Nous tenons à reconnaître un contrat (WS1763368) de Pfizer Pharmaceuticals pour le soutenir dans ce travail. Nous tenons également à remercier les Ministère saoudien de l&#39;Enseignement Supérieur (MOHE) pour leur soutien.

1. L&#39;exercice <ol><li> Le muscle de l&#39;intérêt pour cette expérience a été des fléchisseurs du coude (biceps brachial). </li><li> La force musculaire était mesurée pour chaque participant d&#39;être en mesure de donner à chacun une résistance suffisante. Cela a été déterminé en testant à chaque participant pour leur résistance maximale (RM). </li><li> Pour tester la RM, nous avons utilisé un dispositif de jauge de contrainte interfacé avec un ordinateur via un BIOPAC (DA-100C) module amplificateur bioélectrique (BIOPAC Systems, Goleta, CA) pour mesurer la force musculaire. Le module a été connecté à un MP-100 à l&#39;échantillonnage analogique convertisseur numérique à une fréquence de 1000 hertz par seconde, et à une résolution de 24 bits (fig. 10). </li><li> Le dispositif de jauge de contrainte a été fixée à un banc à un angle de 45 °. Les sujets ont été invités à s&#39;asseoir derrière l&#39;appareil et de poser les coudes sur la zone matelassée, de sorte que la force de l&#39;effort est à travers leurs poignets. Ce fut la meilleure façon d&#39;assurer que le sujet ne serat de recruter n&#39;importe quel autre muscle du biceps que (fig. 11). </li><li> Force a été déterminé à 3 reprises à chaque contraction étant de 3 secondes dans la durée avec environ 45 secondes séparant les contractions. La moyenne des 3 mesures a été la RM. </li><li> Après la détermination de la RM pour le muscle biceps de chaque participant, la séance d&#39;exercice destiné a été réalisé avec 35% de leurs RM. </li><li> Tous les sujets ont subi le même exercice en utilisant des haltères appropriée pondérée d&#39;induire la douleur musculaire (DOMS). Ceci a été réalisé en faisant 4 séries de 25 répétitions de boucles de concentration du biceps, assis sur une chaise, et avec les coudes en charge sur leurs cuisses (fig. 12). </li><li> Chaque sujet a reçu une deuxième période de repos 90 entre chaque série. Sujets soit fait le jeu complet de 25 répétitions, ou ont reçu l&#39;ordre d&#39;arrêter si elles n&#39;ont pas cessé de contrôler le poids pendant l&#39;exercice. </li></ol> 2. Infra-Red CaPréparation mera &amp; Setup <ol><li> La salle où l&#39;imagerie infra-rouge a lieu a été fixé à une température constante afin de minimiser tout biais externes à partir des différences de température ambiante, ce qui pourrait conduire à de fausses lectures thermique. Aux fins de cette expérience nous avions une chambre à température contrôlée qui a été maintenue à environ 23 ° C (+ / - 0,5 ° C). </li><li> La caméra a été fixée à une distance de 1 mètre de distance, et à un angle perpendiculaire à la peau étant mesurée (Fig. 9a) *. </li><li> Après la distance requise a été mis en place, les sujets ont été avisés de rester immobile jusqu&#39;à ce que l&#39;image a été prise. Cela ne devrait pas prendre plus de quelques secondes, mais il est très critique pour minimiser le mouvement pour assurer l&#39;exactitude de l&#39;image prise. </li><li> Il est préférable que la chambre a peinture de couleur foncée, plutôt que des couleurs plus claires, afin de minimiser toute interférence infra-rouge. </li><li> L&#39;éclairage est également critique lorsqu&#39;il s&#39;agit d&#39;images infra-rouge, BECAutiliser une source de lumière qui émettent des ondes infra-rouges, comme un éclairage fluorescent ou tungstène pourrait donner de fausses lectures élevé. La meilleure option serait d&#39;éclairage d&#39;une salle équipée d&#39;uniformes feux à LED, lampes LED que difficilement produire aucune interférence infra-rouge (fig. 9b) *. </li></ol> * Une série de tests ont été effectués dans nos laboratoires utilisant le FLIR Caméra IR 660 (fig. 8), où nous avons comparé les images de la peau à des angles différents (0 (perpendiculaire), 15, 30, 45 et 60 degrés), et à des distances différentes (1, 2 et 5 mètres) de la peau, pour détecter avec précision la température de la peau. Toutes les images ont été comparées à des thermocouples calibrés, et la meilleure corrélation entre les images et les lectures des thermocouples a été à un angle perpendiculaire et à une distance de 1 mètre de distance de la peau (r = 0,93). Les différents angles et les distances a causé une perte de pixélisation, et une diminution de la corrélation globale entre les images et les lectures des thermocouples. 3. Image Acquirement <ol><li> Aux fins de cette expérience, l&#39;image du muscle exercé a été prise avant l&#39;exercice, et à 24, et 48 heures après l&#39;exercice. </li><li> La chaleur du corps à partir de sources autres que la cible pourrait perturber l&#39;image thermique et donner de fausses lectures. Pour cette raison, personne ne devrait être debout à côté ou derrière la cible. </li><li> Dans cette enquête, des photos des deux bras exercés et non exercés ont été prises à des fins de comparaison. Nous avons exercé l&#39;un des bras, comme cela a été mentionné précédemment, et l&#39;autre bras a été utilisé comme contrôle (fig. 4 et 5). </li><li> Nombre d&#39;images de la caméra IR ont été enregistrés immédiatement sur une feuille séparée, car il pourrait être difficile d&#39;identifier quelle image appartient à qui. </li></ol> 4. Image Processing &amp; Analyses <ol><li> Les images acquises IR ont été traitées en utilisant le &quot;ThermoVision ExaminIR&quot; Version du logiciel: 1.10.2. </li><li> Après avoir sélectionné l&#39;image nécessaire pourr analyse, quatre régions d&#39;intérêt ont été identifiés sur l&#39;image acquise sur le bras en utilisant des boîtes statistiques sur l&#39;interface du logiciel (Fig.6). </li><li> Quand les régions nécessaires à travers le bras ont été localisés, le logiciel affiche les moyens et les écarts-types des températures pour chacune des régions sélectionnées. Nous pouvons alors comparer les deux croisées de chaque région individuelle ou d&#39;obtenir une température moyenne de la totalité du bras (fig. 7). </li></ol> 5. Échelle visuelle analogique et d&#39;analyse de sang <ol><li> Une échelle visuelle analogique (EVA) a été utilisé pour évaluer la douleur subjective du bras. L&#39;échelle a eu un de 10 cm (100mm) longue ligne marquée «aucune douleur» à une extrémité, et «extrêmement douloureux» à l&#39;extrémité opposée. Chaque participant a été réalisé pour faire une marque sur la ligne de 10 cm pour indiquer leur réponse à la douleur. </li><li> Le SAV ont été administrés à des sujets avant l&#39;exercice, 24 heures après l&#39;exercice, et à 48 heures. </li><li> Le sang périphérique a été colsélectionné des sujets pour mesurer les niveaux de concentration de myoglobine dans le sang. </li><li> Le sang était prélevé dans la veine du coude sujets avant l&#39;exercice, 30 minutes après l&#39;exercice était terminé, et à 48 heures. </li><li> Le sang a été centrifugé à 4000 rpm pendant 10 min pour séparer le sérum à partir des cellules. Les échantillons ont ensuite été stockés à -80 ° C jusqu&#39;à ce que les analyses de la myoglobine a été fait. </li><li> La myoglobine a été mesurée en utilisant un TOSOH «AIA-360&quot; Analyseur automatisé dosage immuno-enzymatique (TOSOH Corp, Tokyo, Japon). Les trousses de dosage de myoglobine (Myo 025297, ST AIA-PACK myoglobine) ont été utilisés selon les instructions du fabricant. </li></ol> 6. Les résultats représentatifs Les résultats des images thermiques prises IR au cours de cette enquête sont clairement représentés dans la figure 1. Images prises lors de la 3 périodes (pré-exercice, 24 heures post-exercice, et 48 heures post-exercice) pour les bras exercés sur les 41 sujets, a montréune augmentation notable de la température sur deux jours (24 heures post-exercice) par rapport aux températures pré-exercice, et les températures prises à 48 heures. Comme le montre la figure 1, la température moyenne de la peau était 32,80 + / - 1,03 ° C pour le jour 1 (pré-exercice), et 33,96 + / - 1,46 ° C pour le jour 2 (24 heures post-exercice), et 32,82 + / - 1,29 pour les trois jours (48 heures post-exercice). Cette différence de température de la peau du jour 1 au jour 2 a été significative (ANOVA p &lt;0,01). Toutefois, pour le bras non exercé, les changements parmi les trois périodes de temps ne sont pas évidentes. La figure 1 montre que la température moyenne de la peau était 33,08 + / - 0,83 ° C pour le jour 1 (pré-exercice), et 32,79 + / - 1,42 ° C pour le jour 2 (24 heures post-exercice), et 33,17 + / - 0,95 pour le jour 3 (48 heures post-exercice). Cette différence de température de la peau sur les 3 jours n&#39;était pas significative (ANOVA p = 0,38). Les résultats des relevés des douleurs de l&#39;EVA sont présentés dans la figure 2. Comme vu dans la figureUre 2, la douleur avait rapporté une augmentation spectaculaire des jours 2 et 3. Les niveaux de douleur du muscle exercé augmenté, passant de 3,6 + / - 6,1 le jour 1, à 36,3 + / - 22,8 le jour 2, et de 37,5 + / - 25,3 le jour 3. Cette hausse du jour 1 a été significative (ANOVA p &lt;0,01). Les résultats des niveaux de concentration de myoglobine sont présentés dans la figure 3. Comme on le voit sur cette figure, il n&#39;y avait pratiquement aucun changement entre les deux concentrations de myoglobine le jour 1 (pré, &amp; 30 minutes après l&#39;exercice). Mais le jour 3, l&#39;augmentation de la myoglobine était très grande. Cette augmentation au jour 3 était d&#39;environ 147 nanogrammes par millilitre (ng / ml) de sang par rapport aux 2 premières concentrations au jour 1. Les concentrations de myoglobine ont été 30,12 + / - 7,66 ng / mL au départ, 31,66 + / - 11,89 ng / ml 30 minutes après l&#39;exercice, et 178,96 + / - 249,51 ng / ml au jour 3. Cette augmentation sur trois jours était hautement significative (ANOVA p &lt;0,01). Une analyse de corrélation a été faite entre la température de la peauobtenu à partir des images IR, et les niveaux de l&#39;EVA douleur. On a constaté qu&#39;il y avait une corrélation importante entre les lectures VAS le jour 2, et la mesure de la température de peau sur deux jours. Cette corrélation était significative (r = 0,312, p &lt;0,05). Cependant, il n&#39;y avait pas de corrélation évidente entre les lectures VAS et les températures de peau le jour 3. Cette corrélation a été négligeable (r = 0,047, p = 0,77). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1"/> Figure 1. Un graphique représentant les différences de température de la peau dans les bras exercées (diamants), et non exercés bras (carrés) des 41 sujets au cours de la période de 3 jours. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2"/> Figure 2. Un graphique représentant les différences dans la douleur musculaire perçue mesurée à l&#39;EVA au cours de la période 3 jours pour tous les 41 sujets. Figure 3. Un graphique représentant les différences dans les concentrations de myoglobine pour tous les 41 sujets au cours des 3 périodes de temps. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig4.jpg" alt="Figure 4"/> Figure 4. A) une image typique IR du bras exercé un sujet avant l&#39;exercice. B) une image infrarouge de la même bras sujets 24 heures après l&#39;exercice. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig5.jpg" alt="Figure 5"/> Figure 5. A) une image typique de l&#39;ONU-IR a exercé un sujet bras avant l&#39;exercice. B) une image infrarouge de la même bras sujets 24 heures après l&#39;exercice. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig6.jpg" alt="Figure 6"/> Figure 6. Une illustration des 4 régions d&#39;intérêt pour l&#39;analyse des therml&#39;image du bras al. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig7.jpg" alt="Figure 7"/> Figure 7. Interface logicielle pour la &quot;ExaminIR ThermoVision&quot; montrant les quatre boîtes d&#39;intérêt sur ​​une image infrarouge d&#39;un bras exercés. On trouvera également les interprétations statistiques pour chaque boîte. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig8.jpg" alt="Figure 8"/> Figure 8. La caméra infrarouge thermique utilisé pour cette enquête (FLIR 660). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig9.jpg" alt="Figure 9"/> Figure 9. A) La configuration de la caméra IR à 1 mètre du bras sujets. B) Les lumières DEL utilisés dans le laboratoire où les images ont été prises. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig10.jpg" alt="Figure 10"/> Figure 10. A) Les modules BIOPAC utilisé pour mesurer la force musculaire. B) Le dispositif de jauge de contrainte fixée à un 45 ° banc d&#39;angle et accroché au système BIOPAC. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig11.jpg" alt="Figure 11"/> Figure 11. Un sujet typique exerçant une force sur le dispositif de jauge de contrainte. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig12.jpg" alt="Figure 12"/> Figure 12. Un sujet subissant le protocole d&#39;exercice pour induire la douleur musculaire.

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Pas de conflits d&#39;intérêts déclarés.

L&#39;objectif principal de cette enquête était d&#39;évaluer l&#39;utilité de l&#39;imagerie infrarouge thermique pour détecter et mesurer les douleurs musculaires après un exercice intense, et nos résultats suggèrent que l&#39;imagerie infrarouge pourrait être une technique valable pour DOMS détecter, surtout dans les premières 24 heures de l&#39;exercice. Cela n&#39;est pas surprenant, comme Pennes 18 a fourni un modèle très détaillé du flux de chaleur à partir de muscle à la peau dans les...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom de l&#39;appareil </td><td> Société </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td><td> Commentaires </td></tr><tr><td> Caméra infra-rouge thermique </td><td> FLIR </td><td> FLIR SC660 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Logiciel d&#39;analyse thermique infra-rouge </td><td> ThermoVision ExaminIR </td><td> Software Version 1.10.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Module amplificateur Bioelectric </td><td> BIOPAC </td><td> DA100C </td><td> Le DA100C fournit les réglages de gain variable, et des références de tension réglable. </td></tr><tr><td> Convertisseur Analogique Numérique Module </td><td> BIOPAC </td><td> MP100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Analyseur automatisé dosage immuno-enzymatique </td><td> TOSOH </td><td> AIA -360 </td><td> Ce dispositif a été utilisé pour analyser les échantillons de sang, et d&#39;obtenir les lectures myoglobine. </td></tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

the use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness

Retard courbatures (DOMS), aussi connu comme les dommages musculaires induits par l&#39;exercice (EIMD), est couramment rencontrés chez les individus qui ont été physiquement inactifs pendant des périodes prolongées de temps, et commencer par un match inattendu de l&#39;exercice 1-4, mais peut aussi surviennent dans les athlètes qui s&#39;entraînent au-delà de leurs limites normales de la formation 5. Les symptômes associés à ce douloureux phénomène peut varier de légère sensibilité musculaire, des douleurs invalidantes graves 1,3,5. L&#39;intensité de ces symptômes et l&#39;inconfort lié augmente dans les premières 24 heures suivant la fin de l&#39;exercice, et des pics entre 24 à 72 heures après l&#39;exercice de 1,3. Pour cette raison, Doms est l&#39;une des formes les plus courantes de blessures récurrentes des sports qui peuvent affecter la performance d&#39;un individu, et de devenir intimidant pour 1,4 nombreuses. Pour les trois dernières décennies, le phénomène DOMS a acquis une quantité considérabled&#39;intérêt parmi les chercheurs et les spécialistes en physiologie de l&#39;exercice, le sport et la réhabilitation des champs 6. Il ya eu une série d&#39;études publiées enquête sur cet événement douloureux en ce qui concerne ses mécanismes sous-jacents, les interventions de traitement, et les stratégies préventives 1-5,7-12. Cependant, il est évident d&#39;après la littérature que les DOMS n&#39;est pas facile de quantifier la pathologie, comme il ya une quantité étendue de la variabilité entre les outils de mesure et les méthodes utilisées pour quantifier cette condition 6. Il est évident qu&#39;aucun accord n&#39;a été faite sur une meilleure mesure de l&#39;évaluation des courbatures, ce qui rend difficile de vérifier si une intervention spécifique est vraiment utile pour diminuer les symptômes associés à ce type de douleur ou non. Ainsi, les DOM peut être considéré comme quelque peu ambiguë, parce que de nombreuses études sur la mesure de la douleur dépend en utilisant une échelle visuelle analogique (EVA) 10,13-15, qui est un élément subjectif plutôt que d&#39;une mesure objective. Même si l&#39;aiguilleDes biopsies du muscle, et les taux sanguins de protéines myofibre pourrait être considéré comme un étalon-or à près de 6, de grandes variations dans certaines de ces protéines du sang ont été documentés 6,16, en plus des risques élevés, parfois associée à des techniques invasives. Par conséquent, dans l&#39;enquête actuelle, nous avons testé une infra-rouge thermique technique d&#39;imagerie (IR) de la peau au-dessus des muscles exercés à détecter les douleurs musculaires associées. Thermographie infrarouge a été utilisée, et trouvé le succès dans la détection des différents types de maladies et d&#39;infections depuis les années 1950 17. Mais, étonnamment, à proximité de rien n&#39;a été fait sur les DOM et les changements de température de la peau. Le but principal de cette enquête était d&#39;examiner les changements dans DOMS en utilisant cette technique sûre et non invasive.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness at JoVE.com

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Le but de cette enquête était d&#39;évaluer si l&#39;aide d&#39;une caméra infra-rouge thermique est un outil valide pour la détection et la quantification des douleurs musculaires après l&#39;exercice.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;infrarouge thermique imagerie pour la détection retardée Douleurs musculaires Apparition

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically ...

the-use-thermal-infra-red-imaging-to-detect-delayed-onset-muscle

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19.1K vues.  Loma Linda University. Le but de cette enquête était d'évaluer si l'aide d'une caméra infra-rouge thermique est un outil valide pour la détection et la quantification des douleurs musculaires après l'exercice.

Vidéo: The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

Ablation thermique pour le traitement des tumeurs abdominales

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

Recherche

Médecine

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

Visualisation quantitative et la détection de cancer de la peau Utilisation dynamique imagerie thermique

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

L&#39;utilisation de modèle animal de sepsis pour évaluer de nouvelles thérapies à base de plantes

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

The Use of Pharmacological-challenge fMRI in Pre-clinical Research: Application to the 5-HT System

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind drug action and neurotransmitter-related disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Like most of the imaging methods (PET, SPECT, CT) it represents a progress in the investigation of brain disorders and the related function of neurotransmitter pathways in a non-invasive way with respect of the overall neuronal connectivity. Moreover it also provides the ideal tool for translation to clinical investigations. MRI, while still behind in molecular imaging strategies compared to PET and SPECT, has the great advantage to have a high spatial resolution and no need for the injection of a contrast-agent or radio-labeled molecules, thereby avoiding the repetitive exposure to ionizing radiations. Functional MRI (fMRI) is extensively used in research and clinical setting, where it is generally combined with a psycho-motor task. phMRI is an adaptation of fMRI enabling the investigation of a specific neurotransmitter system, such as serotonin (5-HT), under physiological or pathological conditions following activation via administration of a specific challenging drug.
The aim of the method described here is to assess brain 5-HT function in free-breathing animals. By challenging the 5-HT system while simultaneously acquiring functional MR images over time, the response of the brain to this challenge can be visualized. Several studies in animals have already demonstrated that drug-induced increases in extracellular levels of e.g. 5-HT (releasing agents, selective re-uptake blockers, etc) evoke region-specific changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signals (signal due to a change of the oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin levels occurring during brain activation through an increase of the blood supply to supply the oxygen and glucose to the demanding neurons) providing an index of neurotransmitter function. It has also been shown that these effects can be reversed by treatments that decrease 5-HT availability16,13,18,7. In adult rats, BOLD signal changes following acute SSRI administration have been described in several 5-HT related brain regions, i.e. cortical areas, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus9,16,15. Stimulation of the 5-HT system and its response to this challenge can be thus used as a measure of its function in both animals and humans2,11.

The goal of this technique is to assess serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter function in the live and free-breathing animal with pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and an intravenous challenge with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;IRMf pharmacologique-défi en recherche pré-clinique: Application à la System 5-HT

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel ...

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

L&#39;imagerie moléculaire à la cible transplanté des cellules progénitrices musculaires

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Haut-débit cytométrie en flux test cellulaire pour détecter les anticorps de la N-méthyl-D-aspartate Receptor ou récepteur de la dopamine-2 dans le sérum humain

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Modèle murin pour l&#39;imagerie non invasive pour détecter et surveiller l&#39;ovaire récurrence du cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

Quantitative Imagerie par résonance magnétique de la maladie du muscle squelettique

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.

Vascular calcification is an important predictor of and contributor to human cardiovascular disease. This protocol describes methods for inducing calcification of cultured primary vascular smooth muscle cells and for quantifying calcification and macrophage burden in animal aortas using near-infrared fluorescence imaging.

Calcification vasculaire des cellules musculaires lisses et imagerie de Aortic calcification et Inflammation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.  Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.