Ce travail a été soutenu par l&#39;examen du mérite subvention (NEUD-004-07F) de l&#39;Administration des anciens combattants (SP).

Une. Expansion des PNJ humaines (Figure 1) <ol><li> Renouer avec le stock congelé de PNJ humains de cerveau fœtal (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) et de la culture leur en suspension dans flacons T-75 que neurosphères (figure 1A) en milieu neurobasal contenant des suppléments de prolifération, l&#39;EGF (10 ng / ml) et FGF (10 ng / ml). </li><li> Après 3 jours de culture, les neurosphères transférer à un tube de 15 ml et centrifuger à 500 rpm pendant 5 min. </li><li> Jeter le surnageant laissant derrière lui ~ 100 ul de milieu au-dessus du culot de cellules et les transférer dans un tube Eppendorf. Un culot cellulaire 100 pi est assez de se scinder en deux T-75 flacons. Si moins, réduire le nombre de flacons que les cellules neuroprogenitor incapables de proliférer si diviser mince. </li><li> On triture le culot avec un embout de 200 ul 50x tout en maintenant la pointe de 200 pi par rapport au fond du tube. Divisez la suspension cellulaire aussi en deux parties et les ajouter à 2 T-75 flacons (1-2 split), un pour la poursuitel&#39;expansion et l&#39;autre pour la différenciation. </li><li> Continuer la culture des cellules neuroprogenitor d&#39;expansion (premier flacon) en changeant le milieu tous les 4-5 jours jusqu&#39;à ce que les neurosphères atteignent leur taille originale de 300 à 500 um. Changer le milieu par centrifugation (500 rpm, 5 min), jetez le support et ajouter un nouveau milieu. </li></ol> 2. Différenciation des PNJ humain dans une culture Neuron riche (Figure 2) <ol><li> Pour la différenciation des cellules dans un neuroprogenitor riche culture des neurones, placer une lamelle couvre-objet unique dans chaque puits d&#39;une plaque à 24 puits et le manteau avec 100 ug / ml de poly-L-lysine en ajoutant 500 ul dans chaque puits. Incuber les boîtes pendant 30 minutes à température ambiante. </li><li> Aspirer le-poly L-lysine solution et rincez la plaque avec de l&#39;eau stérile. </li><li> Ensuite, recouvrir les puits de la plaque avec 500 pi de 5 ug / ml de laminine de la souris et incuber pendant 30 min. Après incubation, laver les puits avec du PBS. </li><li> 4 jours après splitting les cellules (étape 1.4), transférer les petites neurosphères dans le flacon étiqueté «pour la différenciation» dans les boîtes revêtues à une densité de ~ 500 neurosphères par puits d&#39;une plaque de 24 puits. </li><li> Après 6 heures, lorsque les neurosphères attachent à plat, retirez le support de la prolifération et ajouter du milieu de différenciation consistant en milieu neurobasal, supplément B27, NGF (20 ng / ml), le BDNF (10 ng / ml), DBC (100 mM), et l&#39;acide rétinoïque (2 uM). </li></ol> 3. Immunofluorescence de PNJ différenciés (Figure 3) <ol><li> Suite à la culture de cellules dans un milieu de neuroprogenitor différenciation neuronale pendant deux semaines, une culture de neurones riche est obtenu. Rincer les neurones une fois dans du PBS, puis les fixer à 4% de paraformaldéhyde pendant 30 min. Une fois fixé, rincer les cellules trois fois avec du PBS. </li><li> Incuber les cellules avec un tampon de perméabilisation (5% de BSA et 0,2% de Triton X-100 dans du PBS) à température ambiante pendant 60 min. </li><li> Incuber les boîtes O / N à 4 ° C ina shaker avec la combinaison suivante d&#39;anticorps polyclonaux et monoclonaux dans 3% de BSA dans du PBS: NeuN (1:250) et synapsine (1:250); acétylcholinestérase (1:500) et la synaptophysine (1:250); BDNF (1 : 500) et GAP43 (1:250); STAT3 (1:500) et GFAP (1:1000). </li><li> Laver trois fois les lamelles couvre-objet avec du PBS, puis de les incuber avec des anticorps anti-lapin-Cy3 et des anticorps secondaires anti-souris-FITC à la température ambiante dans l&#39;obscurité pendant 90 min. Après l&#39;incubation, les lamelles laver trois fois avec du PBS. </li><li> Placer 10 ul de milieu de montage sur une lame de verre, prendre la lamelle de la boîte de culture avec une pince, et placez-le à l&#39;envers sur le support de montage. Doucement, essuyer tout support de montage excès et sceller les bords avec du vernis à ongles. </li><li> Examiner les neurones immunocolorées dans un microscope à fluorescence. </li></ol> 4. Microdissection laser de neurones (Figure 4) <ol><li> Différencier les PNJ dans une culture de neurones riches sur PEN lame de membranes recouvertes de poly-L-lysine et de laminine de souris en suivant les procédures décrites pour la figure 2. </li><li> Effectuez toutes les étapes ultérieures dans des conditions RNAse-libres. </li><li> Colorer les cultures en utilisant HistoGene Stain (Arcturus) pour visualiser les cellules. </li><li> Trouver les zones de populations neuronales purs dépourvus des astrocytes en utilisant l&#39;image de feuille de route de la diapositive entière avec le système Veritas LCM. Marquez les neurones en utilisant les outils de dessin. </li><li> Effectuer capture laser de ces zones à l&#39;aide de précision contrôlé par ordinateur et d&#39;automatisation d&#39;un processus en deux étapes. Tout d&#39;abord, IR (infrarouge) est tiré à plusieurs endroits avec un réglage de la puissance du laser de 70 mW et une impulsion de 2500 microsecondes pour obtenir la membrane joindre à la capsule. Ensuite, la zone marquée est excisée à l&#39;aide d&#39;un outil de coupe UV à un réglage bas de niveau de 10 mV. </li><li> Combinaison de ces procédés capture sélectivement les zones marquées de la membrane PEN sur CapSure LCM macro bouchons. Lorsque le capuchon est levé, la membrane avec le neurons adhère à la capsule. </li><li> Isoler l&#39;ARN total à partir d&#39;échantillons LCM en utilisant un kit d&#39;isolement PicoPure ARN (Arcturus) et traiter avec de la DNase. </li><li> Amplifier l&#39;ARN isolé en utilisant le kit d&#39;amplification RiboAMP ARN en suivant les instructions du kit. </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;analyse en temps réel RT-PCR utilisant des sondes TaqMan pour détecter neurofilaments humaine chaîne lourde (hNFHc). </li></ol> Abréviations: AD, la maladie d&#39;Alzheimer; BDNF, le facteur neurotrophique dérivé du cerveau; CREB, protéine de liaison à l&#39;élément de réponse à l&#39;AMP cyclique; DBC, dibutyryl AMP cyclique, l&#39;EGF, le facteur de croissance épidermique; FGF, facteur de croissance fibroblastique, GFAP, protéine acide fibrillaire gliale, LCM, laser microdissection, NGF, facteur de croissance nerveuse; PNJ, neuroprogenitor cellule; PEN, polyéthylènenaphtalate.

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+progenitor+cells+as+models+for+high-throughput+screens+of+developmental+neurotoxicity:+state+of+the+science.">Neural progenitor cells as models for high-throughput screens of developmental neurotoxicity: state of the science.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 32, 4-15 (2010).</li><li>Christie, V. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoid+supplementation+of+differentiating+human+neural+progenitors+and+embryonic+stem+cells+leads+to+enhanced+neurogenesis+in+vitro.">Retinoid supplementation of differentiating human neural progenitors and embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced neurogenesis in vitro.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 193, 239-245 (2010).</li><li>Bonner, R. 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Aucun conflit d&#39;intérêt à déclarer.

Nous décrivons dans la présente étude, un modèle de culture cellulaire neurone-riche par différenciation de cellules humaines neuroprogenitor auto-renouvellement et une méthode pour isoler une population pure de neurones par microdissection par capture laser. Nous avons utilisé une combinaison de NGF, BDNF, DBC et l&#39;acide rétinoïque pour la différenciation neuronale des PNJ. DBC est utilisé pour activer CREB, un facteur de transcription qui augmente la neurogénèse 12. L&#39;acide rétinoïque...

Long de la vie neurogénèse est connu pour se produire dans la zone sous-ventriculaire des ventricules latéraux et dans la couche sous-granulaire du gyrus denté de l&#39;adulte cerveau des mammifères 1. cellules Neuroprogenitor (PNJ) qui proviennent de ces régions sont des cellules multipotentes qui peuvent se différencier en neurones, astrocytes et oligodendrocytes 2. PNJ ont suscité un intérêt en raison de leur potentiel à être transplantés chez des patients atteints de divers troubles neurodégénératifs, y compris la maladie de Parkinson, la sclérose latérale amyotrophique, accidents vasculaires cérébraux et la maladie (AD) 3 d&#39;Alzheimer. Des études avec des PNJ ont généralement porté sur cet angle de la transplantation mais le potentiel de neurones NPC dérivés comme un modèle de culture cellulaire afin de déterminer le mécanisme de neurodégénérescence n&#39;a pas été pleinement exploité. Des études antérieures ont généralement utilisé des neurones post-mitotiques, isolé à partir de tissus de cerveau de rongeur qui doivent être isolés pour chaque expérience comme ils ne sont pasauto-renouvellement. Bien que des lignées de cellules de neuroblastome humain SH-SY5Y, y compris les cellules et SK-N-MC peuvent être étendus, ils n&#39;ont pas les caractéristiques des neurones primaires. PNJ humains, d&#39;autre part, offrent des avantages car ils peuvent être développées pour de multiples passages et peuvent être différenciées pour générer une population de cellules avec des caractéristiques de neurones primaires 4,5. Dans la présente étude, nous décrivons un nouveau protocole de différenciation pour obtenir une population de neurones riches en uniforme de PNJ disponibles dans le commerce isolées de cerveau fœtal humain. Parce que ces cultures ne contiennent un petit pour cent des cellules gliales, nous avons besoin d&#39;autres méthodes pour isoler une population pure de neurones pour la caractérisation moléculaire. microdissection par capture laser (LCM) est une nouvelle technique par laquelle une population homogène de cellules provenant d&#39;une section de tissu peut être capturé de manière sélective pour l&#39;analyse de l&#39;expression du gène 6. Le cerveau est un tissu hétérogène constitué par les neurones, des cellules gliales et des cellules d&#39;autres types. LCM a été utilisée pour déterminer l&#39;expression génique spécifique des neurones analyses 7-10. Nous avons déjà effectué LCM de neurones de l&#39;hippocampe de AD (Tg2576) des coupes de cerveau de souris pour montrer diminution de l&#39;expression de la protéine de liaison cyclique élément de réponse AMP (CREB) et BDNF spécifiquement dans les neurones hippocampiques 11. Dans la présente étude, nous décrivons les procédures pour l&#39;expansion des PNJ humains, la différenciation neuronale, immunofluorescence pour marqueurs neuronaux et LCM pour l&#39;isolement des neurones cultivés sur des lames de membrane PEN.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) </td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-2599</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A human basal medium</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5750</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A Proliferation supplement</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5753</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A Differentiation supplement</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5754</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50x) </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>2633</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fibroblast growth factor </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0291</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor </td>
			<td>Cell signaling </td>
			<td>3897S</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Nerve Growth Factor </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13257-019</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dibutyryl cyclic AMP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D-0627</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>poly-L-lysine </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-5899</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mouse laminin </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R-2625</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>STAT3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>9132</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>GFAP antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>3670</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>GAP43 antibody</td>
			<td>Transduction laboratories</td>
			<td>612262</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BDNF antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1534SP</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetyl cholinesterase antibody </td>
			<td>Santz cruz</td>
			<td>Sc-11409</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Synaptophysin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab18008-50</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>NeuN antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Synapsin antibody</td>
			<td>Novus</td>
			<td>NB300-104</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Anti mouse FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno </td>
			<td>115-095-146</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Research Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Anti Rabbit Cy3</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno </td>
			<td>711-165-152</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Research Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1653</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>21568-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehye </td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>4042</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Coverslip (Big circle cover slip)</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-102</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mounting medium (Prolong Gold)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pen membrane</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>LCM0521</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Histogene LCM frozen section staining kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0401</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RiboAmp RNA Amplification kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0201</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Picopure RNA Isolation kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0202</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CapsureMacro LCM caps</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>LCM0211</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

laser capture microdissection of neurons from differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells in culture

cellules Neuroprogenitor (PNJ) isolés du cerveau fœtal humain ont été développés dans des conditions de prolifération en présence de facteur de croissance épidermique (EGF) et le facteur de croissance des fibroblastes (FGF) de fournir une offre abondante de cellules. NPC ont été différenciées en présence d&#39;une nouvelle combinaison de facteur de croissance nerveuse (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), le dibutyryl cAMP (DBC) et de l&#39;acide rétinoïque sur des boîtes revêtues de poly-L-lysine et de laminine de souris pour obtenir neurone riches cultures. NPC ont également été différenciés en l&#39;absence de neurotrophines, DBC et l&#39;acide rétinoïque et en présence de facteur neurotrophique ciliaire (CNTF) pour produire des cultures d&#39;astrocytes riches. PNJ différenciés ont été caractérisées par immunofluorescence pour un panel de marqueurs neuronaux dont NeuN, synapsine, l&#39;acétylcholinestérase, synaptophysine et GAP43. Protéine acide fibrillaire gliale (GFAP) et STAT3, marqueurs d&#39;astrocytes, ont été détectés dans 10-15% des PNJ différenciées. Pour faciliterCaractérisation moléculaire spécifique de type cellulaire, microdissection par capture laser a été réalisée pour isoler des neurones en culture sur le polyéthylène naphtalate (PEN) coulisse de la membrane. Les méthodes décrites dans cette étude constituent des outils précieux pour faire avancer notre compréhension du mécanisme moléculaire de la neurodégénérescence.

Expansion des PNJ (Figure 1) Lorsque neurosphères sont décomposées à une suspension de cellules individuelles par la trituration, l&#39;embout de pipette a besoin de toucher le fond du tube de sorte qu&#39;il existe une certaine résistance lorsque la suspension est introduite à la pipette de haut en bas. Le nombre de fois de trituration varie entre les individus et doit être décidé par essais et erreurs en examinant la suspension cellulaire obtenue sous un microscope. ...

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Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture

Cellules neuroprogenitor humaines (CNP) ont été élargis dans des conditions de prolifération. NPC ont été différenciées en cultures de neurones riches en présence d&#39;une combinaison de neurotrophines. Marqueurs neuronaux ont été détectés par immunofluorescence. Pour isoler une population pure de neurones, les PNJ ont été différenciés sur des lames de membrane PEN et microdissection laser a été effectuée.

Microdissection laser de neurones à partir de cellules différenciées Neuroprogenitor humaines en culture

Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the human fetal brain were expanded under proliferative conditions in the presence of epidermal growth factor ...

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Neuroscience

12.1K vues.  Denver VA Medical Center.  Cellules neuroprogenitor humaines (CNP) ont été élargis dans des conditions de prolifération. NPC ont été différenciées en cultures de neurones riches en présence d'une combinaison de neurotrophines. Marqueurs neuronaux ont été détectés par immunofluorescence. Pour isoler une population pure de neurones, les PNJ ont été différenciés sur des lames de membrane PEN et microdissection laser a été effectuée.

Vidéo: Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissection et la culture de neurones de la moelle épinière commissurales embryonnaires

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

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Neurosciences

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Microdissection laser des Drosophile Neurones périphériques

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system (CNS) structure and circuitry in today's healthcare industry. Cell-based therapies hold great promise to restore the lost nerve tissue and function for CNS disorders. However, cell therapies based on CNS-derived neural stem cells have encountered supply restriction and difficulty to use in the clinical setting due to their limited expansion ability in culture and failing plasticity after extensive passaging1-3. Despite some beneficial outcomes, the CNS-derived human neural stem cells (hNSCs) appear to exert their therapeutic effects primarily by their non-neuronal progenies through producing trophic and neuroprotective molecules to rescue the endogenous cells1-3. Alternatively, pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) proffer cures for a wide range of neurological disorders by supplying the diversity of human neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for regeneration1,4-7. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity7-10. In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic11-13. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules14 (please see a schematic in Fig. 1). Retinoic acid (RA) does not induce neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated hESCs maintained on feeders1, 14. And unlike mouse ESCs, treating hESC-differentiated embryoid bodies (EBs) only slightly increases the low yield of neurons1, 14, 15. However, after screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered retinoic acid (RA) sufficient to induce the specification of neuroectoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to neuroblasts that generated human neuronal progenitors and neurons in the developing CNS with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human neuronal cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human neuronal progenitors and neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for neural repair.

Dérivation efficace des ressources humaines progéniteurs neuronaux et des neurones à partir pluripotentes cellules souches embryonnaires humaines à l&#39;induction de petites molécules

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that is critical for learning, memory and executive function.1,2 Hence our studies focus on gene expression analysis of specific neuronal populations in distinct subregions of the hippocampus. The technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM), introduced in 1996 by Emmert-Buck, et al.,3 has allowed for significant advances in gene expression analysis of single cells and enriched populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues such as the mammalian brain that contains thousands of functional cell types.4 We use LCM and a well established rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of TBI. Following fluid-percussion TBI, brains are removed at pre-determined times post-injury, immediately frozen on dry ice, and prepared for sectioning in a cryostat. The rat brains can be embedded in OCT and sectioned immediately, or stored several months at -80 &deg;C before sectioning for laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we use LCM to study the effects of TBI on circadian rhythms. For this, we capture neurons from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that contain the master clock of the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate the use of LCM to obtain single identified neurons (injured and degenerating, Fluoro-Jade-positive, or uninjured, Fluoro-Jade-negative) and enriched populations of hippocampal neurons for subsequent gene expression analysis by real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays. These LCM-enabled studies have revealed that the selective vulnerability of anatomically distinct regions of the rat hippocampus are reflected in the different gene expression profiles of different populations of neurons obtained by LCM from these distinct regions. The results from our single-cell studies, where we compare the transcriptional profiles of dying and adjacent surviving hippocampal neurons, suggest the existence of a cell survival rheostat that regulates cell death and survival after TBI.

We describe how to use laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain enriched populations of hippocampal neurons or single neurons from frozen sections of the injured rat brain for subsequent gene expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays.

Microdissection par capture laser de populations enrichies de neurones neurones isolés ou pour l&#39;analyse d&#39;expression génique après un traumatisme crânien

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that ...

Production of RNA for Transcriptomic Analysis from Mouse Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Cell Bodies by Laser Capture Microdissection

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or between the same cell type in health and disease or following pharmacologic treatments.&#160;In the spinal cord, such preparation from motor neurons, the target of interest in many neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases, is complicated by the fact that motor neurons represent &#60;10% of the total cell population.&#160;Laser capture microdissection (LMD) has been developed to address this problem.&#160;Here, we describe a protocol to quickly recover, freeze, and section mouse spinal cord to avoid RNA damage by endogenous and exogenous RNases, followed by staining with Azure B in 70% ethanol to identify the motor neurons while keeping endogenous RNase inhibited.&#160;LMD is then used to capture the stained neurons directly into guanidine thiocyanate lysis buffer, maintaining RNA integrity.&#160;Standard techniques are used to recover the total RNA and measure its integrity.&#160;This material can then be used for downstream analysis of the transcripts by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

High-quality total RNA has been prepared from cell bodies of mouse spinal cord motor neurons by laser capture microdissection after staining spinal cord sections with Azure B in 70% ethanol.&#160;Sufficient RNA (~40-60 ng) is recovered from 3,000-4,000 motor neurons to allow downstream RNA analysis by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

Production d’ARN pour l’analyse transcriptomique à partir de corps cellulaires de motoneurones de la moelle épinière de souris par microdissection de capture laser

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or ...

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium carbonate. Animal studies as well as human genetic studies indicate that lithium affects molecular targets that are involved in neuronal growth, survival and maturation, and notably molecules involved in Wnt signaling. Given the ethical challenge to obtaining brain biopsies for investigating dynamic molecular changes associated with lithium-response in the central nervous system (CNS), one may consider the use of neurons obtained from olfactory tissues to achieve this goal.The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons at different stages of development and glial-like supporting cells. This provides a unique opportunity to study dynamic changes in the CNS of patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, using olfactory tissue safely obtained from nasal biopsies. To overcome the drawback posed by substantial contamination of biopsied olfactory tissue with non-neuronal cells, a novel approach to obtain enriched neuronal cell populations was developed by combining nasal biopsies with laser-capture microdissection. In this study, a system for investigating treatment-associated dynamic molecular changes in neuronal tissue was developed and validated, using a small pilot sample of BD patients recruited for the study of the molecular mechanisms of lithium treatment response.

In this study, a novel platform to investigate intraneuronal molecular signatures of treatment response in bipolar disorder (BD) was developed and validated. Olfactory epithelium from BD patients was obtained through nasal biopsies. Then laser-capture microdissection was combined with Real Time RT PCR to investigate the molecular signature of lithium response in BD.

Neurones olfactifs obtenus à l&#39;aide biopsie nasale combinée avec laser-Microdissection: Une approche potentielle pour étudier la réponse au traitement dans les troubles mentaux

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

Microdissection laser - une démonstration de l&#39;isolement de la dopamine neurones individuels et de l&#39;Espace ventrale tegmentale entière

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the study of nerve regeneration and myelination. The glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SC), are key facilitators of these processes; it is therefore crucial that the interactions of these cellular components are studied together. Direct contact between DRG neurons and glial cells provides additional stimuli sensed by specific membrane receptors, further improving the neuronal response. SC release growth factors and proteins in the culture medium, which enhance neuron survival and stimulate neurite sprouting and extension. However, SC require long proliferation time to be used for tissue engineering applications and the sacrifice of an healthy nerve for their sourcing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) differentiated into SC phenotype are a valid alternative to SC for the set-up of a co-culture model with DRG neurons to study nerve regeneration. The present work presents a detailed and reproducible step-by-step protocol to harvest both DRG neurons and ASC from adult rats; to differentiate ASC towards a SC phenotype; and combines the two cell types in a direct co-culture system to investigate the interplay between neurons and SC in the peripheral nervous system. This tool has great potential in the optimization of tissue-engineered constructs for peripheral nerve repair.

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are structures containing the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. When dissociated, they can be co-cultured with SC-like adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), providing a valuable model to study in vitro nerve regeneration and myelination, mimicking the in vivo environment at the injury site.

Les ganglions rachidiens neurones et les cellules souches différenciées dérivées de tissu adipeux: Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Co-culture modèle pour étudier la régénération des nerfs périphériques

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Stéréotaxique Atlas guidée Laser Microdissection de saisie des régions cérébrales touchées par lésion traumatique

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily accessible. Through this route, mature neurons can be obtained in a matter of a few weeks. Here, we describe a straightforward and rapid one-step protocol to obtain iNs from dermal fibroblasts obtained through biopsy samples from adult human donors. We explain each step of the process, including the maintenance of the dermal fibroblasts, the freezing procedure to build a stock of the cell line, seeding of the cells for reprogramming, as well as the culture conditions during the conversion process. In addition, we describe the preparation of glass coverslips for electrophysiological recordings, long-term coating conditions, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We also illustrate examples of the results to be expected. The protocol described here is easy to perform and can be applied to human fibroblasts derived from human skin biopsies from patients with various different diagnoses and ages. This protocol generates a sufficient amount of iNs which can be used for a wide array of biomedical applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, and target validation.

Direct neuronal reprogramming generates neurons that maintain the age of the starting somatic cell. Here, we describe a single vector-based method to generate induced neurons from dermal fibroblasts obtained from adult human donors.

Génération simple d’une Culture de haut rendement de neurones induits des fibroblastes de la peau humaine adulte

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...