Le travail présenté dans ce document a été soutenu par le Dr Douglas H. Johnson Award pour recherche sur le glaucome de la Fondation américaine de la Santé Assistance (XL), la Grève Scholar Award spécial William &amp; Mary de la recherche pour prévenir la cécité (XL), le Illinois Société pour la Prévention de la Cécité (HC) et NIH R01EY019034 (XL).

Procédures C57BL/6J souris (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) sont portées à la Facilité de protection des animaux de l&#39;Université Northwestern. Tous les animaux sont utilisés conformément aux protocoles approuvés par Northwestern University Institutional Animal Care et du Comité de l&#39;utilisation et conforme aux lignes directrices sur l&#39;utilisation des animaux en recherche en neurosciences du NIH. 1. La photocoagulation au laser La procédure de photocoagulation laser est modifiée à partir de protocoles publiés précédemment 5-7. <ol><li> Anesthésier une vieille souris de 40-60 jours par une injection intrapéritonéale de kétamine (100 mg / kg, Butler Schein santé animale, OH) et de xylazine (10 mg / kg, Lloyd Inc. de l&#39;Iowa, Shenandoah, IA). </li><li> Dilater la pupille de l&#39;oeil droit de l&#39;animal expérimental par traitement topique avec une ou deux gouttes de solution de sulfate d&#39;atropine à 1% (Alcon Labs, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). </li><li> Après mydriase, aplatir la unechambre nterior pour améliorer l&#39;induction laser 6. Insérez une micro-pipette en verre avec bout pointu (World Precision Instruments Inc, Sarasota, Floride) dans l&#39;espace antérieure sous la lampe à fente (SL-3E, Topcon, Oakland, NJ) pour vidanger le liquide dans la chambre antérieure. </li><li> Retenez la souris dans un porte-cône en plastique (Braintree Sci Inc., MA) et ligoté sur une plate-forme maison (voir la figure 1A). Maintenez la souris avec retardateur et expose l&#39;oeil droit de la souris vers la source de lumière derrière la lampe à fente. Aligner l&#39;œil droit de la souris anesthésiée sous la lampe à fente. </li><li> Tout en maintenant le dispositif de retenue de la souris avec les deux mains, appliquez l&#39;illumination laser au limbe cornéen à l&#39;aide d&#39;un laser Argon (Ultima 2000SE, Coherent, Santa Clara, CA). Livrer environ 80-100 spots laser (514 nm, 100 mW, 50 ms impulsion, et 200 spots pm) perpendiculairement autour de la circonférence du trabéculum. Les souris C57BL / 6 ont iris pigmenté qui sert de barrière pour tout potentiel énergie perdue 7. </li><li> Instiller topique 0,5% moxifloxacine (Alcon Labs, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) sur la surface oculaire pour désinfecter la zone traitée au laser et de 0,5% Proparacaine (Bausch &amp; Lomb, Rochester, NY) pour soulager la douleur. </li><li> Gardez l&#39;animal sur un coussin chauffant (Sunbeam Products Inc, Boca Raton, FL) pour la récupération pendant environ une heure jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;il soit complètement réveillé. </li><li> L&#39;oeil gauche est non traitée pour servir de témoin. </li></ol> 2. IOP mesures <ol><li> Placez la souris éveillé dans un tube à charger dans le porte-cône en plastique, puis le retenir sur la plate-forme (voir figure 2A). </li><li> Permettre cinq à dix minutes pour laisser la souris et s&#39;adapter à la position de la porte. Approchez-vous du tonomètre à rebond (TonoLab, Colonial Medical Supply, Franconia, NH) à l&#39;œil de la souris jusqu&#39;à la pointe de la sonde est de 2-3 mm de la surface de la cornée 14. </li><li> Appuyez sur le bouton de mesure de laisser la pointe de la sonde a atteint la surface du centrede la cornée doucement. Trois séries consécutives de six mesures de la PIO du même œil sont acquises et que la moyenne de la PIO de l&#39;oeil. L&#39;oeil du témoin non traité est toujours mesurée premier à obtenir une lecture de référence pour l&#39;œil traité par laser qui est mesurée suivant. </li></ol> 3. Test optomoteur L&#39;acuité visuelle et la sensibilité aux contrastes sont testés 14,15. Les deux yeux de souris individuelles sont examinées séparément en inversant le sens de la grille à la dérive, c&#39;est à dire un réseau dérive vers la droite est utilisée pour identifier la fonction visuelle de l&#39;oeil gauche et un réseau à la dérive dans le sens antihoraire pour l&#39;oeil droit 16. Chaque test dure environ 15 minutes et est répété par deux observateurs indépendamment. <ol><li> Placez la souris et la souris permet de se déplacer librement sur ​​une plate-forme surélevée entourée de quatre écrans d&#39;ordinateur (figure 3A-B). </li><li> Mettre en place les moniteurs afin qu&#39;ils écran horizontalement dérive sinusoïdalegrilles en tant stimuli visuels en appliquant une luminance moyenne de 39 cd / m 2. Le sens de déplacement du réseau de diffraction doit alterner consécutivement entre droite et à gauche. </li><li> Analyser les mouvements de l&#39;animal. Les mouvements de l&#39;animal en concert avec les réseaux de dérive sont considérés comme &quot;positive&quot; dans les 15 secondes après le stimulus visuel est en marche et ensuite progressivement augmentée. La réponse la plus élevée, provoquant stimulus visuel est définie comme une acuité visuelle de l&#39;animal 17. </li><li> Examiner la sensibilité de contraste à trois présélectionnés fréquences spatiales: 0,075, 0,16 et 0,3 cycles par degré (CPD). Le seuil de contraste pour chaque oeil est défini comme étant la plus faible contraste qui provoque des réponses visuelles à la fréquence pré-déterminée. La sensibilité au contraste est l&#39;inverse du seuil 17. </li></ol>

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Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents. Les auteurs sont des employés à temps plein de l&#39;Université Northwestern. Les auteurs n&#39;a reçu aucun financement qui ont été fournis par les entreprises qui produisent des réactifs et des instruments utilisés dans le présent article.

Nous rapportons ci-dessus que l&#39;hypertension oculaire soutenue peut être induite par illumination laser dans les yeux de souris. Par rapport au modèle d&#39;injection saline 18 et le modèle de cautérisation de la veine 11 qui exigent tous deux de vastes compétences de microchirurgie, l&#39;illumination laser est relativement simple et facile à réaliser. Habituellement, nous pouvons réaliser l&#39;illumination laser pour 4-6 souris dans 2-3 heures. Les étapes essentielles pour atteindre...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>moxifloxacin</td>
 <td>Alcon Labs, Inc.</td>
 <td>NDC 0065-4013-03</td>
 <td>0.5 %, Rx only</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Proparacaine Hydrochloride</td>
 <td>Bausch &amp; Lomb</td>
 <td>NDC 24208-730-06</td>
 <td>0.5 %, Rx only</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ophthalmic Solution USP</td>
 <td>Bausch &amp; Lomb</td>
 <td>NDC 24208-730-06</td>
 <td>.5 %, Rx only</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ketamine</td>
 <td>Butler Schein Animal Health</td>
 <td>NDC 11695-0550-1</td>
 <td>100 mg / kg </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>xylazine</td>
 <td>LLOYD Inc. of Iowa</td>
 <td>NADA 139-236</td>
 <td>10 mg / kg </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>atropine sulfate solution</td>
 <td>Alcon Labs, Inc.</td>
 <td>NDC 61314-303-02</td>
 <td>1 %, Rx only</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Slit Lamp, TOPCON </td>
 <td>Visual Systems Inc</td>
 <td>SL-3E</td>
 <td>powered by PS-30A</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>OptoMotry 1.8.0 virtual</td>
 <td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>opto-kinetic testing system</td>
 <td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tonometer, TonoLab, for mice</td>
 <td>Colonial Medical Supply</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating pad</td>
 <td>Sunbeam Products Inc</td>
 <td>722-810</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Argon laser </td>
 <td>Coherent Inc</td>
 <td>Ultima 2000SE</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DECAPICONE Plastic cone holder </td>
 <td>Braintree Sci Inc.</td>
 <td>MDC-200</td>
 <td>for mouse</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

a laser-induced mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension to characterize visual defects

Le glaucome, souvent associé à une pression intraoculaire (PIO) élevée, est l&#39;une des principales causes de cécité. Nous avons cherché à établir un modèle de souris de l&#39;hypertension oculaire pour imiter haute tension humaine glaucome. Ici illumination laser est appliqué sur le limbe cornéen à photocoagulate l&#39;écoulement aqueux, induisant fermeture de l&#39;angle. Les variations de pression intraoculaire sont surveillés à l&#39;aide d&#39;un tonomètre à rebond avant et après le traitement au laser. Un test de comportement optomoteur est utilisé pour mesurer les changements correspondants dans la capacité visuelle. Le résultat représentatif d&#39;une souris qui a développé élévation de la PIO soutenue après l&#39;illumination laser est affiché. Une diminution de l&#39;acuité visuelle et la sensibilité au contraste est observé dans ce oculaire souris hypertensive. Ensemble, notre étude introduit un système modèle intéressant d&#39;étudier la dégénérescence neuronale et les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents chez les souris glaucomateux.

Comme décrit dans les procédures, illumination laser est dirigé vers le trabéculum dans la région limbique à photocoagulate l&#39;écoulement aqueux, provoquant la fermeture de l&#39;angle (figure 1). La plupart des yeux sérigraphiés au laser ne présentaient pas de dommages physiques importants, le détachement de pigment ou d&#39;une infection, en accord avec les résultats antérieurs 6. Quand un petit groupe de souris (moins de 5% de tous les animaux sérigraphiés au laser) a mon...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Laser-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension to Characterize Visual Defects at JoVE.com

A Laser-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension to Characterize Visual Defects

Hypertension oculaire chronique est induite en utilisant la photocoagulation au laser du trabéculum dans les yeux de souris. La pression intraoculaire (PIO) est élevée pendant plusieurs mois après le traitement au laser. La diminution de l&#39;acuité visuelle et la sensibilité au contraste des animaux expérimentaux sont surveillés en utilisant le test optomoteur.

Un modèle de souris induite par laser de l&#39;hypertension oculaire chronique pour caractériser les défauts d&#39;apparence

Glaucoma, frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is one of the leading causes of blindness. We sought to establish a mouse model ...

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12.9K vues.  Northwestern University. Hypertension oculaire chronique est induite en utilisant la photocoagulation au laser du trabéculum dans les yeux de souris. La pression intraoculaire (PIO) est élevée pendant plusieurs mois après le traitement au laser. La diminution de l'acuité visuelle et la sensibilité au contraste des animaux expérimentaux sont surveillés en utilisant le test optomoteur.

Vidéo: A Laser-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension to Characterize Visual Defects

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

Simulation de conduite à la clinique: Test Visuel comportement exploratoire dans la vie quotidienne chez les patients avec des anomalies du champ visuel

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

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Médecine

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements of homeostasis, integrative animal models are necessary to study development and progression of CKD. To study development of CKD and novel therapeutic interventions in CKD, we use the 5/6th nephrectomy ablation model, a well known experimental model of progressive renal disease, resembling several aspects of human CKD. The gross reduction in renal mass causes progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury, loss of remnant nephrons and development of systemic and glomerular hypertension. It is also associated with progressive intrarenal capillary loss, inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Risk factors for CKD invariably impact on endothelial function. To mimic this, we combine removal of 5/6th of renal mass with nitric oxide (NO) depletion and a high salt diet. After arrival and acclimatization, animals receive a NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-Arginine) (L-NNA) supplemented to drinking water (20 mg/L) for a period of 4 weeks, followed by right sided uninephrectomy. One week later, a subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) is performed on the left side. After SNX, animals are allowed to recover for two days followed by LNNA in drinking water (20 mg/L) for a further period of 4 weeks. A high salt diet (6%), supplemented in ground chow (see time line Figure 1), is continued throughout the experiment. Progression of renal failure is followed over time by measuring plasma urea, systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. By six weeks after SNX, renal failure has developed. Renal function is measured using 'gold standard' inulin and para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) clearance technology. This model of CKD is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hypertension (systolic blood pressure&gt;150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 hr) and mild uremia (&gt;10 mM). Histological features include tubulo-interstitial damage reflected by inflammation, tubular atrophy and fibrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis leading to massive reduction of healthy glomeruli within the remnant population (&lt;10%). Follow-up until 12 weeks after SNX shows further progression of CKD.

A two-stage method to establish chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Lewis rat by surgically removing 5/6th of renal mass is described. Combination of the surgical procedure, NOS-inhibition and a high-salt diet leads to a model resembling human CKD, allowing study of causal mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic interventions.

5/6e néphrectomie en association avec High Salt Diet Nitric Oxide Synthase et inhibition pour provoquer la maladie rénale chronique chez le rat Lewis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

Adulte souris veineuse Modèle d&#39;hypertension: l&#39;artère carotide commune à externe Veine jugulaire anastomose.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

L&#39;évaluation de la fonction vasculaire chez les patients atteints de maladie rénale chronique

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) research. By administering targeted laser injury to the RPE and Bruch&#8217;s membrane, the procedure induces angiogenesis, modeling the hallmark pathology observed in neovascular AMD. 
First developed in non-human primates, the laser-induced CNV model has come to be implemented into many other species, the most recent of which being the mouse. Mouse experiments are advantageously more cost-effective, experiments can be executed on a much faster timeline, and they allow the use of various transgenic models. The miniature size of the mouse eye, however, poses a particular challenge when performing the procedure. Manipulation of the eye to visualize the retina requires practice of fine dexterity skills as well as simultaneous hand-eye-foot coordination to operate the laser. However, once mastered, the model can be applied to study many aspects of neovascular AMD such as molecular mechanisms, the effect of genetic manipulations, and drug treatment effects. 
The laser-induced CNV model, though useful, is not a perfect model of the disease. The wild-type mouse eye is otherwise healthy, and the chorio-retinal environment does not mimic the pathologic changes in human AMD. Furthermore, injury-induced angiogenesis does not reflect the same pathways as angiogenesis occurring in an age-related and chronic disease state as in AMD.
Despite its shortcomings, the laser-induced CNV model is one of the best methods currently available to study the debilitating pathology of neovascular AMD. Its implementation has led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD, as well as contributing to the development of many of the AMD therapies currently available.

Here, we present the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) protocol, an experimental model that re-creates the vascular hallmarks of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Once mastered, it can reliably and effectively induce CNV as a model system to test various experimental measures.

Un modèle de souris pour induite par laser néovascularisation choroïdienne

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ...

A Magnetic Microbead Occlusion Model to Induce Ocular Hypertension-Dependent Glaucoma in Mice

The use of rodent models of glaucoma has been essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of this multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. With the advent of numerous transgenic mouse lines, there is increasing interest in inducible murine models of ocular hypertension. Here, we present an occlusion model of glaucoma based on the injection of magnetic microbeads into the anterior chamber of the eye using a modified microneedle with a facetted bevel. The magnetic microbeads are attracted to the iridocorneal angle using a handheld magnet to block the drainage of aqueous humour from the anterior chamber. This disruption in aqueous dynamics results in a steady elevation of intraocular pressure, which subsequently leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells, as observed in human glaucoma patients. The microbead occlusion model presented in this manuscript is simple compared to other inducible models of glaucoma and also highly effective and reproducible. Importantly, the modifications presented here minimize common issues that often arise in occlusion models. First, the use of a bevelled glass microneedle prevents backflow of microbeads and ensures that minimal damage occurs to the cornea during the injection, thus reducing injury-related effects. Second, the use of magnetic microbeads ensures the ability to attract most beads to the iridocorneal angle, effectively reducing the number of beads floating in the anterior chamber avoiding contact with other structures (e.g., iris, lens). Lastly, the use of a handheld magnet allows flexibility when handling the small mouse eye to efficiently direct the magnetic microbeads and ensure that there is little reflux of the microbeads from the eye when the microneedle is withdrawn. In summary, the microbead occlusion mouse model presented here is a powerful investigative tool to study neurodegenerative changes that occur during the onset and progression of glaucoma.

Here, we present a protocol to induce ocular hypertension in the murine eye that results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells as observed in glaucoma. Magnetic microbeads are injected into the anterior chamber and attracted to the iridocorneal angle using a magnet to block the outflow of aqueous humour.

A Magnetic Microbead Occlusion Modèle à Provoquer Ocular Hypertension dépendante Glaucome chez la souris

The use of rodent models of glaucoma has been essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of this multifactorial ...

A Simple Mechanical Procedure to Create Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency in Mouse

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a state of malfunction or loss of limbal epithelial stem cells, after which the corneal epithelium is replaced with conjunctiva. Patients suffer from recurrent corneal defects, pain, inflammation, and loss of vision.
Previously, a murine model of LSCD was described and compared to two other models. The goal was to produce a consistent mouse model of LSCD that both mimics the phenotype in humans and lasts long enough to make it possible to study the disease pathophysiology and to evaluate new treatments. Here, the technique is described in more detail.
A motorized tool with a rotating burr has been designed to remove the rust rings from the corneal surface or to smooth the pterygium bed in patients. It is a suitable device to create the desired LSCD model. It is a readily available, easy-to-use tool with a fine tip that makes it appropriate for working on small eyes, as in mice. Its application prevents unnecessary trauma to the eye and it does not result in unwanted injuries, as often is the case with chemical injury models. As opposed to a blunt scraper, it removes the epithelium with the basement membrane. In this protocol, the limbal area was abraded two times, and then the whole corneal epithelium was shaved from limbus to limbus. To avoid stroma injury, care was taken not to brush the corneal surface once the epithelium was already removed.

The following article provides an easy, reproducible technique to effectively create a sustainable mouse model of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). This animal model is useful in testing and comparing the efficacy of treatments for limbal stem cell diseases.

Une procédure mécanique simple pour créer Limbal Carence de cellules souches dans la souris

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a state of malfunction or loss of limbal epithelial stem cells, after which the corneal epithelium is replaced with ...

Induction and Phenotyping of Acute Right Heart Failure in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

The development of acute right heart failure (ARHF) in the context of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with poor short-term outcomes. The morphological and functional phenotyping of the right ventricle is of particular importance in the context of hemodynamic compromise in patients with ARHF. Here, we describe a method to induce ARHF in a previously described large animal model of chronic PH, and to phenotype, dynamically, right ventricular function using the gold standard method (i.e., pressure-volume PV loops) and with a non-invasive clinically available method (i.e., echocardiography). Chronic PH is first induced in pigs by left pulmonary artery ligation and right lower lobe embolism with biological glue once a week for 5 weeks. After 16 weeks, ARHF is induced by successive volume loading using saline followed by iterative pulmonary embolism until the ratio of the systolic pulmonary pressure over systemic pressure reaches 0.9 or until the systolic systemic pressure decreases below 90 mmHg. Hemodynamics are restored with dobutamine infusion (from 2.5 &#181;g/kg/min to 7.5 &#181;g/kg/min). PV-loops and echocardiography are performed during each condition. Each condition requires around 40 minutes for induction, hemodynamic stabilization and data acquisition. Out of 9 animals, 2 died immediately after pulmonary embolism and 7 completed the protocol, which illustrates the learning curve of the model. The model induced a 3-fold increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure. The PV-loop analysis showed that ventriculo-arterial coupling was preserved after volume loading, decreased after acute pulmonary embolism and was restored with dobutamine. Echocardiographic acquisitions allowed to quantify right ventricular parameters of morphology and function with good quality. We identified right ventricular ischemic lesions in the model. The model can be used to compare different treatments or to validate non-invasive parameters of right ventricular morphology and function in the context of ARHF.

We present a protocol to induce and phenotype an acute right heart failure in a large animal model with chronic pulmonary hypertension. This model can be used to test therapeutic interventions, to develop right heart metrics&#160;or to improve the understanding of acute right heart failure pathophysiology.

Induction et phénotypage de l’insuffisance cardiaque droite aiguë dans un grand modèle animal d’hypertension pulmonaire thromboembolique chronique

The development of acute right heart failure (ARHF) in the context of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with poor short-term outcomes. The ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Mesure de la contractilité isométrique de l’artère mésentérique de souris à l’aide de fil myographie

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Reversible Silicon Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing stable IOP elevation in mice that mimics the post-operative complication of using silicone oil (SO) as a tamponade agent in human vitreoretinal surgery. In this protocol, SO is injected into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye to block the pupil and prevent inflow of aqueous humor. The posterior chamber accumulates aqueous humor and this in turn increases the IOP of the posterior segment. A single SO injection produces reliable, sufficient, and stable IOP elevation, which induces significant glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This model is a true replicate of secondary glaucoma in the eye clinic. To further mimic the clinical setting, SO can be removed from the anterior chamber to reopen the drainage pathway and allow inflow of aqueous humor, which is drained through the trabecular meshwork (TM) at the angle of the anterior chamber. Because IOP quickly returns to normal, the model can be used to test the effect of lowering IOP on glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells. This method is straightforward, does not require special equipment or repeat procedures, closely simulates clinical situations, and may be applicable to diverse animal species. However, minor modifications may be required.

Here, we present a protocol to induce ocular hypertension and glaucomatous neurodegeneration in mouse eyes by intracameral injection of silicone oil and the procedure for silicone oil removal from the anterior chamber to return elevated intraocular pressure to normal.

Un modèle d'hypertension oculaire induite par l'huile de silicium réversible chez les souris

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing ...