Ce travail a été soutenu par la Santé et paramédical Conseil national australien de recherche, Fondation scientifique Star (Australie), Association syndrome de la Tourette (USA), La sclérose en plaques Fondation pour la recherche et Trish sclérose en plaques Research Australia, Fondation Petre (Australie), Rebecca L. Fondation Cooper Medical Research (Australie). Nous remercions tous les patients et les membres de la famille qui ont fourni des échantillons pour notre étude.

<html> Une. Sous-clonage Stratégie de construire pIRES2-EGFP vecteur codant D2R ou NMDAR <ol><li> Obtenir ADNc complet clone de D2R humaine ou NMDAR sous-unité 1 (RN1). </li><li> Choisir un vecteur d&#39;expression, tel que pIRES2-EGFP, ce qui est approprié pour l&#39;expression de protéines transmembranaires avec une protéine améliorée verte fluorescente (GFP) rapporteur sous le contrôle d&#39;un site interne d&#39;entrée du ribosome (IRES), permettant à la fois des antigènes et des GFP d&#39;être co-exprimées dans cellules séparément. </li><li> Sous-cloner l&#39;ADNc humain dans pIRES2-EGFP vecteur. <ol><li> Pour sous-cloner l&#39;ADNc, en utilisant les enzymes de restriction appropriées (par exemple Nhel et Xhol pour D2R ADNc humain). </li><li> ADNc Ligate coupe insérer dans restreint vecteur pIRES2-EGFP. </li><li> Séquence ligaturé pIRES2-EGFP D2R ou NMDAR vecteur de vérifier si le vecteur contient la séquence correcte. </li><li> Purifier et amplifier pIRES2-EGFP D2R ou NMDAR vecteur pour une utilisation ultérieure dans la transfection. </li></ol></li></ol>itre &quot;&gt; 2. HEK293 Transfection cellulaire pour l&#39;expression de l&#39;antigène neuronale <ol><li> Les cellules de la culture HEK293 en flacons de culture tissulaire avec un milieu de Eagle modifié frais Dulbecco (1x) (DMEM) avec 4,5 g / L de D-glucose, L-glutamine et de 110 mg / L de pyruvate de sodium supplémenté avec 10% de sérum bovin fœtal (FBS), 2 mM GlutaMAX, et 50 ug / ml de gentamicine. </li><li> Détacher les cellules HEK293 en utilisant la trypsine et la transférer dans un tube conique. <ol><li> Laver les cellules par centrifugation à 250 g pendant 6 min et remettre en suspension le culot cellulaire dans du DMEM complet frais. </li></ol></li><li> Compter les cellules et les semences plaques de 6 puits à environ 8 x 10 5 cellules / puits et de la culture pendant une nuit dans du DMEM 2 ml à 37 ° C et 5% de CO 2 dans un incubateur. </li><li> Une fois qu&#39;ils ont atteint environ 70% de confluence, transfecter les cellules HEK293 avec pIRES2-EGFP NR1 (HEK293 NMDAR Les cellules +), pIRES2-EGFP D2R (HEK293 D2R + cellules), et (cellules HEK293 CTL; contrôle vectoriel) pIRES2-EGFP comme suit.Gardez quelques cellules HEK293 non transfectées d&#39;indemnisation plus tard. <ol><li> Préparer un volume déterminé de mélange de transfection comprenant 2,5 ug d&#39;ADN, de 200 ul de chlorure de sodium à 0,9% et de 4 ug / ml de polyéthylèneimine / puits (contenant chacune 2 ml de DMEM complet frais). </li><li> Vortex immédiatement le mélange pendant 10 secondes et incuber à température ambiante (RT) pendant 10 min, avant d&#39;ajouter le volume de mélange de transfection dans les puits appropriés. </li><li> Recouvrir la plaque, envelopper les côtés avec du Parafilm et centrifuger à 280 g pendant 5 min à l&#39;aide transfection cellulaire. </li><li> Retirez le Parafilm et les placer dans l&#39;incubateur de culture à 37 ° C. </li><li> Remplacez le support de culture 18 heures plus tard avec du DMEM complet frais, et maintenir dans la culture pour un autre 72 heures. </li><li> Facultatif: 72 heures après la transfection, les cellules transfectées peuvent être sélectionnées par culture dans du DMEM complet additionné de 250 ug / ml de généticine, de manière à obtenir un transfectant stable polyclonal. </li></ol></li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 3. Cytométrie en flux test cellulaire pour la détection des anticorps dirigés contre les antigènes de surface de neurones <ol><li> Détacher HEK293 NMDAR +, HEK293 D2R +, et les cellules HEK293 CTL par incubation avec 500 ul / puits Versene pendant environ 5 min à 37 ° C. <ol><li> Remettre en suspension dans du PBS 2ml/well (-Ca 2 + / Mg 2 +-) supplémenté avec 2% de FBS (PBS / FBS) et transférer dans un 15 ml ou 50 ml de tube conique. </li><li> Laver les cellules par centrifugation à 250 g pendant 6 min et remettre en suspension le culot cellulaire dans 15 à 50 ml de PBS / FBS. Répétez lavage 2x. </li><li> Compter les cellules et remettre en suspension dans du PBS / FBS à 1 x 10 6 cellules / ml. </li></ol></li><li> Concevoir le modèle à 96 puits pour l&#39;acquisition de la cytométrie en flux, en considérant que HEK293 D2R + + ou des cellules HEK293 NMDAR, ainsi que des cellules HEK293 CTL devront être incubé avec chaque échantillon de patient ou de l&#39;anticorps primaire. </li><li> cellules de semences dans une plaque de 96 puits à fond en V à 50 000 cellules / nousll en fonction de la cytométrie de flux modèle d&#39;acquisition. </li><li> Pellet les cellules par centrifugation de la plaque de 96 puits à 450 g pendant 5 min et retirez délicatement le surnageant à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pipette multicanaux électronique ou manuel, en inclinant la plaque sur un angle et en prenant soin de ne pas aspirer le culot cellulaire. </li><li> Incuber HEK293 D2R +, HEK293 NMDAR + et les cellules HEK293 CTL pour 1 heure à température ambiante dans l&#39;obscurité avec: <ol><li> Des dilutions en série d&#39;anticorps primaire afin d&#39;évaluer l&#39;expression des antigènes de surface. </li><li> Les échantillons de patients afin de détecter des anticorps. </li></ol></li><li> Utilisez flux approprié cytométrie contrôles de compensation, par exemple. les cellules HEK293 non transfectées non colorées, GFP + des cellules HEK293 (AF647 -), et non transfectées AF647 + cellules HEK293 (GFP). </li><li> Laver les cellules par centrifugation à 450 xg pendant 5 min et remettre en suspension le culot cellulaire dans 170 pi de PBS / FBS. Répétez l&#39;étape de lavage deux fois de plus. </li><li> Incuber les cellules pendant 1 hr à température ambiante dans l&#39;obscurité avec une dilution 1:100 d&#39;anticorps secondaire conjugué à AF647 (anti-IgG humaine dans le sérum du patient et de l&#39;anti-IgG de souris pour des anticorps primaires anti-NR1 ou anti-D2R). </li><li> Laver les cellules trois fois, comme dans l&#39;étape 3.7, et remettre en suspension dans 35 ul de PBS / FBS à cytométrie de flux des cellules acquisition. </li><li> Mettre en place le haut débit échantillonneur (HTS) sur le cytomètre de flux (BDLSRII). </li><li> Acquérir 10 000 événements / puits selon la cytométrie de flux modèle d&#39;acquisition. </li><li> Exporter, puis analyser les données pour l&#39;analyse en utilisant une cytométrie de flux logiciel, comme FlowJo v7.5: <ol><li> Premièrement, porte les cellules vivantes HEK293 basé sur l&#39;avant (taille) et le côté (granularité) disperse. </li><li> En outre grille des cellules HEK293 en direct sur la base de haute GFP-positivité pour analyser seulement les cellules transfectées. </li><li> Déterminer l&#39;intensité moyenne de fluorescence (MFI) du canal AF647 dans les cellules GFP-positives vivants. </li><li> Exporter des données dans Excel ou prisme d&#39;analyse: <ol><li> Terrain concentrations d&#39;anticorps primaire (anti-NMDAR ou un anticorps anti-D2R) par rapport à la MFI obtenues à partir des cellules incubées avec ces anticorps. </li><li> Pour chaque échantillon de patient et contrôle, déterminer la ΔMFI en soustrayant le MFI des cellules HEK293 CTL de l&#39;IMF de la HEK293 D2R + ou HEK293 NMDAR cellules +, respectivement. </li><li> Calcul du seuil de positivité des anticorps par ajout de trois écarts-types au-dessus de la ΔMFI moyen de la cohorte témoin. </li><li> échantillons individuels de parcelles regroupées en fonction de leur type de sérum sur un graphique et représentent le seuil en ligne. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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Conflit d&#39;intérêts: Un brevet a été déposé par FB et le RCD (Université de Sydney) affirmant D2R comme cible pour les auto-anticorps.

Cet article décrit une nouvelle application de la cytométrie de flux essai à base de cellules en direct pour détecter les anticorps ciblant les protéines spécifiques de neurones de la surface de la cellule à l&#39;aide d&#39;un échantillonneur à haut débit. Grâce à cette technique, nous signaler qu&#39;un sous-groupe de patients atteints de maladies auto-immunes du système nerveux central ont des anticorps sériques à la surface ou à la surface NMDAR D2R. Les étapes essentiel...

Au cours des dernières années, des formes auto-immunes du système nerveux central (SNC) des maladies ont été identifiés. Il a été montré que ces maladies sont associées et définies par la présence d&#39;auto-anticorps. Ces anticorps se lient à des récepteurs ou des protéines synaptiques des neurones impliqués dans la neurotransmission 1,2. Différents antigènes ont été détectés, tels que des récepteurs N-méthyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR) 3-5, récepteur de la γ-aminobutyrique B (GABA B) récepteur 6, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-méthyl-4- acide isoxazolepropionique (AMPA) 7, le canal potassique voltage-dépendants (VGKC) protéines associées: riche en leucine gliome activé une protéine (LGL-1) et contactine-associated protein 2 (capsr2) récepteur 8,9, 5,10 glutamate , et de la dopamine-2 récepteur (D2R) 11. Dans le passé, ces troubles du SNC auto-immunes (principalement appelé encéphalite) étaient souvent non diagnostiquée et non traitée. Ces nouveaux biomarqueurs d&#39;anticorps, par exemple,anticorps NMDAR ou anticorps D2R, ont considérablement amélioré le diagnostic et la sensibilisation, et ont ouvert des options de traitement pour les patients. En effet, un traitement précoce avec des immunothérapies est associée à une amélioration des résultats 11,12. Les méthodes traditionnelles de détection des anticorps, tels que des immuno-essai enzymatique (ELISA) et Western blot ont été utilisées pour la détection des anticorps dans le sérum. Toutefois, ils ne permettent pas facilement la reconnaissance d&#39;épitopes extracellulaires ou de surface et, plutôt, peuvent révéler immunoréactivité contre un épitope intracellulaire. En outre, des anticorps qui se lient au domaine extracellulaire des protéines importantes impliquées dans la neurotransmission sont susceptibles d&#39;être 2,3,7,13,14 pathogène. Par conséquent, le développement de dosages précis et sensibles à découvrir la surface de la cellule pertinente ou des cibles d&#39;anticorps chez les patients extracellulaire est primordiale. La méthode de l&#39;étalon d&#39;or dans le domaine est basée sur l&#39;utilisation de cellules vivantes, dans ce qu&#39;on appelle &quot;cellule-baessais sed &quot;. Ce procédé implique l&#39;expression d&#39;un antigène à la surface des cellules de mammifères (le plus souvent du rein 293 (HEK 293) de cellules embryonnaires humaines) dans sa forme native, par transfection de vecteurs contenant la séquence complète de l&#39;ADNc de l&#39;antigène d&#39;intérêt. Les cellules non perméabilisés vivants sont ensuite incubées avec du sérum de patient dilué et suivies par un fluorochrome conjugué anti-immunoglobuline humaine (Ig), un anticorps secondaire. L&#39;intensité ou le niveau de fluorescence est alors détectée et est associée au niveau de la liaison auto-anticorps. Cette technique est spécifique, comme un seul antigène est surexprimé dans les cellules. Le plus utilisé &quot;lecture&quot; a été analyse par microscopie confocale après immunocytochimie 4,5,8-10. Cependant, la cytométrie en flux tests cellulaires ont été utilisés avec succès pour détecter les anticorps chez les patients atteints de maladies démyélinisantes 15-17. En particulier, Waters et al. 15 ont comparé la détection des anticorps en utilisant une casseroleel des techniques de détection des anticorps, y compris des analyses cellulaires suivies par microscopie ou des analyses de flux cytométrie, et a montré la cytométrie en flux essai à base de cellules pour être la méthode la plus sensible, précis et fiable. Par conséquent, la cytométrie en flux essai à base de cellules est avantageuse car elle est quantitative, pas enquêteur dépendant, et n&#39;implique pas l&#39;utilisation de matières radioactives. Il est également commode, car il permet de grandes cohortes de patients à tester dans un court laps de temps. Plus récemment, nous avons optimisé un flux à haut débit cytométrie test cellulaire pour détecter les anticorps dirigés NMDAR et anticorps D2R chez les patients atteints de maladies auto-immunes du système nerveux central 11. Notre groupe a récemment détecté des anticorps NMDAR dans les sérums des patients en utilisant la cytométrie en flux essai à base de cellules. Ces sérums d&#39;anticorps positif NMDAR ont été préalablement analysés par microscopie confocale et ont également révélé positif 11. Ce protocole décrit un dosage de cytométrie de flux à base de cellules pour la détection de canticorps CNS onformation sensible dans le sérum du patient en utilisant un échantillonneur à haut débit automatisé.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="751">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">pIRES2-EGFP vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6029-1</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human HA-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Missouri S&#38;T cDNA Resource Centre</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRD020TN00</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human subunit 1 of NMDAR (NR1) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gift from Prof A. Vincent&#160; (Oxford, UK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Monoclonal purified mouse anti-human NR1 antibody (clone: 54.1)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">556308</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Mouse purified monoclonal anti-DRD2 IgG (clone: 1B11)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WH0001813M1-50UG</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A31571</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-human IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21445</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (1x) 4.5 g/L D-glucose, L-Glutamine and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10099-141</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15710-072</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Geneticin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10131-035</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (1x) (-Ca2+/-Mg2+)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">TrypLE Express (1x) with Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AHF7975</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">9002-98-6</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15040-066</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">XhoI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10899194001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">NheI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10885843001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PureLink PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K3100-01</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">JetQuick Gel Extraction Spin Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Genomed</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">420050</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10481220001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Plasmid&#160;Plus&#160;Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12963</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Name of Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model/Version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Flow cytometer with high-throughput sampler system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BDLSRII with HTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">CKX41 (with mercury lamp and U-RFLT50 power supply)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Electronic multichannel pipette (15-300 &#956;l)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">613-2240P</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">12-channel Xplorer Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:255px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:255px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">50 ml polypropylene conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue culture flask (T75)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM-992</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">V-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">651180</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum

Au cours des dernières années, des anticorps contre les protéines de surface et conformationnels impliqués dans la neurotransmission ont été détectés dans les maladies auto-immunes du système nerveux central chez les enfants et les adultes. Ces anticorps ont été utilisés pour orienter le diagnostic et le traitement. Essais cellulaires ont amélioré la détection des anticorps dans le sérum du patient. Ils sont basés sur l&#39;expression des antigènes de surface du cerveau sur les cellules eucaryotes, qui sont ensuite incubées avec des sérums dilués de patients suivis par des anticorps secondaires conjugués à un fluorochrome. Après lavage, un anticorps secondaire de liaison est ensuite analysée par cytométrie en flux. Notre groupe a développé un flux à haut débit cytométrie dosage à base de cellules-live pour détecter de manière fiable les anticorps contre les récepteurs de neurotransmetteurs spécifiques. Cette méthode de cytométrie en flux est simple, quantitative, efficace, et l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un système d&#39;échantillonnage à haut débit permet de grandes cohortes de patients pour être facilement analysés dans un court espace de temps. En outre, ce repose-cellule commedire peut être facilement adapté pour détecter les anticorps à de nombreuses cibles antigéniques différents, à la fois du système nerveux central et de la périphérie. Découvrir d&#39;autres biomarqueurs d&#39;anticorps roman permettra un diagnostic rapide et précis et améliorer le traitement de troubles à médiation immunitaire.

Cellules HEK293 vivre D2R + et HEK293 CTL ont été acquises à la cytométrie en flux en utilisant un échantillonneur à grand débit. Lors de l&#39;analyse, les cellules ont été déclenchés en fonction de diffusion vers l&#39;avant (de taille) et diffusion latérale (granularité) paramètres (Figures 1A et 1D). Des cellules HEK293 transfectées ont exprimé la molécule rapporteur, la GFP, dans le cytoplasme, et les cellules non transfectées ont été exclu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Au cours des dernières années, des essais à base de cellules vivantes ont été utilisées avec succès pour détecter des anticorps contre les antigènes de surface et de conformation. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode utilisant un écoulement à haut débit cytométrie permettant l&#39;analyse de grandes cohortes de patients. Détection de nouveaux anticorps permettra d&#39;améliorer le diagnostic et le traitement des troubles du système immunitaire à médiation.

Haut-débit cytométrie en flux test cellulaire pour détecter les anticorps de la N-méthyl-D-aspartate Receptor ou récepteur de la dopamine-2 dans le sérum humain

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

high-throughput-flow-cytometry-cell-based-assay-to-detect-antibodies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K vues.  The University of Sydney.  Au cours des dernières années, des essais à base de cellules vivantes ont été utilisées avec succès pour détecter des anticorps contre les antigènes de surface et de conformation. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode utilisant un écoulement à haut débit cytométrie permettant l'analyse de grandes cohortes de patients. Détection de nouveaux anticorps permettra d'améliorer le diagnostic et le traitement des troubles du système immunitaire à médiation....

Vidéo: High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

La mesure et le traitement de répression dans l&#39;amblyopie

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Recherche

Médecine

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

Stéréologique et cytométrie de flux Caractérisation des sous-populations leucocytaires dans les modèles de transitoires ou permanentes ischémie cérébrale

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

Adaptation vidéofluoroscopie Swallow Méthodes étude humaine pour détecter et caractériser dysphagie dans les modèles murins de la maladie

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

Biologie des systèmes de régulation métabolique par Estrogen Receptor Signaling dans le cancer du sein

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

A High Throughput, multiplexée et ciblée protéomique CSF Assay à Quantifier neurodégénératifs Biomarqueurs et apolipoprotéine E isoformes Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include well-validated targets for therapeutic intervention. Discovery of lead compounds, including small synthetic molecules, that specifically inhibit the receptor&#39;s function, is an important initial step in drug development and relies on sensitive, specific, and robust cell-based assays. Here, we describe a kinetic cellular assay with a fluorescent readout primarily designed to identify receptor-specific antagonists that inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ release evoked upon the activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) by its endogenous ligand, the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). A key advantage of this method is that it also enables screening of compounds endowed with intrinsic agonistic properties (i.e., compounds eliciting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the absence of CXCL12) or compounds modulating the receptor&#39;s function via interaction with allosteric binding sites (i.e., positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively)). On the down side, autofluorescent compounds might interfere with the assay&#39;s readout, thereby hampering reliable data interpretation. Most likely this assay can be implemented, with minimal adaptations, as a generic drug discovery assay for many other GPCRs of which the activation leads to a release of intracellular Ca2+.

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

The described cellular assay is designed for the identification of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-interacting agents that inhibit or stimulate, either competitively or allosterically, the intracellular Ca2+ release initiated by CXCR4 activation.

Un test pour identifier les agonistes des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, antagonistes et MODULATEURS ALLOSTÉRIQUES cinétiques basés sur la Fluorescence Ca2 + mobilisation

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include ...

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the development of obesity-associated complications such as type 2 diabetes. To quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the immune cell subsets in human AT deposits, we have developed a flow cytometry approach. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), containing the immune cells, is isolated from subcutaneous and visceral AT biopsies by collagenase digestion. Adipocytes are removed after centrifugation. The SVF cells are stained for multiple membrane-bound markers selected to differentiate between immune cell subsets and analyzed using flow cytometry. As a result of this approach, pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), B-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and NK cells can be detected and quantified. This method gives detailed information about immune cells in AT and the amount of each specific subset. Since there are numerous fluorescent antibodies available, our flow cytometry approach can be adjusted to measure various other cellular and intracellular markers of interest.

This article describes a method to analyze immune cell content of adipose tissue by isolation of immune cells from adipose tissue and subsequent analysis using flow cytometry.

Caractérisation des cellules immunitaires dans les tissus adipeux humains à l’aide de cytométrie en flux

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Un test Flow Cytometry pour mesurer le potentiel de Membrane Mitochondrial dans les Myocytes cardiaques après l’hypoxie/réoxygénation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Haut-débit Nitrobenzoxadiazole marqué cholestérol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. However, a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement system with a high price-performance ratio is lacking in mainland China, especially in the primary care hospitals. This paper describes the principle and operation procedures of using a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system to detect allergen-specific IgE in serum. The results were compared with those from ImmunoCAP (System 1), the industrial standard, and the reproducibility of the system to detect patients sensitized to common allergens is evaluated. The results showed that in comparison with ImmunoCAP (System 1), the BioIC System (System 2) has good precision and sensitivity in detecting serum-specific IgE against various inhalant and food allergens but with a significantly lower cost. It can serve as a good alternative to System 1 in primary care hospitals in mainland China who have lower financial affordability.

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

This paper presents a protocol for detecting serum-specific immunoglobulin E with a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system and the evaluation of its usefulness in allergy diagnoses.

Application des biopuces microfluidiques technologie pour détecter sérum allergène spécifique immunoglobuline E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...