Este trabajo contó con el apoyo de la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de China (82160550).

TMEM200A: Un nuevo oncogén que regula EMT y PI3K/AKT en el cáncer gástrico

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Los autores declaran que no existen conflictos de intereses.

TMEM200A pertenece a una familia de TMEMs que es esencial para que las células cancerosas proliferen38. La expresión variable de TMEM200A en diferentes neoplasias malignas ha recibido menos atención y falta una investigación exhaustiva del pancáncer. Sin embargo, la evidencia continúa acumulándose, mostrando que la familia de proteínas transmembrana TMEM puede ser importante para mantener las células cancerosas malignas a través de interacciones con varias proteínas, p...

El cáncer se ha convertido en un problema persistente de salud pública que pone en peligro la salud humana en todo el mundo1debido a sus altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, lo que supone una pesada carga financiera y médica para la sociedad2. En los últimos años se han logrado avances significativos en la terapia del cáncer gracias al descubrimiento de marcadores de cáncer3, y los investigadores han desarrollado nuevos métodos de diagnóstico y nuevos fármacos para tratar el cáncer. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes con cáncer todavía tienen un pronóstico precario debido a factores como la resistencia a los medicamentos, los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos y la sensibilidad química4. Por lo tanto, existe una necesidad urgente de identificar nuevos biomarcadores para el cribado y el tratamiento de los cánceres en estadio temprano5.
Las proteínas de membrana son proteínas que pueden unirse e integrarse en las membranas de las células y orgánulos6. Estas se pueden agrupar en tres categorías dependiendo de la fuerza de unión a la membrana y su localización: proteínas ancladas a lípidos, proteínas integrales y proteínas periféricas de membrana 7,8. Una proteína transmembrana (TMEM) es una proteína de membrana integral que consta de al menos un segmento transmembrana9, que pasa total o parcialmente a través de la membrana biológica.
Aunque los mecanismos de acción de las proteínas pertenecientes a la familia TMEM no se conocen bien, se sabe que estas proteínas están involucradas en varios tipos de cánceres10. Varias proteínas TMEM se asocian con fenotipos migratorios, proliferativos e invasivos, y su expresión a menudo se asocia con el pronóstico del paciente11. Por lo tanto, los miembros de la familia TMEM se han convertido en el objetivo de la investigación. Una revisión exhaustiva de los informes existentes sobre TMEM reveló que se asocian principalmente con la señalización inter e intracelular12, las enfermedades relacionadas con el sistema inmunitario y la tumorigénesis10. Muchos TMEM también poseen importantes funciones fisiológicas, por ejemplo, los canales iónicos en la membrana plasmática, la activación de las vías de transducción de señales, así como la mediación de la quimiotaxis celular, la adhesión, la apoptosis y la autofagia10. Por lo tanto, planteamos la hipótesis de que las proteínas TMEM pueden ser marcadores pronósticos importantes en la detección y el tratamiento de tumores.
TMEM200A expresión está significativamente elevada en el cáncer gástrico (CG). Una mayor expresión de TMEM200A13, que tiene ocho exones y una longitud total de 77,536 kb en el cromosoma 6q23.1, se ha relacionado con un mal pronóstico de supervivencia global (SG) en los casos de GC. Sin embargo, los cambios en su expresión rara vez se han reportado en estudios oncológicos. En este artículo se compara y analiza la utilidad de la TMEM200A como diana terapéutica y marcador diagnóstico tumoral en diversos estudios oncológicos utilizando diferentes conjuntos de datos disponibles públicamente. Evaluamos la efectividad de TMEM200A como biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico pancancerígeno, así como sus niveles de expresión en varios tipos de cáncer humano utilizando datos de RNA-seq de las bases de datos Xena y TCGA de la UCSC, así como mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa en tiempo real (qRT-PCR) y Western blot. 
El efecto de los niveles de expresión de TMEM200A en las tasas de mutación, los procesos reguladores, el diagnóstico y pronóstico tumoral, la infiltración inmunitaria y la inmunoterapia se investigó más a fondo utilizando una combinación de herramientas computacionales y sitios web de conjuntos de datos. Se utilizaron las bases de datos CBioPortal y el Catálogo de Mutaciones Somáticas en Células Cancerosas (COSMIC) para examinar las mutaciones en TMEM200A. Se utilizaron los sitios web Sangerbox y TISIDB para comprender cómo influye la TMEM200A en la infiltración inmunitaria. Se utilizó la herramienta en línea Tumor Immune Single Cell Center (TISCH) y la base de datos CancerSEA para investigar la función de TMEM200A. Finalmente, para evaluar el impacto de la TMEM200A en el comportamiento maligno y la función de desarrollo tumoral de las células GC, se realizó un experimento de pérdida de función en un ensayo in vitro . Además, se realizó Western blot para evaluar cómo TMEM200A knockdown afectaba a la vía de señalización PI3K/AKT y a la transición epitelio-mesenquimal (EMT) en GC.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-AKT antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>60203-2-Ig</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-E-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>20874-1-AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>10494-1-AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-N-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>22018-1-AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-P-AKT antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>66444-1-Ig</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-snail antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>13099-1-AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Vimentin antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>10366-1-AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxyPrepMultisourceTotalRNAMini- 
			prep Kit</td>
			<td>Suzhou Youyi Landi Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>UEL-UE-MN-MS-RNA-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Epizyme Biotech</td>
			<td>ZJ101L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK-8 reagent</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-K0301-500T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>CYAGEN BIOSCIENCES (GUANGZHOU) INC</td>
			<td>FBSSR-01021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH primer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forward primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): TGACATCAAGAAGGTG 
			GTGAAGCAG; Reverse primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): GTGTCGCTGTTGAAG 
			TCAGAGGAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HighGene plus Transfection reagent</td>
			<td>ABclonal</td>
			<td>RM09014P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated Affinipure Goat Anti-Mouse lgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>SA00001-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated Affinipure Goat Anti-Rabbit lgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>SA00001-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human gastric mucosal epithelial GES-1 cells</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Cellcook Biotech Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human STAD HGC-27 cells</td>
			<td>Procell Life Science&#38;Technology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human STAD SGC-7901 cells</td>
			<td>Procell Life Science&#38;Technology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MonAmp SYBR Green qPCR Mix (None ROX)</td>
			<td>Mona (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>MQ10101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MonScript RTIII All-in-One Mix with dsDNase&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Mona (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>MR05101M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omni-ECL Femto Light Chemiluminescence Kit</td>
			<td>Epizyme Biotech</td>
			<td>SQ201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAGE Gel Fast Preparationb Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Epizyme Biotech</td>
			<td>PG111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin (Pen-Strep)</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>P1400-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA</td>
			<td>IPVH00010-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Free Rapid Blocking Buffer</td>
			<td>Epizyme Biotech</td>
			<td>PS108P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA lysis solution</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>R0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 complete medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C11875500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skimmed milk</td>
			<td>Campina: Elk</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBST buffer solution</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>T1082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The protein loading buffer</td>
			<td>Epizyme Biotech</td>
			<td>LT101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEM200A knockdown plasmid</td>
			<td>MiaoLing Plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEM200A primer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forward primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): AAGGCGGTGTGGTGGTTCG; Reverse primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): GATTTTGGTCTCTTTGTCACGGTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEM200A SiRNA1</td>
			<td>MiaoLing Plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forward primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): ACAACTGATGATAAGACCAG; Reverse primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): TGTTGACTACTATTCTGGTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEM200A SiRNA2</td>
			<td>MiaoLing Plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forward primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): CGTGTGAATGTCAATGACTG; Reverse primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): GCACACTTACAGTTACTGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEM200A SiRNA3</td>
			<td>MiaoLing Plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forward primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): ACAACCACAACATCTGCCCG; Reverse primer (5&#8217;-3&#8217;): TGTTGGTGTTGTAGACGGGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmembrane protein 200A Antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech Group, Inc</td>
			<td>48081-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Haier Group</td>
			<td>PYXE-80IR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis instrument</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Imaging System (Tanon 5200)</td>
			<td>Tanon Science &#38; Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>LAB-0002-0007-SHTN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multifunctional Enzyme Labeler</td>
			<td>Berthold</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multiomics analysis of tmem200a as a pan-cancer biomarker

Se sabe que la proteína transmembrana, TMEM200A, está asociada con cánceres humanos e infiltración inmunitaria. Aquí, evaluamos la función de TMEM200A en cánceres comunes mediante análisis multiómico y utilizamos cultivos celulares in vitro de células gástricas para verificar los resultados. La expresión de TMEM200A en varios tipos de cáncer humano se evaluó utilizando los datos de RNA-seq de la base de datos Xena de la UCSC. El análisis bioinformático reveló un papel potencial de TMEM200A como biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico. 
Se cultivaron cultivos de líneas celulares gástricas y cancerosas normales y se eliminó TMEM200A se eliminó. Los niveles de expresión de TMEM200A se midieron mediante el uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa en tiempo real y Western blot. A continuación, se utilizaron estudios de pérdida de función in vitro para determinar las funciones de TMEM200A en el comportamiento maligno y la formación tumoral de las células de cáncer gástrico (GC). Se utilizaron Western blots para evaluar el efecto del knockdown en la transición epitelio-mesenquimal (EMT) y la vía de señalización PI3K/AKT en GC. El análisis bioinformático mostró que TMEM200A se expresaba en niveles altos en GC. 
La proliferación de las células GC fue inhibida por TMEM200A knockdown, que también disminuyó la vimentina, la N-cadherina y las proteínas Snai, e inhibió la fosforilación de AKT. La vía de señalización PI3K/AKT también parece estar implicada en la regulación mediada por TMEM200A del desarrollo de GC. Los resultados aquí presentados sugieren que TMEM200A regula el microambiente tumoral afectando a la EMT. TMEM200A también puede afectar a la EMT a través de la señalización PI3K/AKT, influyendo así en el microambiente tumoral. Por lo tanto, en los pancánceres, especialmente en los GC, TMEM200A puede ser un biomarcador y un oncogén potenciales.

Cancer has emerged as a persistent public health issue endangering human health globally1due to its high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, posing a heavy financial and medical burden to society2. Significant advancements in cancer therapy have been achieved in recent years thanks to the discovery of cancer markers3, and researchers have developed novel diagnostic methods and new drugs to treat cancer. However, some patients with cancer still have poor prognoses because of factors such as medication resistance, side effects of drugs, and chemical sensitivity4. Therefore, there is an urgent need for identifying new biomarkers for screening and treating early-stage cancers5.
Membrane proteins are proteins that can bind and integrate into cells and organelle membranes6. These can be grouped into three categories depending on the strength of binding to the membrane and their location: lipid-anchored proteins, integral proteins, and peripheral membrane proteins7,8. A transmembrane (TMEM) protein is an integral membrane protein that consists of at least one transmembrane segment9, which passes either completely or partially through the biological membrane. 
Although the mechanisms of action of proteins belonging to the TMEM family are not well understood, these proteins are known to be involved in several types of cancers10. Several TMEM proteins are associated with migratory, proliferative, and invasive phenotypes, and their expression is often associated with a patient's prognosis11. Therefore, TMEM family members have become the target of research. A comprehensive review of existing reports on TMEM revealed that they are mostly associated with inter- and intracellular signaling12, immune-related diseases, and tumorigenesis10. Many TMEMs also possess important physiological functions, for example, ion channels in the plasma membrane, activation of signal transduction pathways, as well as the mediation of cell chemotaxis, adhesion, apoptosis, and autophagy10. Therefore, we hypothesized that TMEM proteins may be important prognostic markers in the detection and treatment of tumors.
TMEM200A expression is significantly elevated in gastric cancer (GC). Higher expression of TMEM200A13, which has eight exons and a full length of 77.536 kb on chromosome 6q23.1, has been linked to a poor prognosis for overall survival (OS) in cases of GC. Yet the changes in its expression have rarely been reported in oncology studies. This article compares and analyzes the usefulness of TMEM200A as a therapeutic target and tumor diagnostic marker in various cancer studies using different publicly available datasets. We assessed the effectiveness of TMEM200A as a pan-cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as its expression levels in various human cancer types using RNA-seq data from the UCSC Xena and TCGA databases, as well as by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. 
The effect of TMEM200A expression levels on mutation rates, regulatory processes, tumor diagnosis and prognosis, immune infiltration, and immunotherapy was further investigated using a mix of computational tools and dataset websites. CBioPortal and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer Cells (COSMIC) databases were used to examine mutations in TMEM200A. Sangerbox and TISIDB websites were utilized to understand how TMEM200A influences immune infiltration. The Tumor Immune Single Cell Center (TISCH) online tool and CancerSEA database were used to investigate the function of TMEM200A. Finally, to assess the impact of TMEM200A on the malignant behavior and tumor development function of GC cells, a loss-of-function experiment was conducted in an in vitro assay. Additionally, western blotting was performed to assess how TMEM200A knockdown affected the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC.

Autor destacado: Revelando marcadores relacionados con la familia de proteínas transmembrana en el cáncer gástrico e implicaciones para las terapias dirigidas 

Análisis multiómico de TMEM200A como biomarcador pancancerígeno

Expresión de TMEM200A en varios tipos de cáncer Como se ilustra en la Figura 1, primero analizamos los niveles de expresión diferencial de TMEM200A en varios cánceres a través de diferentes bases de datos. TMEM200A expresión se elevó en el colangiocarcinoma (CHOL), el carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello (HNSC), el carcinoma renal de células claras (KIRC), el carcinoma de células papilares renales (KIRP),...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Unveiling Transmembrane Protein Family-Related Markers in Gastric Cancer and Implications for Targeted Therapies at JoVE.com

En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo en el que se combinan múltiples herramientas bioinformáticas para estudiar las funciones biológicas de TMEM200A en cáncer. Además, también validamos experimentalmente las predicciones bioinformáticas.

The transmembrane protein, TMEM200A, is known to be associated with human cancers and immune infiltration. Here, we assessed the function of TMEM200A in ...

Se han logrado avances significativos en la investigación de biomarcadores de cáncer. Sin embargo, la función del extracto de las materias relacionadas con el tumor asociadas con la familia de proteínas transmembrana sigue sin identificarse. Como resultado, nuestra investigación sobre el TMEM200A en el cáncer gástrico ha generado nuevas direcciones de investigación para las células relacionadas.En este estudio, utilizamos la combinación de la predicción de la base de datos en línea y la validación de la técnica experimental, lo que simplifica los pasos de investigación y el costo de las células madre del experimento en el campo relacionado. En el futuro, nuestro laboratorio se centrará en explorar el mecanismo específico del tumor en el cáncer gástrico, buscando la asociación entre la modificación de la glicosilación y el registro metabólico, e identificando nuevas dianas para el tratamiento del cáncer gástrico.

multiomics-analysis-of-tmem200a-as-a-pan-cancer-biomarker

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Multiomics Analysis of TMEM200A as a Pan-Cancer Biomarker

921 vistas.  Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities. Se han logrado avances significativos en la investigación de biomarcadores de cáncer. Sin embargo, la función del extracto de las materias relacionadas con el tumor asociadas con la familia de proteínas transmembrana sigue sin identificarse. Como resultado, nuestra investigación sobre el TMEM200A en el cáncer gástrico ha generado nuevas direcciones de investigación para las células relacionadas.En este estudio, utilizamos la combinación de la predicción de la base de datos e...

Video: Autor destacado: Revelando marcadores relacionados con la familia de proteínas transmembrana en el cáncer gástrico e implicaciones para las terapias dirigidas 

The transmembrane protein, TMEM200A, is known to be associated with human cancers and immune infiltration. Here, we assessed the function of TMEM200A in common cancers by multiomics analysis and used in vitro cell cultures of gastric cells to verify the results. The expression of TMEM200A in several human cancer types was assessed using the RNA-seq data from the UCSC Xena database. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a potential role of TMEM200A as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. 
Cultures of normal gastric and cancer cell lines were grown and TMEM200A was knocked down. The expression levels of TMEM200A were measured by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. In vitro loss-of-function studies were then used to determine the roles of TMEM200A in the malignant behavior and tumor formation of gastric cancer (GC) cells. Western blots were used to assess the effect of the knockdown on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in GC. Bioinformatic analysis showed that TMEM200A was expressed at high levels in GC. 
The proliferation of GC cells was inhibited by TMEM200A knockdown, which also decreased vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snai proteins, and inhibited AKT phosphorylation. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway also appeared to be involved in TMEM200A-mediated regulation of GC development. The results presented here suggest that TMEM200A regulates the tumor microenvironment by affecting the EMT. TMEM200A may also affect EMT through PI3K/AKT signaling, thus influencing the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in pan-cancers, especially GC, TMEM200A may be a potential biomarker and oncogene.

Here, a protocol is presented in which multiple bioinformatic tools are combined to study the biological functions of TMEM200A in cancer. In addition, we also experimentally validate the bioinformatics predictions.