Ce travail a été soutenu par un Dan L. Duncan subvention de recherche concertée (CMB et EJS), le National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US4HL081007), une Société de leucémie et lymphome prix de recherche clinique Scholar (CMB) et le National Cancer Institute (RO1 CA06150816; EJS).

1. Isolement de cellules mononucléaires (jour 0) <ol><li> Insérer pointe de raccord luer femelle au port de sortie de la fraction de 20% de l&#39;unité de sang de cordon, fixer une seringue et retirer le sang. Transférer le sang décongelé à 20 mL de RPMI réchauffé dans 50 ml tube à centrifuger. Rincer sac de sang de cordon ombilical avec 5 ml de RPMI et transférer dans le tube à centrifugation. </li><li> Centrifuger les cellules pendant 10 minutes à 400 x g. Aspirer le surnageant. </li><li> Remettre en suspension les cellules dans 20 ml de RPMI chaud. Cellules couche sur 15 ml de Lymphoprep dans 50 ml tube à centrifuger. Centrifuger 40 minutes à 400 x g. </li><li> Récolter l&#39;interface contenant les cellules mononucléaires et laver dans 20 ml de RPMI. Centrifuger pendant 10 minutes à 450 x g. </li><li> Aspirer le surnageant et laver dans 20 ml de RPMI. Compter les cellules et faire tourner pendant 5 minutes à 400 x g. </li><li> Aspirer le surnageant et remettre en suspension les cellules à 5 x 10 6 cellules mononucléées / mL de CellGenix DC médias (sans sérum). Prélever 1 mL pour l&#39;EBV-LCL génération et la mise en CE 15 mlntrifuge tube. </li></ol> 2. Génération des cellules dendritiques (à partir du jour 0) <ol><li> Planche 2 ml de cellules (sont déjà à 5 x 10 6 cellules / ml de DC médias) par puits dans une plaque à 6 puits. Laisser dans l&#39;incubateur pendant 1-2 heures. </li><li> Après 1-2 heures, laver les cellules non adhérentes par lavage 3-4 fois avec du PBS. Recueillir les cellules non adhérentes et les congeler. Ajouter 2 ml / puits de médias DC contenant 1000 U / ml d&#39;IL-4 et 800 U / ml de GM-CSF. </li><li> 3-4 jours après l&#39;initiation DC, reconstituer l&#39;IL-4 et de GM-CSF par addition de 100 pl / puits de milieu contenant une concentration finale de 1000U/mL IL-4 et 800 U / ml de GM-CSF. </li><li> Le jour de 5-6, la récolte de la DC en grattant le puits avec une pipette de transfert. Compter les cellules grandes et centrifuger pendant 5 min à 400 x g. Aspirer les médias et remettre en suspension DC à 2x10 6 cellules / ml de DC médias. Ajouter 0,5 mL / puits d&#39;une plaque de 24 puits. </li><li> Transduire le courant continu en utilisant le vecteur Ad5f35pp65 à une cellule par MOI de 10 unités infectieuses. Ajouter vector à chaque puits dans une plaque de 24 puits. Incuber les cellules pendant 1,5 heures. Au bout de 1,5 heures, ajouter 1,5 ml / puits de DC médias contenant: 1000 U / ml d&#39;IL-4, 800 U / ml de GM-CSF, 10 ng / ml de TNF-alpha, 1 ug / ml de PGE-1, 100 ng / mL IL-6, et 10 ng / ml d&#39;IL-1beta. Ces cytokines mûrir les pays en développement. </li></ol> 3. Génération de l&#39;EBV LCL (à partir du jour 0) <ol><li> Centrifuger le tube contenant les 5 x 10 6 cellules mononucléaires. Ajouter 200 ul de surnageant concentré EBV B95.8 et 1,8 ml de milieu complet (RPMI + 10% FBS + 2 mM de L-glutamine) contenant la cyclosporine (1 pg / ml). </li><li> Aliquote de 100 ul de cellules dans 10 puits d&#39;une plaque de 96 puits et 200 ul dans 5 puits. Ajouter 100 ul de médias complet + cyclosporine dans les puits ne contenant que 100 ul de cellules. Remplir les puits restants avec de l&#39;eau stérile. </li><li> Nourrir l&#39;hebdomadaire LCL et développer à partir d&#39;une plaque de 96 puits dans une plaque de 24 puits après ~ 2 semaines. Après une autre semaine, transférer dans un flacon T25 et dans le transfert de semaine suivante àun flacon T75. A ce stade, il est recommandé que vous gelez aliquotes de LCL. Il prend généralement de 1 mois à générer un nombre suffisant de LCL. </li></ol> 4. CTL Initiation - 7 jours après le début des PED <ol><li> PED récolte et irradier à 30 Gy. Lavez 4 x et le nombre. Remettre en suspension dans un milieu continu de cellules T contenant le sérum humain (45% de RPMI, 45% de Click, 10% de sérum humain, 2 mM de L-glutamine) @ 1 x 10 5 DC / ml. </li><li> Décongeler les cellules non adhérentes de l&#39;étape 2,2. Laver les cellules, et à compter. Remettre en suspension à 2 x 10 6 cellules non-adhérentes / mL dans les médias lymphocytes T contenant le sérum humain. Ajouter 10 ng / ml d&#39;IL-7 et IL-12, et 5 ng / ml d&#39;IL-15. Ajouter 1 mL de cellules par puits dans une plaque de 24 puits. Ajouter 1 ml de DC par puits. Remplir les puits vides de plaque de 24 puits avec de l&#39;eau stérile. </li><li> 7 jours après le début de cellule T, d&#39;alimentation et / ou de diviser des cellules de lymphocytes T avec des milieux contenant du sérum humain. </li><li> 9-12 jours après le début des lymphocytes T, les lymphocytes T geler jusqu&#39;à ce que la LCL sont prêts. </li><li> Once LCL ont augmenté et sont passés dans des flacons T75, la transduction du LCL par centrifugation pendant 5 min à 400 x g. Ajouter le vecteur de la pastille de cellules à une MOI de 100 unités infectieuses par cellule. Incuber pendant 1,5 heures. Au bout de 1,5 heures, remettre en suspension dans un milieu complet à 5 x 10 5 LCL / ml et ajouter 2 ml par puits dans une plaque de 24 puits. 12 </li><li> Après 2 jours, la récolte du LCL et irradier à 40 Gy. Lavez 4 x et le nombre. Reprendre le LCL dans les médias lymphocytes T contenant du sérum humain à 2,5 x 10 5 cellules / ml. Ajouter 1 mL de LCL par puits d&#39;une plaque de 24 puits. En outre, ajouter 5 x 10 6 LCL à un dispositif de culture Grex40 ainsi que 5 ng / ml d&#39;IL-15 13. </li><li> Récolter les cellules T. Centrifuger pendant 5 minutes à 400 xg, aspirer le surnageant et remettre en suspension dans un milieu contenant du sérum de cellules T humaines à 1 x 10 6 cellules T / mL. Ajouter 5 ng / ml d&#39;IL-15 et ajouter 1 mL / puits de cellules T (total de 1 x 10 cellules T 6) au LCL qui sont déjà dans la plaque de 24 puits. Dans le Grex40, apportezle volume total des supports jusqu&#39;à 30 ml. </li><li> Le jour post-stimulation 3-4, si les cellules sont confluentes, puis les séparer (de la plaque) 1:1 et ajouter du milieu frais contenant 50 U / ml d&#39;IL-2. Si elles ne sont pas confluentes alors simplement aspirer ½ les médias et le remplacer par un milieu contenant 50 U / ml d&#39;IL-2. Dans le Grex40, aspirer la moitié des médias, remplacez-le par du milieu frais, et ajouter 50 U / ml d&#39;IL-2. </li><li> Au jour 7, répétez comme à l&#39;étape 4.6 mais l&#39;utilisation d&#39;IL-2 le jour de la stimulation, et non l&#39;IL-15. </li></ol> 5. Les résultats représentatifs Un schéma du protocole de fabrication BPF approuvé par la FDA est représenté dans la figure 1. Le processus prend environ 50 jours. Les méthodes typiques de générer des virus de cellules T spécifiques de développer préexistantes cellules T mémoires, mais manque de sang de cordon ombilical des cellules T du virus expérimentés et donc nous avons besoin pour amorcer vivo T naïfs ex cellules. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons des cellules dendritiques ainsi que les cytokines IL-7, IL-12 et IL-15,nécessaire pour générer une spécificité virale. Après 3 stimulations, le rendement doit être supérieur à 100x10 6 cellules. Si les cellules ne sont pas suffisantes, les stimulations supplémentaires peuvent être effectuées jusqu&#39;à ce que le nombre souhaité de CTL sont disponibles. La majorité de ces cellules devrait être CD3 + avec un mélange de lymphocytes CD4 + et CD8 +. Il devrait y avoir moins de 15% de cellules NK (CD3-/CD56 +) et moins de 1% des cellules CD19 + B (figure 2). Le CTL élargie devrait reconnaître l&#39;antigène pp65 du CMV, hexon et du penton de l&#39;adénovirus, ainsi que de nombreux antigènes d&#39;EBV qui sont exprimés sur LCL EBV. Lors d&#39;un essai dans un test ELISPOT, CTL doit sécréter plus d&#39;IFN-? en réponse à ces antigènes que les antigènes non pertinents (figure 3). Le CTL devraient également lyse virale peptide-pulsés tels objectifs explosions de PHA. Dans un essai de libération de 51Cr, CTL devraient lyser LCL, CMVpp65-Adenovirus hexon pulsé et-et /ou penton-pulsé objectifs, mais pas les cibles puisées avec des peptides non pertinents (figure 4). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3627/3627fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1."/> Figure 1. Génération de multi-virus CTL spécifiques du sang de cordon. Schéma montrant l&#39;ensemble du processus de fabrication CTL à partir de sang de cordon. Première des cellules mononucléées de sang de cordon sont isolés à partir de la fraction 20% de l&#39;unité de fractionnement du sang de cordon ombilical. À l&#39;exception de 5x10 6 cellules qui sont enregistrés pour la génération de LCL, toutes les cellules sont ensuite étalées dans les médias de cellules dendritiques pendant 1-2 heures, après quoi les cellules non adhérentes sont récoltés et congelés. Le DC sont ensuite introduits DC médias contenant de l&#39;IL-4 et GM-CSF. Après 5 jours de culture, le DC sont élevés et transduites avec un vecteur adénoviral contenant l&#39;antigène pp65 CMV immunodominant. Lors de l&#39;initiation, les DC sont combinées avec les cellules non-adhérentes ainsi que des cytokines IL-7, IL-12,et IL-15. À des stimulations suivantes, le vecteur adénoviral est même utilisé pour transduire des EBV-LCL, qui sont utilisées comme cellules présentatrices d&#39;antigène. IL-15 est utilisé à la deuxième stimulation et d&#39;IL-2 par la suite. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3627/3627fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2."/> Figure 2. Phénotype des cellules T en résulte. Représenté est le pourcentage de cellules vivantes inclus dans la grille des lymphocytes. CTL sont CD3 + CD4 + et CD8 + ou en grande partie, mais CD3-/CD56- et CD19-. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3627/3627fig3.jpg" alt="Figure 3."/> Figure 3. Fonctionnalité des cellules T. La spécificité des lymphocytes T a été testé par l&#39;IFN-γELISPOT. Les cellules T ont été marquées avec des peptides se chevauchant couvrant la totalité de la protéine hexon, penton, pp65, et l&#39;antigène sans rapport IE-1. CTL seul indique médias seul. LCL autologues ont été irradiés et ajoutés à 1x10 5 / puits. Montré est l&#39;endroit moyen formant cellule contant de trois puits. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3627/3627fig4.jpg" alt="Figure 4."/> La figure 4. Activité cytolytique des CTL. La capacité du CTL résultant de lyser des cibles exprimant des antigènes viraux a été testé dans un essai de 51 Cr 51. Cr-étiquetés autologues explosions PHA ont été puisées avec des peptides chevauchant couvrant l&#39;antigène entier ou 51 Cr marqué autologue LCL ont été co-cultivées avec des CTL. Après 4 heures, la libération gamma a été comptée sur un compteur gamma.

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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

<html> Les stratégies actuelles visant à lutter contre les infections virales après CBT peuvent être efficaces, mais ils sont associés à des toxicités importantes, sont coûteux, et ne confèrent pas une protection à long terme contre l&#39;infection plus tard. En fait, l&#39;utilisation de certains médicaments antiviraux peuvent limiter l&#39;expansion des cellules T spécifiques du virus qui seraient autrement protection. 14 Une autre option est l&#39;infusion de cellules virales spécifiques des ba...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom du réactif </td><td> Entreprise </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 21870-076 </td></tr><tr><td> DC médias </td><td> CellGenix </td><td> 20801-0500 </td></tr><tr><td> EHAA (Moyen cliquable) </td><td> Irvine Scientific </td><td> 9195 </td></tr><tr><td> Sérum humain </td><td> Gémeaux Produits Bio </td><td> 100-110 </td></tr><tr><td> Perméables aux gaz Cultureware 18 </td><td> Wilson-Loup </td><td> 80040S </td></tr><tr><td> IL-2 </td><td> Chiron (TCH pharmacie) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IL-12 </td><td> NCI / CTEP </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IL-15 </td><td> CellGenix </td><td> 1013-050 </td></tr><tr><td> IL-7 </td><td> R &amp; D </td><td> AFL207 </td></tr><tr><td> IL-1beta </td><td> R &amp; D </td><td> AFL201 </td></tr><tr><td> IL-6 </td><td> CelluleGenix </td><td> 1004-050 </td></tr><tr><td> GM-CSF </td><td> TCH pharmacie </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IL-4 </td><td> R &amp; D </td><td> <a href="http://www.rndsystems.com/pdf/AFL204.pdf" target="_blank">AFL204</a> </td></tr><tr><td> TNF-alpha </td><td> R &amp; D </td><td> AFL210 </td></tr><tr><td> Ad5f35pp65 </td><td> BCM CAGT installation de production de vecteur </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Transfert au plasma avec adaptateur Luer femelle </td><td> Charte médical </td><td> 89-550-66j </td></tr><tr><td> Lymphoprep </td><td> Nycomed </td><td> 1114550 </td></tr></tbody></table>

expanding cytotoxic t lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood that target cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and adenovirus

Les infections virales après transplantation de cellules souches sont parmi les causes les plus fréquentes de décès, en particulier après le sang du cordon (CB) transplantation (TCC) où le CB ne contient pas un nombre appréciable de cellules T du virus expérimentés qui peuvent protéger le destinataire de l&#39;infection 1. - 4 Nous et d&#39;autres ont montré que le virus de CTL spécifique généré à partir de donneurs séropositifs et infusé au bénéficiaire sont en sécurité et de protection. 8.5 Cependant, jusqu&#39;à récemment, le virus de cellules T spécifiques ne pouvaient pas être générée à partir de sang de cordon, probablement en raison de la absence de virus-cellules T spécifiques de la mémoire. Dans un effort pour mieux imiter les conditions d&#39;amorçage in vivo des cellules T naïves, nous avons établi une méthode qui a utilisé des cellules dendritiques dérivées de CB (DC) transduites avec un vecteur adénoviral (Ad5f35pp65) contenant l&#39;antigène pp65 CMV immunodominant, par conséquent, de conduire la spécificité des lymphocytes T vers le CMV et l&#39;adénovirus. 9 Au début, nous utilisons ces machinesPED structurés, ainsi que CB dérivées des cellules T en présence des cytokines IL-7, IL-12 et IL-15. Au 10 secondes, nous avons utilisé la stimulation transformées par EBV des cellules B, ou EBV-LCL, qui expriment à la fois latente et lytiques antigènes d&#39;EBV. Ad5f35pp65-transduites EBV-LCL sont utilisés pour stimuler les cellules T en présence d&#39;IL-15 à la seconde stimulation. Stimulations ultérieures utilisent Ad5f35pp65 transduites par EBV-LCL et de l&#39;IL-2. De 6 CB 50x10 cellules mononucléaires nous sommes en mesure de générer plus de 150 x 10 6 virus de cellules T spécifiques de l&#39;antigène qui lysent des cibles pulsées et des cytokines libération en réponse à une stimulation antigénique. 11 Ces cellules ont été fabriqués d&#39;une manière conforme aux BPF en utilisant seulement la fraction 20% d&#39;une unité de fractionnement de sang de cordon et qui ont été convertis pour un usage clinique.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus at JoVE.com

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Nous décrivons ici la première bonne pratique de fabrication (BPF) conforme à la méthode de production spécifiques du virus de lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (CTL) à partir de sang de cordon ombilical, source de cellules T naïves principalement.

L&#39;expansion des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques à partir de sang de cordon ombilical qui cytomégalovirus cible, le virus Epstein-Barr Virus et Adénovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

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12.7K vues.  Baylor College of Medicine. Nous décrivons ici la première bonne pratique de fabrication (BPF) conforme à la méthode de production spécifiques du virus de lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (CTL) à partir de sang de cordon ombilical, source de cellules T naïves principalement.

Vidéo: Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

Préparation et utilisation de VIH-1 primaires CD4 + T-cellules comme cellules cibles dans des cellules tueuses naturelles Tests cytotoxiques

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

Méthodes d&#39;évaluation bêta Mediated la mort cellulaire par les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

Présentation de contrainte de cisaillement dans l&#39;étude de l&#39;adhésion bactérienne

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Establishment of Epstein-Barr Virus Growth-transformed Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) in vitro. Since LCL are latently infected with EBV, they provide a model system to investigate EBV latency and virus-driven B cell proliferation and tumorigenesis1. LCL have been used to present antigens in a variety of immunologic assays2, 3. In addition, LCL can be used to generate human monoclonal antibodies4, 5 and provide a potentially unlimited source when access to primary biologic materials is limited6, 7.
A variety of methods have been described to generate LCL. Earlier methods have included the use of mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide8, and pokeweed mitogen9 to increase the efficiency of EBV-mediated immortalization. More recently, others have used immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A to inhibit T cell-mediated killing of infected B cells7, 10-12.
The considerable length of time from EBV infection to establishment of cell lines drives the requirement for quicker and more reliable methods for EBV-driven B cell growth transformation. Using a combination of high titer EBV and an immunosuppressive agent, we are able to consistently infect, transform, and generate LCL from B cells in peripheral blood. This method uses a small amount of peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are infected in vitroclusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23 with EBV in the presence of FK506, a T cell immunosuppressant. Traditionally, outgrowth of proliferating B cells is monitored by visualization of microscopic clusters of cells about a week after infection with EBV. Clumps of LCL can be seen by the naked eye after several weeks. We describe an assay to determine early if EBV-mediated growth transformation is successful even before microscopic clusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23hiCD58+ cells observed as early as three days post-infection indicates a successful outcome.

We describe a method for generating transformed B cell lines using Epstein-Barr virus. We also illustrate a novel assay that can identify B cells destined to undergo transformation as early as three days after infection.

Création d&#39;Epstein-Barr Virus croissance transformées lignées lymphoblastoïdes

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Application clinique de<em&gt; Belle au Bois Dormant</em&gt; Et artificielle cellules présentatrices d&#39;antigènes pour modifier génétiquement des cellules T du sang de cordon ombilical et périphériques

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Isolation of Precursor B-cell Subsets from Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for isolating precursor B-cells at four different stages of differentiation. Because genes are expressed and epigenetic modifications occur in a tissue specific manner, it is vital to discriminate between tissues and cell types in order to be able to identify alterations in the genome and the epigenome that may lead to the development of disease. This method can be adapted to any type of cell present in umbilical cord blood at any stage of differentiation.	
This method comprises 4 main steps. First, mononuclear cells are separated by density centrifugation. Second, B-cells are enriched using biotin conjugated antibodies that recognize and remove non B-cells from the mononuclear cells. Third the B-cells are fluorescently labeled with cell surface protein antibodies specific to individual stages of B-cell development. Finally, the fluorescently labeled cells are sorted and individual populations are recovered. The recovered cells are of sufficient quantity and quality to be utilized in downstream nucleic acid assays.

Here we describe a protocol for isolating subsets of precursor B-cells from umbilical cord blood. A sufficient quantity and quality of nucleic acids may be extracted from the cells and used in subsequent assays utilizing DNA or RNA.

Isolement des précurseurs des cellules B des sous-ensembles à partir de sang de cordon ombilical

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

L&#39;isolement et la différenciation Th17 de Naïve CD4 des lymphocytes T

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Development of an IFN-&#947; ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). For this reason, antiherpetic prophylaxis is administrated systematically to pediatric UCBT recipients to prevent complications associated with VZV infection, but there is no strong, evidence based consensus that defines its optimal duration. Because T cell mediated immunity is responsible for the control of VZV infection, assessing the reconstitution of VZV specific T cell responses following UCBT could provide indications as to whether prophylaxis should be maintained or can be discontinued. To this end, a VZV specific gamma interferon (IFN-&#947;) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay was developed to characterize IFN-&#947; production by T lymphocytes in response to in vitro stimulation with irradiated live attenuated VZV vaccine. This assay provides a rapid, reproducible and sensitive measurement of VZV specific cell mediated immunity suitable for monitoring the reconstitution of VZV specific immunity in a clinical setting and assessing immune responsiveness to VZV antigens. &#160;

Development of an IFN-&amp;#947; ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Novel generations of functional assays such as gamma interferon (IFN-&#947;) ELISpot, which detect cytokine production at the single cell level and provide both quantitative and qualitative characterization of T cell responses can be used to assess cell-mediated immune responses directed against varicella zoster virus (VZV).

Développement d&#39;une varicelle-zona immunité à médiation cellulaire spécifique-Virus IFN-γ ELISPOT pour évaluer la suite de cordon ombilical transplantation de sang

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). For this reason, ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Génération de cellules T humaines allo-spécifiques du sang périphérique

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

We report a novel adaptation of the Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay, first reported to measure the radial migration of adherent tumor cells on extracellular matrix proteins, for measuring the motility of fluorescently-labeled, non-adherent human or murine effector immune cells. This technique employs a stainless steel manifold and 10-well Teflon slide to focally deposit non-adherent T cells into wells prepared with either confluent tumor cell monolayers or extracellular matrix proteins. Light and/or multi-channel fluorescence microscopy is used to track the movement and behavior of the effector cells over time. Fluorescent dyes and/or viral vectors that code for fluorescent transgenes are used to differentially label the cell types for imaging. This method is distinct from similar-type in vitro assays that track horizontal or vertical migration/invasion utilizing slide chambers, agar or transwell plates. The assay allows detailed imaging data to be collected with different cell types distinguished by specific fluorescent markers; even specific subpopulations of cells (i.e., transduced/nontransduced) can be monitored. Surface intensity fluorescence plots are generated using specific fluorescence channels that correspond to the migrating cell type. This allows for better visualization of the non-adherent immune cell mobility at specific times. It is possible to gather evidence of other effector cell functions, such as cytotoxicity or transfer of viral vectors from effector to target cells, as well. Thus, the method allows researchers to microscopically document cell-to-cell interactions of differentially-labeled, non-adherent with adherent cells of various types. Such information may be especially relevant in the assessment of biologically-manipulated or activated immune cell types, where visual proof of functionality is desired with tumor target cells before their use for cancer therapy.

We describe a protocol to monitor radial mobility of non-adherent immune cells in vitro using a cell sedimentation manifold/slide apparatus. Cell migration is tracked on monolayers of tumor cells or on extracellular matrix proteins. Examination by light and fluorescence microscopy allows for observation of cell mobility and cytotoxic functionality.

Radial Mobilité et cytotoxiques fonction de réplication rétrovirale Vector transduits, non-adhérent Alloresponsive lymphocytes T

We report a novel adaptation of the Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay, first reported to measure the radial migration of adherent tumor cells on ...