The authors want to thank Dagmar Dirvonskis for her excellent technical support.

The experiments in this protocol were approved by the State and Institutional Animal Care Committee (Landesuntersuchungsamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, Germany; approval no. G20-1-135). The experiments were conducted following the ARRIVE guidelines. Overall, 10 anesthetized male pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) with a mean weight of 30 kg &#177; 2 kg and 12-16 weeks in age were used for the present study.
1. Animal preparation
<ol>
	<li>Maintain a normal environment for th...

In previous studies, our research group has already described specific details regarding the translational benefits of the porcine model2,27,32,33. Generally, reducing the stress level of the animal and unnecessary pain should be an integral part of any study protocol and is paramount for generating reliably reproducible data. Therefore, awake endoscopically guided intubation of the pig with an...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63955">Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope As a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine</a>. The Protocol, Representative Results, and Discussion sections were updated.
In the Protocol, step 1.5 was updated from:
Disinfect the skin with a disinfectant (alcoholic) before inserting a peripheral vein cannula (22 G) into an ear vein. Spray the area, wipe once, then spray again, and allow the disinfectant to dry.
to:
Disinfect the skin with a disinfectant (alcoholic) before inserting a peripheral vein cannula (22 G) into an ear vein. Spray the area, wipe once, then spray again, and allow the disinfectant to dry. Secure the ear cannula with a band-aid (See Table of Materials).
In the Protocol, step 3.7 was updated from:
While maintaining the position of the endoscope, advance the endotracheal tube until it becomes visible in the camera image. 
NOTE: If the endotracheal tube cannot be advanced through the glottic plane, there is a possibility that it has become caught on the arytenoid cartilage. In this case, the endotracheal tube must be withdrawn 1 cm and rotated by 90&#176; before gently advancing again. If necessary, this maneuver can be repeated. Similar calibers of flexible intubation endoscope and endotracheal tube can minimize the risk of this issue occurring. If the endotracheal tube cannot be advanced despite this maneuver, it is likely that the subglottic narrowness-the narrowest part of the porcine larynx-cannot be passed. In this case, a smaller endotracheal tube size needs to be selected. Regular commercially available endotracheal tubes in sizes 6.5 cm or 7.0 cm ID should be able to pass the glottis as long as no anatomic abnormalities are present.
to:
While maintaining the position of the endoscope, advance the endotracheal tube until it becomes visible in the camera image. 
NOTE: If the endotracheal tube cannot be advanced through the glottic plane, there is a possibility that it has become caught on the arytenoid cartilage. In this case, the endotracheal tube must be withdrawn 1 cm and rotated by 90&#176; before gently advancing again. If necessary, this maneuver can be repeated. Similar calibers of flexible intubation endoscope and endotracheal tube can minimize the risk of this issue occurring. If the endotracheal tube cannot be advanced despite this maneuver, it is likely that the subglottic narrowness-the narrowest part of the porcine larynx-cannot be passed. In this case, a smaller endotracheal tube size needs to be selected. Regular commercially available endotracheal tubes in sizes 6.5 cm or 7.0 cm ID should be able to pass the glottis as long as no anatomic abnormalities are present. Endotracheal tube size requirements vary depending on the piglet size and breed.
In the Representative Results, the sixth paragraph was updated from:
Statistical analyses were performed using commercially available software (see Table of Materials). Normal distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test28. If a normal distribution was determined, group differences were analyzed using t-tests of independent samples29 or the Mann-Whitney U test30 for the non-parametric version. Data are presented as mean (&#177; standard deviation). Correlations of ordinal-scale data were examined using Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient31. A significance level of p &#60; 0.05 was assumed.
to:
Statistical analyses were performed using commercially available software (see Table of Materials). Normal distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test28. If a normal distribution was determined, group differences were analyzed using t-tests of independent samples29 or the Mann-Whitney U test30 for the non-parametric version. Data are presented as mean (&#177; standard deviation). Correlations of ordinal-scale data were examined using Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient31. A significance level of p &#60; 0.05 was assumed. All tests were performed with exploratory intention; therefore p-values are descriptive. Nevertheless, p &#60; 0.05 was accepted as indicative of statistical significance.
In the Representative Results, the legend for figure 1 was updated from:
Figure 1: Number of intubation attempts in group comparison. For the group that was intubated using a flexible intubation endoscope, every intubation attempt was successful; in the group that was conventionally intubated, it took an average of 1.4 attempts before the endotracheal tube could be placed correctly. Error bars show the standard deviation. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
Figure 1: Number of intubation attempts in group comparison. For the group that was intubated using a flexible intubation endoscope, every intubation attempt was successful; in the group that was conventionally intubated, it took an average of 1.4 attempts before the endotracheal tube could be placed correctly. Error bars show the standard deviation. n = 5 (for each group).&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In the Representative Results, figure 2 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Time until CO2 detection in group comparison. For the group that was intubated using a flexible intubation endoscope, it took significantly longer until end-tidal CO2 could be detected, depicted as mean and standard deviation. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig2v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Time until CO2 detection in group comparison. For the group that was intubated using a flexible intubation endoscope, it took significantly longer until end-tidal CO2 could be detected, depicted as mean and standard deviation. n = 5 (for each group).&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63955/63955fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In the Discussion, the fifth paragraph was updated from:
The increased duration had no clinical significance in this cohort. At no time was the termination criterion-a saturation of less than 93%-reached. This is shown in the results because a procedure change was unnecessary at any time. Prior adequate mask ventilation is a critical step to allow sufficient time for fiberoptic endotracheal tube placement to avoid rapid desaturation34. These results are consistent with previous studies comparing conventional intubation and endoscopically assisted intubations with inexperienced providers35.
to:
The increased duration had no clinical significance in this cohort. At no time was the termination criterion-a saturation of less than 93%-reached. This is shown in the results because a procedure change was unnecessary at any time. Prior adequate mask ventilation is a critical step to allow sufficient time for fiberoptic endotracheal tube placement to avoid rapid desaturation34. These results are consistent with previous studies comparing conventional intubation and endoscopically assisted intubations with inexperienced providers35. We attribute the prolonged duration of fiberoptic intubation to the fact that one must first reorient again after insertion, whereas with conventional intubation, one retains a view of the glottis. It is also important to avoid contact with the mucosa with the flexible intubation endoscope during advancement. This requires occasional corrective maneuvers. Last but not least, after successful placement, retraction of the relatively long endoscope is required, which increases the time to CO2 detection slightly.

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63955">Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope As a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine</a>. The Protocol, Representative Results, and Discussion sections were updated.

Erratum: Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope As a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures (such as ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation1 or acute respiratory distress syndrome2) or require that cerebral blood flow is not compromised through internal compression by supraglottic airway devices3, which are occasionally propagated as alternatives in the context of an anticipated difficult airway in pigs4,5.
While the lung physiology of pigs shows similar features to that of humans6, securing the airway is sometimes significantly more difficult7 due to specific differences in the porcine orotracheal anatomy. The snout of a pig has a narrow opening with a very large tongue, the larynx is extremely mobile, and the epiglottis is relatively large, with a free end that extends to the soft palate. Caudally, the larynx forms an obtuse angle with the trachea. The arytenoid cartilages are large8. The narrowest part of the airway is at the subglottic level9, comparable to the airway anatomy of children10. Since the larynx in pigs is very mobile, there is a risk that the end of the endotracheal tube will pass through the vocal cords but the larynx will only be displaced caudally by up to several centimeters, which may be mistaken for a correct intubation8,11. Additionally, esophageal intubation is a common risk when dealing with porcine airway management12.
The rates of difficult or impossible endotracheal intubations with a corresponding negative impact on the experiment or early mortality have not been systematically recorded, but several case reports have been published13,14. In humans, there is the possibility of using a flexible intubation endoscope in the context of an unexpectedly difficult conventional intubation15. Various false intubations often precede this measure. These repeated intubation attempts are associated with adverse events in humans16,17, especially airway complications18. Such events are deleterious in test animals since, in the simplest case, they represent a confounder variable in the experiment; in the worst case, they can lead to the unnecessary loss of the animal.
The present study has developed a model based on the guidelines for expected difficult airway management in humans15,19,20,21,22,23,24. Previously, a similar technique has been described for learning fiberoptic intubation in human studies25,26. The protocol presented in this report aims to provide a standardized and easy-to-adapt intubation model that also allows non-airway specialists to perform successful and safe endotracheal intubation in pigs.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ambu aScope Regular</td>
			<td>Ambu GmbH, Medizinprodukte, Bad Nauheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Disposable fiber optic outer diameter 5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ambu aView Monitor</td>
			<td>Ambu GmbH, Medizinprodukte, Bad Nauheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atracurium Hikma 50 mg/5mL</td>
			<td>Hikma Pharma GmbH, Martinsried</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>atracurium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Azaperone (Stresnil) 40mg/mL</td>
			<td>Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>azaperone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Discardit II Spritze 2, 5, 10, 20 mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera, Mequinenza Fraga, Spain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Luer Connecta</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson Infusion Therapy, AB Helsingborg, Schweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3-way-stopcock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Microlance 3 20 G</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera, Mequinenza Fraga, Spain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curafix i.v. classics</td>
			<td>Lohmann &#38; Rauscher International GmbH &#38; Co. KG, Rengsdorf, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cannula retention dressing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Engstr&#246;m Carestation</td>
			<td>GE Heathcare, Madison USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ventilator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl-Janssen 0.05 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fentanyl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F&#252;hrungsstab, Durchmesser 4.3</td>
			<td>R&#252;sch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>endotracheal tube introducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20</td>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incetomat-line 150 cm</td>
			<td>Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland, GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>perfusor line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intrafix Primeline</td>
			<td>B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Infusion line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JOZA Einmal Nitril Untersuchungshandschuhe</td>
			<td>JOZA, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>disposable gloves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laryngoscope, 45.48.50, KL 2000</td>
			<td>Medicon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Laryngoscope handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Littmann Classic III Stethoscope</td>
			<td>3M Deutschland GmbH, Neuss, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>stethoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maimed Vlieskompresse</td>
			<td>Maimed GmbH, Neuenkirchen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fleece compress to fix the tongue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masimo LNCS Adtx SpO2 sensor</td>
			<td>Masimo Corporation Irvine, Ca 92618 USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>saturation clip for the tail</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masimo LNCS TC-I SpO2 ear clip sensor</td>
			<td>Masimo Corporation Irvine, Ca 92618 USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Saturation clip for the ear</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masimo Radical 7</td>
			<td>Masimo Corporation Irvine, Ca 92618 USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>periphereal oxygen saturation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midazolam 15 mg/3 mL</td>
			<td>Hameln Pharma GmbH, Hameln, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>midazolam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midmark Canine Mask Small Plastic with Diaphragm FRSCM-0005</td>
			<td>Midmark Corp., Dayton, Ohio, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dog ventilation mask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octeniderm farblos</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr GmbH, Nordenstedt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alcoholic disinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Original Perfusor syringe 50 mL</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>perfusor syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusor FM Braun</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol 2% 20 mg/mL (50 mL flasks)</td>
			<td>Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland, GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>propofol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R&#220;SCH F&#252;hrungsstab f&#252;r Endotrachealtubus (ID 5.6 mm)</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PVC coated tube guiding wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R&#252;schelit Super Safety Clear &#62;ID 6/6.5 /7.0 mm</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>endotracheal tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Macintosh Gr&#246;&#223;e 4</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn69604</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>blade for laryngoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterofundin</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Balanced electrolyte solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrastop Antibeschlagmittel bottle with dropper 25 mL</td>
			<td>Sigmapharm Arzneimittel GmbH, Wien, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Antifog agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vasofix Safety 22 G-16 G</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VBM Cuff Manometer</td>
			<td>VBM Medizintechnik GmbH, Sulz a.N., Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cuff pressure gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zelette</td>
			<td>Lohmann &#38; Rauscher International GmbH &#38; Co. KG, Rengsdorf, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tissue swab</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endotracheal intubation using a flexible intubation endoscope as a standardized model for safe airway management in swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

Endotracheal intubation was performed on 10 male pigs (age 12-16 weeks, weight 30 kg &#177; 3 kg) in a prospective, randomized, controlled study setting. The pigs were randomized into two groups: one was conventionally laryngoscopically intubated (CI group), and the other group was intubated assisted via a flexible intubation endoscope as described in the protocol (FIE group). The group assignment was done by pulling sealed envelopes. The investigator was assigned randomly on a daily basis.
<p class="jove_co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine at JoVE.com

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

This protocol provides a standardized approach for endoscopically-guided endotracheal intubation in swine. This allows securing the airway easier and safer than conventional endotracheal intubation. Compared to the standard, conventional endotracheal intubation, this technique is easier to learn with a steeper learning curve and allows direct supervision by an experienced examiner.We highly recommend that inducing anesthesia to be performed only by specially-trained personnel or under their direct surveillance. By using a video monitor, direct correction by a supervisor is possible. To begin endotracheal intubation, have an assistant standing on the left side of the head of an anesthetized pig.Have the assistant's left hand open the mouth, pinch the tongue outward and left with a compress. Instruct the assistant to press down on the right upper lip with the right index finger for better mouth opening. To perform direct laryngoscopy, insert the laryngoscope into the right side of the mouth and push it forward while pushing the tongue to the left.Advance the tip of the laryngoscope until it rests in the epiglottic vallecula. Carefully push the epiglottis aside with a tube-guiding wire with a gentle scooping motion from the right piriform recess to the left along the soft palate. Pass the handle of the laryngoscope to the assistant to fix it in the current position.Next, take the flexible intubation endoscope onto which an endotracheal tube has already been mounted and is connected to a video monitor. Insert the endoscope orally and advance it over the base of the tongue until the glottis is visualized. Advance the endoscope between the vocal ligaments into the trachea.Confirm the anatomy of the trachea by visually identifying the cartilaginous rings and the pars membranacea. Continue advancing the endoscope until it rests above the carina. Do not touch the sensitive mucosa to avoid swelling and bleeding.While maintaining the endoscope position, advance the endotracheal tube until it becomes visible in the camera image. After positioning, remove the flexible intubation endoscope while maintaining the endotracheal tube. Next, use a 10-milliliter syringe to inflate the cuff with 10 milliliters of air.Control the cuff pressure with a cuff manager. Confirm the correct placement of the endotracheal tube and adequate ventilation by periodic and regular exhalation of carbon dioxide via capnography and double-sided ventilation via auscultation. After connecting the tube with the ventilator, start mechanical ventilation.The number of intubation attempts and time required for carbon dioxide detection in flexible intubation endoscope or FIE, and conventionally-intubated or CI groups, is shown here. In the FIE group, every intubation attempt was successful whereas in the CI group, it took an average of 1.4 attempts. In the FIE group, a longer duration was required for carbon dioxide to be detected in the ventilator compared to the CI group.In the unlikely event that the glottis is not well visualized with the endoscope, it is important that mask ventilation is resumed as soon as there's a relevant drop in oxygen situation.

endotracheal-intubation-using-flexible-intubation-endoscope-as

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

2.7K vistas.  University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University. Este protocolo proporciona un enfoque estandarizado para la intubación endotraqueal guiada endoscópicamente en cerdos. Esto permite asegurar las vías respiratorias de manera más fácil y segura que la intubación endotraqueal convencional. En comparación con la intubación endotraqueal convencional estándar, esta técnica es más fácil de aprender con una curva de aprendizaje más pronunciada y permite la supervisión directa por parte de un examinador experimentado.Recomendamos...