Les auteurs tiennent à remercier le soutien exceptionnel de leur laboratoire, membres de l&#39;équipe et le travail par le Pôle d&#39;excellence de CellNetworks à l&#39;Université de Heidelberg ainsi que par le Chica et Heinz Schaller (CHS) de la Fondation. Nous apprécions que l&#39;évolution moléculaire AAV par l&#39;ADN de la famille brassage est devenue un domaine très actif depuis notre publication initiale il ya trois ans et, par conséquent présenter des excuses à tous les auteurs de publications pertinentes, dont le travail ne pouvait pas être cité ici en raison de contraintes d&#39;espace.

<ol>
	<li>Grimm, D., Kay, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+virus+evolution+to+vector+revolution:+use+of+naturally+occurring+serotypes+of+adeno-associated+virus+(AAV)+as+novel+vectors+for+human+gene+therapy.">From virus evolution to vector revolution: use of naturally occurring serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as novel vectors for human gene therapy.</a> Curr. Gene Ther. 3, 281-304 (2003).</li><li>Grimm, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+methods+for+gene+transfer+vectors+based+on+adeno-associated+virus+serotypes.">Production methods for gene transfer vectors based on adeno-associated virus serotypes.</a> Methods. 28, 146-157 (2002).</li><li>Grimm, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+gene+therapy+vector+evolution+via+multispecies+interbreeding+and+retargeting+of+adeno-associated+viruses.">In vitro and in vivo gene therapy vector evolution via multispecies interbreeding and retargeting of adeno-associated viruses.</a> J. Virol. 82, 5887-5911 (2008).</li><li>Muller, O. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Random+peptide+libraries+displayed+on+adeno-associated+virus+to+select+for+targeted+gene+therapy+vectors.">Random peptide libraries displayed on adeno-associated virus to select for targeted gene therapy vectors.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1040-1046 (2003).</li><li>Perabo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+selection+of+viral+vectors+with+modified+tropism:+the+adeno-associated+virus+display.">In vitro selection of viral vectors with modified tropism: the adeno-associated virus display.</a> Mol. Ther. 8, 151-157 (2003).</li><li>Zolotukhin, S., Potter, M., Hauswirth, W. W., Guy, J., Muzyczka, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"humanized"+green+fluorescent+protein+cDNA+adapted+for+high-level+expression+in+mammalian+cells.">A "humanized" green fluorescent protein cDNA adapted for high-level expression in mammalian cells.</a> J. Virol. 70, 4646-4654 (1996).</li><li>Wobus, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+the+adeno-associated+virus+type+2+(AAV-2)+capsid:+epitope+mapping+and+identification+of+capsid+domains+involved+in+AAV-2-cell+interaction+and+neutralization+of+AAV-2+infection.">Monoclonal antibodies against the adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) capsid: epitope mapping and identification of capsid domains involved in AAV-2-cell interaction and neutralization of AAV-2 infection.</a> J. Virol. 74, 9281-9293 (2000).</li><li>Grimm, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatality+in+mice+due+to+oversaturation+of+cellular+microRNA/short+hairpin+RNA+pathways.">Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways.</a> Nature. 441, 537-541 (2006).</li><li>Nakai, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unrestricted+hepatocyte+transduction+with+adeno-associated+virus+serotype+8+vectors+in+mice.">Unrestricted hepatocyte transduction with adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors in mice.</a> J. Virol. 79, 214-224 (2005).</li><li>Koerber, J. T., Jang, J. H., Schaffer, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+shuffling+of+adeno-associated+virus+yields+functionally+diverse+viral+progeny.">DNA shuffling of adeno-associated virus yields functionally diverse viral progeny.</a> Mol. Ther. 16, 1703-1709 (2008).</li><li>Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+and+selection+of+shuffled+AAV+genomes:+a+new+strategy+for+producing+targeted+biological+nanoparticles.">Engineering and selection of shuffled AAV genomes: a new strategy for producing targeted biological nanoparticles.</a> Mol. Ther. 16, 1252-1260 (2008).</li><li>Ward, P., Walsh, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+AAV+Cap+sequences+alter+gene+transduction.">Chimeric AAV Cap sequences alter gene transduction.</a> Virology. 386, 237-248 (2009).</li><li>Yang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+myocardium+tropic+adeno-associated+virus+(AAV)+evolved+by+DNA+shuffling+and+in+vivo+selection.">A myocardium tropic adeno-associated virus (AAV) evolved by DNA shuffling and in vivo selection.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 3946-3951 (2009).</li><li>Perabo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+engineering+of+a+gene+therapy+vector:+directed+evolution+of+adeno-associated+virus.">Combinatorial engineering of a gene therapy vector: directed evolution of adeno-associated virus.</a> J. Gene. Med. 8, 155-162 (2006).</li><li>Maheshri, N., Koerber, J. T., Kaspar, B. K., Schaffer, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+evolution+of+adeno-associated+virus+yields+enhanced+gene+delivery+vectors.">Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus yields enhanced gene delivery vectors.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 198-204 (2006).</li><li>Wu, Z., Asokan, A., Samulski, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus+serotypes:+vector+toolkit+for+human+gene+therapy.">Adeno-associated virus serotypes: vector toolkit for human gene therapy.</a> Mol. Ther. 14, 316-327 (2006).</li><li>Kwon, I., Schaffer, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designer+gene+delivery+vectors:+molecular+engineering+and+evolution+of+adeno-associated+viral+vectors+for+enhanced+gene+transfer.">Designer gene delivery vectors: molecular engineering and evolution of adeno-associated viral vectors for enhanced gene transfer.</a> Pharm. Res. 25, 489-499 (2008).</li><li>Perabo, L., Huber, A., Marsch, S., Hallek, M., Buning, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+evolution+with+adeno-associated+viral+libraries.">Artificial evolution with adeno-associated viral libraries.</a> Comb. Chem. High. Throughput. Screen. 11, 118-126 (2008).</li><li>McCarty, D. M., Monahan, P. E., Samulski, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-complementary+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+(scAAV)+vectors+promote+efficient+transduction+independently+of+DNA+synthesis.">Self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vectors promote efficient transduction independently of DNA synthesis.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 1248-1254 (2001).</li></ol>

Tous les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Ici, nous avons esquissé essentiels étapes expérimentales et les lignes directrices pour AAV capside d&#39;ingénierie via la famille réarrangement d&#39;ADN et de l&#39;évolution dans les cellules ou chez l&#39;animal. En substance, ces protocoles sont des versions normalisées des procédures nous avons d&#39;abord signalés dans le domaine de l&#39;AAV en 2008 3. Alors qu&#39;une vague de suivi des études par d&#39;autres ont rapporté de nombreux ex modifications, 10-13, nos vers...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom du réactif </td><td> Entreprise </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td></tr><tr><td> DNase I </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 18068-015 </td></tr><tr><td> Polyéthylènimine (PEI) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 408727 </td></tr><tr><td> Les enzymes de restriction </td><td> ONÉ </td><td> Divers </td></tr><tr><td> ADN ligase T4 </td><td> ONÉ </td><td> M0202T </td></tr><tr><td> Kit d&#39;extraction de gel </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 28704 </td></tr><tr><td> Kit Phusion polymérase II </td><td> Finnzymes (ONÉ) </td><td> F-540S </td></tr><tr><td> Kit Hotstar polymérase Hifi </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 202602 </td></tr><tr><td> DMSO </td><td> Finnzymes (ONÉ) </td><td> F-540S (partie de la trousse) </td></tr><tr><td> L&#39;EDTA (25 mM) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 18068-015 (partie de la trousse) </td></tr><tr><td> Tris </td><td> Roth </td><td> 4855,2 </td></tr><tr><td> Sel de sodium ampicilline </td><td> Roth </td><td> K029.2 </td></tr><tr><td> dNTP (10 mM, 100 pl) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 18427013 </td></tr><tr><td> Iodixanol (OptiPrep) </td><td> Axis-Shield </td><td> 1114739 </td></tr><tr><td> PHENOLRED </td><td> Merck </td><td> 107241 </td></tr><tr><td> Plasmide kit de préparation méga </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 12181 </td></tr><tr><td> Ultracentrifugeuse </td><td> Beckman-Coulter </td><td> Optima L90K </td></tr><tr><td> Tubes à centrifuger Quick-Seal </td><td> Beckman-Coulter </td><td> 342414 </td></tr><tr><td> Unité d&#39;électroporation </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> GenePulserXcell </td></tr><tr><td> Thermocycleur </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> Vapo Protect </td></tr><tr><td> Bloc chauffage </td><td> BIOER </td><td> Mo-102 </td></tr><tr><td> Microscope à fluorescence </td><td> Olympe </td><td> IX81 </td></tr><tr><td> Analyseur FACS </td><td> Beckman-Coulter </td><td> Cytomics FC500 MLP </td></tr><tr><td> MEGAX DH10B T1R cellules </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> C640003 </td></tr><tr><td> Benzonase </td><td> Merck </td><td> 101695 </td></tr><tr><td> Adenovirus-5 </td><td> ATCC </td><td> VR-5 </td></tr><tr><td> pBluescript II KS (+) plasmide </td><td> Stratagene </td><td> 212207 </td></tr><tr><td> cap5F (Pac I du site en jaune, cap5 séquences spécifiques en gras): GACTCTTAATTAACAGGT ATGTCTTTTGTTGATCACCCTCC </td><td> IDTDNA </td><td> Amorce personnalisé </td></tr><tr><td> cap5R (Asc I du site en vert, cap5 séquences spécifiques en gras): GTGAGGGCGCGCC TTAAAGGGGTCGGGTAAGGTATC </td><td> IDTDNA </td><td> Amorce personnalisé </td></tr></tbody></table>

engineering and evolution of synthetic adeno-associated virus (aav) gene therapy vectors via dna family shuffling

Viral adéno-associé (AAV) représentent quelques-uns des véhicules les plus puissants et prometteurs pour le transfert de gène thérapeutique humaine due à une combinaison unique de propriétés bénéfiques 1. Il s&#39;agit notamment de l&#39;apathogenicity des virus de type sauvage sous-jacents et les méthodologies les plus avancés pour la production de haute-titre, de haute pureté et de qualité clinique des vecteurs recombinants 2. Un autre avantage particulier du système de AAV sur d&#39;autres virus est la disponibilité d&#39;une richesse naturelle de sérotypes qui diffèrent dans les propriétés essentielles mais peuvent tous être facilement conçue en tant que vecteurs en utilisant un protocole commun 1,2. En outre, un certain nombre de groupes, y compris notre propre ont récemment mis au point des stratégies pour utiliser ces virus naturels comme modèles pour la création de vecteurs synthétiques qui combinent des actifs soit des sérotypes d&#39;entrée multiples, ou qui améliorent les propriétés d&#39;un seul isolat. Les technologies respectives pour atteindre ces objectifs are soit la famille réarrangement d&#39;ADN 3, c.-à-la fragmentation de divers gènes de capside AAV suivis par leur ré-assemblage basée sur des homologies partielles (typiquement&gt; 80% pour les sérotypes les plus AAV), ou d&#39;affichage, insertion peptide 4,5 c.-à-habituellement de sept acides aminés dans une boucle exposée de la capside virale, où le peptide idéalement médie re-ciblage à un type cellulaire souhaité. Pour le maximum de succès, les deux méthodes sont appliquées de façon à haut débit dans lequel les protocoles sont en place-mise à l&#39;échelle pour obtenir des bibliothèques de près d&#39;un million distinctes variantes de capside. Chaque clone est alors composé d&#39;une combinaison unique de nombreux virus parentaux (DNA shuffling approche) ou contient un peptide particulier au sein de l&#39;épine dorsale même virale (approche affichage peptide). L&#39;étape finale ultérieure est itératif de sélection d&#39;une telle bibliothèque sur les cellules cibles afin d&#39;enrichir de capsides individuels répondant à la plupart ou idéalement à toutes les exigences du processus de sélection. Ce dernier préférence peigneines pression positive, tels que la croissance sur un type de cellule certain intérêt, avec une sélection négative, pour l&#39;élimination de toutes les capsides exemple réagissant avec des anticorps anti-AAV. Cette combinaison augmente les chances que les capsides synthétiques survivants de la sélection correspondent aux besoins de l&#39;application donnée d&#39;une manière qui n&#39;aurait probablement pas été trouvée dans aucun naturellement AAV isoler. Ici, nous nous concentrons sur la méthode de la famille de réarrangement d&#39;ADN que l&#39;théoriquement et expérimentalement plus difficile des deux technologies. Nous décrire et démontrer toutes les étapes essentielles pour la génération et la sélection des bibliothèques AAV mélangées (Fig. 1), puis de discuter les pièges et les aspects critiques des protocoles que l&#39;on doit être au courant afin de réussir avec AAV l&#39;évolution moléculaire.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling at JoVE.com

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling

Nous démontrons la technique de base pour concevoir et faire évoluer moléculaire synthétiques viral adéno-associé (AAV) vecteurs de thérapie génique par l&#39;intermédiaire de la famille réarrangement d&#39;ADN. En outre, nous fournir des directives générales et des exemples représentatifs de sélection et d&#39;analyse des différents capsides chimériques avec des propriétés améliorées sur les cellules cibles en culture ou chez la souris.

Vecteurs d&#39;ingénierie et de l&#39;évolution de la synthèse Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) thérapie génique par la famille de réarrangement d&#39;ADN

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors represent some of the most potent and promising vehicles for therapeutic human gene transfer due to a unique ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling

28.2K vues.  Heidelberg University. Nous démontrons la technique de base pour concevoir et faire évoluer moléculaire synthétiques viral adéno-associé (AAV) vecteurs de thérapie génique par l'intermédiaire de la famille réarrangement d'ADN. En outre, nous fournir des directives générales et des exemples représentatifs de sélection et d'analyse des différents capsides chimériques avec des propriétés améliorées sur les cellules cibles en culture ou chez la souris.

Vidéo: Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally established in 1999 1,2 plasmid-based reverse genetic techniques to generate recombinant viruses have revolutionized the influenza research field because specific questions have been answered by genetically engineered, infectious, recombinant influenza viruses. Such studies include virus replication, function of viral proteins, the contribution of specific mutations in viral proteins in viral replication and/or pathogenesis and, also, viral vectors using recombinant influenza viruses expressing foreign proteins 3.

Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA is a basic and essential experimental technique that allows influenza researchers to generate recombinant viruses to study multiple aspects in the biology of influenza virus, and to be used as potential vectors or vaccines.

Génération de virus recombinants de la grippe des ADN plasmidique

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully generated and infused T-cells specific for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus (Adv) using monocytes and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell (EBV-LCL) gene-modified with an adenovirus vector as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As few as 2x105/kg trivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) proliferated by several logs after infusion and appeared to prevent and treat even severe viral disease resistant to other available therapies. The broader implementation of this encouraging approach is limited by high production costs, complexity of manufacture and the prolonged time (4-6 weeks for EBV-LCL generation, and 4-8 weeks for CTL manufacture &#x2013; total 10-14 weeks) for preparation. To overcome these limitations we have developed a new, GMP-compliant CTL production protocol. First, in place of adenovectors to stimulate T-cells we use dendritic cells (DCs) nucleofected with DNA plasmids encoding LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), Hexon and Penton (Adv), and pp65 and IE1 (CMV) as antigen-presenting cells. These APCs reactivate T cells specific for all the stimulating antigens. Second, culture of activated T-cells in the presence of IL-4 (1,000U/ml) and IL-7 (10ng/ml) increases and sustains the repertoire and frequency of specific T cells in our lines. Third, we have used a new, gas permeable culture device (G-Rex) that promotes the expansion and survival of large cell numbers after a single stimulation, thus removing the requirement for EBV-LCLs and reducing technician intervention. By implementing these changes we can now produce multispecific CTL targeting EBV, CMV, and Adv at a cost per 106 cells that is reduced by &gt;90%, and in just 10 days rather than 10 weeks using an approach that may be extended to additional protective viral antigens. Our FDA-approved approach should be of value for prophylactic and treatment applications for high risk allogeneic HSCT recipients.

A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.

Génération de cellules T spécifiques Multivirus pour prévenir / traiter les infections virales, après allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully ...

Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2. Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, contribute to the cycling of nutrients, alter host cell phenotype, and influence the evolution of both host cell and viral communities through the lateral transfer of genes 3. Numerous studies have highlighted the staggering genetic diversity of viruses and their functional potential in a variety of natural environments. 
Metagenomic techniques have been used to study the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of complex viral assemblages whose members contain single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and RNA genotypes 4-9. Current library construction protocols used to study environmental DNA-containing or RNA-containing viruses require an initial nuclease treatment in order to remove nontargeted templates 10. However, a comprehensive understanding of the collective gene complement of the virus community and virus diversity requires knowledge of all members regardless of genome composition. Fractionation of purified nucleic acid subtypes provides an effective mechanism by which to study viral assemblages without sacrificing a subset of the community&#x2019;s genetic signature. 
Hydroxyapatite, a crystalline form of calcium phosphate, has been employed in the separation of nucleic acids, as well as proteins and microbes, since the 1960s11. By exploiting the charge interaction between the positively-charged Ca2+ ions of the hydroxyapatite and the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid subtypes, it is possible to preferentially elute each nucleic acid subtype independent of the others. We recently employed this strategy to independently fractionate the genomes of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA-containing viruses in preparation of DNA sequencing 12. Here, we present a method for the fractionation and recovery of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA viral nucleic acids from mixed viral assemblages using hydroxyapatite chromotography.

We describe an efficient method to separate single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules from environmental viral communities. Nucleic acids are fractionated using hydroxyapatite chromatography with increasing concentrations of phosphate-containing buffers. This method permits the isolation of all viral nucleic acid types from environmental samples.

Séparation de l&#39;ADN simple brin, double brin de l&#39;ADN et l&#39;ARN à partir d&#39;un environnement communautaire viral en utilisant chromatographie d&#39;hydroxyapatite

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2.  Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, ...

Production and Titering of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently being tested in human clinical trials. Wild-type AAV is a non-pathogenic member of the parvoviridae family and inherently replication-deficient. The broad transduction profile, low immune response as well as the strong and persistent transgene expression achieved with these vectors has made them a popular and versatile tool for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. rAAVs can be easily and cheaply produced in the laboratory and, based on their favourable safety profile, are generally given a low safety classification. Here, we describe a method for the production and titering of chimeric rAAVs containing the capsid proteins of both AAV1 and AAV2. The use of these so-called chimeric vectors combines the benefits of both parental serotypes such as high titres stocks (AAV1) and purification by affinity chromatography (AAV2). These AAV serotypes are the best studied of all AAV serotypes, and individually have a broad infectivity pattern. The chimeric vectors described here should have the infectious properties of AAV1 and AAV2 and can thus be expected to infect a large range of tissues, including neurons, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney among others. The method described here uses heparin column purification, a method believed to give a higher viral titer and cleaner viral preparation than other purification methods, such as centrifugation through a caesium chloride gradient. Additionally, we describe how these vectors can be quickly and easily titered to give accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVs) vectors are becoming increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals. We describe how rAAVs can be produced in the laboratory and how these vectors can be titered to give an accurate reading of the number of infectious particles produced.

Production et titrage des adéno-associé recombinant vecteurs viraux

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently ...

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection.1-4 We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective.5-8 However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. 
In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of na&iuml;ve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus.9 At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15.10 At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. 
From 50x106 CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 106 virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation.11 These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.

Here we describe the first good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant method of producing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from umbilical cord blood, a source of predominantly na&#238;ve T cells.

L&#39;expansion des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques à partir de sang de cordon ombilical qui cytomégalovirus cible, le virus Epstein-Barr Virus et Adénovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

A Tetracycline-regulated Cell Line Produces High-titer Lentiviral Vectors that Specifically Target Dendritic Cells

Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are a powerful means of delivering genetic material to many types of cells. Because of safety concerns associated with these HIV-1 derived vectors, producing large quantities of LVs is challenging. In this paper, we report a method for producing high titers of self-inactivating LVs. We retrovirally transduce the tet-off stable producer cell line GPR to generate a cell line, GPRS, which can express all the viral components, including a dendritic cell-specific glycoprotein, SVGmu. Then, we use concatemeric DNA transfection to transfect the LV transfer plasmid encoding a reporter gene GFP in combination with a selectable marker. Several of the resulting clones can produce LV at a titer 10-fold greater than what we achieve with transient transfection. Plus, these viruses efficiently transduce dendritic cells in vitro and generate a strong T cell immune response to our reporter antigen. This method may be a good option for producing strong LV-based vaccines for clinical studies of cancer or infectious diseases.

Here, we use retroviral transduction and concatemeric transfection to create a cell line that can express the components of a lentiviral vector (LV) in the absence of tetracycline. This LV encodes GFP and is pseudotyped with a glycoprotein, SVGmu, which is specific for a receptor on dendritic cells.

Un régulée par la tetracycline lignée cellulaire produit vecteurs lentiviraux titre élevé qui ciblent spécifiquement les cellules dendritiques

Lentiviral  vectors (LVs) are a powerful means of delivering genetic material to many types  of cells. Because of safety concerns associated with these ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) is a highly vagile and polyphagous insect found throughout the southwestern United States. These insects are the predominant vectors of Xylella fastidiosa (X. fastidiosa), a xylem-limited bacterium that is the causal agent of Pierce&#39;s disease (PD) of grapevine. Pierce&#8217;s disease is economically damaging; thus, H. vitripennis have become a target for pathogen management strategies. A dicistrovirus identified as Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 (HoCV-01) has been associated with an increased mortality in H. vitripennis populations. Because a host cell is required for HoCV-01 replication, cell culture provides a uniform environment for targeted replication that is logistically and economically valuable for biopesticide production. In this study, a system for large-scale propagation of H. vitripennis cells via tissue culture was developed, providing a viral replication mechanism. HoCV-01 was extracted from whole body insects and used to inoculate cultured H. vitripennis cells at varying levels. The culture medium was removed every 24 hr for 168 hr, RNA extracted and analyzed with qRT-PCR. Cells were stained with trypan blue and counted to quantify cell survivability using light microscopy. Whole virus particles were extracted up to 96 hr after infection, which was the time point determined to be before total cell culture collapse occurred. Cells were also subjected to fluorescent staining and viewed using confocal microscopy to investigate viral activity on F-actin attachment and nuclei integrity. The conclusion of this study is that H. vitripennis cells are capable of being cultured and used for mass production of HoCV-01 at a suitable level to allow production of a biopesticide.

Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

Here we present a protocol to propagate Homalodisca vitripennis cells and HoCV-1 in vitro. Medium was removed from HoCV-1 positive cultures and RNA extracted every 24 hr for 168 hr. Cell survivability was quantified by trypan blue staining. Whole virus particles were extracted post-infection. Extracted RNA was quantified by qRT-PCR.

Propagation d&#39;<em&gt; Virus-01 Homalodisca coagulata</em&gt; Par<em&gt; Homalodisca vitripennis</em&gt; Culture Cellulaire

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) is a highly vagile and polyphagous insect found throughout the southwestern United States. These ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

Une approche simple et efficace de construire Mutant Vaccinia vecteurs de virus

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential to be used as drug therapies for HIV-1 infection. Post-integration inhibitors include ribozymes, short hairpin (sh) RNAs, small interfering (si) RNAs, U1 interference (U1i) RNAs and RNA aptamers. Many of these have been identified using transient co-transfection assays with an HIV-1 expression plasmid and some have advanced to clinical trials. In addition to measures of efficacy, small RNAs have been evaluated for their potential to affect the expression of human RNAs, alter cell growth and/or differentiation, and elicit innate immune responses. In the protocols described here, a set of transient transfection assays designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. We have used these assays to identify new ribozymes and optimize the format of shRNAs and siRNAs targeting HIV-1 RNA. The methods provide a quick set of assays that are useful for screening new anti-HIV-1 RNAs and could be adapted to screen other post-integration inhibitors of HIV-1 replication.

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

Évaluation de l&#39;efficacité et la toxicité des ARNs Ciblage VIH-1 Production pour utilisation en thérapie génique ou des médicaments

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...