, and molecular alterations induced by the treatment; (v) the assay 
allows assessments of objective, quantitative, unbiased variables of microvascular spatial extension, density, and network pattern 
formation, as well as of capillary sprouting, thereby enabling robust statistical analyses of the dose-effect and molecular 
structure-activity relationships; and (vi) the assay reveals with high sensitivity the toxic or harmful effects of treatments in 
terms of decreased rate of physiologic body-weight gain, as adult rats grow robustly.
Mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis was first demonstrated using this assay3,4. The model demonstrates a high level of 
discrimination regarding dosage-effect relationships and the measured effects of systemically administered chemically or functionally closely related drugs and proteins, 
including: (i) low-dosage, metronomically administered standard chemotherapeutics that yield diverse, drug-specific effects (i.e., 
angiogenesis-suppressive, neutral or angiogenesis-stimulating activities5); (ii) natural iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin, which stimulates 
VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis6, and natural iron-unsaturated bovine lactoferrin, which inhibits VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis7; and (iii) 
low-molecular-weight heparin fractions produced by various means8,9. Moreover, the assay is highly suited to studies of the combined 
effects on angiogenesis of agents that are administered systemically in a concurrent or sequential fashion.
The idea of making this video originated from the late Dr. Judah Folkman when he visited our laboratory and witnessed the methodology being demonstrated.
Review papers (invited) discussing and appraising the assay
Norrby, K. In vivo models of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 588-612 (2006).
Norrby, K. Drug testing with angiogenesis models. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 3, 533-549 (2008).

Normal adult vascularized mammalian tissue that lacks physiologic angiogenesis and that has not been exposed to surgical intervention is used to study: (i) the initiation and development of angiogenesis following intraperitoneal administration of test agents; and (ii) modification of angiogenesis following systemic administration of selected test agents.

Rat mezenter Anjiyogenez Testi

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in ...

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using this protocol, angiogenesis may be measured in vitro in a fast, quantifiable manner. Primary or immortalized endothelial cells are mixed with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane matrix. The endothelial cells form capillary like structures in response to angiogenic signals found in conditioned media. The tube formation occurs quickly with endothelial cells beginning to align themselves within 1&#160;hr and lumen-containing tubules beginning to appear within 2 hr. Tubes can be visualized using a phase contrast inverted microscope, or the cells can be treated with calcein AM prior to the assay and tubes visualized through fluorescence or confocal microscopy. The number of branch sites/nodes, loops/meshes, or number or length of tubes formed can be easily quantified as a measure of in vitro angiogenesis. In summary, this assay can be used to identify genes and pathways that are involved in the promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in a rapid, reproducible, and quantitative manner.

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

The tube formation assay is a fast, quantifiable method for measuring in vitro angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are combined with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane extract. Tube formation occurs within hours and newly formed tubules easily quantified.

Endotel Hücre için Tüp Deneyi birleşimi<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Anjiyogenezin Çalışması

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

Bir<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Kültür Sistemi Tiroid Geliştirme Çalışması

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

c-FOS Protein Immünohistolojik Algılama: Belirli Fizyolojik Yanıtları ilgilendim Merkez Pathways bir Marker Olarak Faydalı Aracı<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; ve<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique tissue important for proper function of the synovial joint and is constituted by a dense extracellular matrix (ECM), rich in proteoglycan and type II collagen. Chondrocytes are the only cell type present within cartilage and are widespread and relatively low in number. Altered external stimuli and cellular signalling can lead to changes in ECM composition and deterioration, which are important pathological hallmarks in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Ex vivo cartilage models allow 1) profiling of chondrocyte mediated alterations of cartilage tissue turnover, 2) visualizing the cartilage ECM composition, and 3) chondrocyte rearrangement directly in the tissue. Profiling these alterations in response to stimuli or treatments are of high importance in various aspects of cartilage biology, and complement in vitro experiments in isolated chondrocytes, or more complex models in live animals where experimental conditions are more difficult to control.
Cartilage explants present a translational and easily accessible method for assessing tissue remodeling in the cartilage ECM in controllable settings. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating and culturing live bovine cartilage explants. The method uses tissue from the bovine knee, which is easily accessible from the local butchery. Both explants and conditioned culture medium can be analyzed to investigate tissue turnover, ECM composition, and chondrocyte function, thus profiling ECM modulation.

Here, we present a protocol describing isolation and culturing of cartilage explants from bovine knees. This method provides an easy and accessible tool to describe tissue changes in response to biological stimuli or novel therapeutics targeting the joint.

Sığır Diz Eksbitkilerinde Kıkırdak Remodeling Ex Vivo Doku Kültür Modeli

Ex vivo culture systems cover a broad range of experiments dedicated to studying tissue and cellular function in a native setting. Cartilage is a unique ...

Glomerular Outgrowth as an Ex Vivo Assay to Analyze Pathways Involved in Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell activation could therefore be a tool to attenuate the progression of glomerular diseases. This article describes a method to culture and analyze parietal epithelial cell outgrowth of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. After dissecting isolated mouse kidneys, the tissue is minced, and glomeruli are isolated by sieving. Encapsulated glomeruli are collected, and single glomeruli are cultured for 6 days to obtain glomerular outgrowth of parietal epithelial cells. During this period, parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration can be analyzed by determining the cell number or the surface area of outgrowing cells. This assay can therefore be used as a tool to study the effects of an altered gene expression in transgenic- or knockout-mice or the effects of culture conditions on parietal epithelial cell growth characteristics and signaling. Using this method, important pathways involved in the process of parietal epithelial cell activation and consequently in glomerulosclerosis can be studied.

This article describes a method for culturing and analyzing glomerular parietal epithelial cell outgrowths of encapsulated glomeruli isolated from mouse kidney. This method can be used to study pathways involved in parietal epithelial cell proliferation and migration.

Parietal Epitel Hücre Aktivasyonunda Yer Alan Yolları Analiz Etmek Için Ex Vivo Analizi olarak Glomerüler Büyüme

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of ...

Single Myofiber Culture Assay for the Assessment of Adult Muscle Stem Cell Functionality Ex Vivo

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells leave their quiescent state and activate the myogenic program ultimately leading to the repair of damaged tissue concomitant with the replenishment of the muscle stem cell pool. Various factors influence muscle stem cell activity, among them intrinsic stimuli but also signals from the direct muscle stem cell environment, the stem cell niche. The isolation and culture of single myofibers with their associated muscle stem cells preserves most of the interaction of the stem cell with its niche and is, therefore, the closest possibility to study muscle stem cell functionality ex vivo. Here, a protocol for the isolation, culture, siRNA transfection and immunostaining of muscle stem cells on their respective myofibers from mouse EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscles is provided. The experimental conditions outlined here allow the study and manipulation of muscle stem cells ex vivo including investigation of myogenic activity without the inherent need for in vivo animal experiments.

In this protocol an in vitro culturing and functional analysis method for muscle stem cells is described, which preserves most of their interactions with their endogenous niche.

Yetişkin Kas Kök Hücre İşlevselliğinin Değerlendirilmesi için Tek Miyofiber Kültür Tahlil Ex Vivo

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells ...