This work is supported by a National Science Foundation award (1145581) to LWG.

NOTE: L&#39;ensemble de la procédure a été menée conformément aux lignes directrices des Instituts nationaux de la santé, tel qu&#39;approuvé par le soin et l&#39;utilisation des animaux Comité de l&#39;Université de l&#39;Illinois à Chicago. 1. Solutions et milieux de culture préparatifs <ol><li> Gardez toutes les solutions à -20 ° C pendant jusqu&#39;à six mois. Gardez les milieux de culture à 4 ° C pendant 3 mois. </li><li> Préparer 100 ml de milieu de culture en mélangeant 1 ml de solution de pen-strep et 1 ml de ITSX (insuline-transferrine-sélénium-supplémentation) à 100 ml avec du milieu DMEM. </li><li> Préparer la solution enzymatique en mélangeant 250 ml de DMEM, 2,5 ml de 100 mM CaCl2, et de 2,5 ml de 50 mM d&#39;EDTA. </li><li> Préparer la solution d&#39;inactivation en mélangeant 225 ml de DMEM, 25 ml de FBS, 625 mg d&#39;albumine, et de 625 mg d&#39;inhibiteur de la trypsine. </li><li> Préparer la solution de NaCl 154 mM, KCl 5,6 mM, 5,0 mM de HEPES, 3,6 mM NaHCO3, 5,6 mM de glucose d&#39;un Locke. Ajuster le pH à 7,3 avec NaOH. </li><li>Préparer une solution de poly-D-lysine (PDL) de 50 mg / ml. Utiliser une concentration finale de 1 mg / ml de lamelles de revêtement. </li><li> Préparer une solution extracellulaire du NaCl 140 mM, KCl 5 mM, CaCl2 2 mM, 1 mM de MgCl2, 10 mM de HEPES-NaOH, et 10 mM de glucose. Ajuster le pH à 7,3 avec NaOH avec une osmolarité de ~ 310 nmol / kg. </li><li> Préparer une solution de pipette de 50 mM de NaCl, 100 mM TEACl, 5 mM de KCl, CaCl2 2 mM, MgCl2 1 mM, et 10 mM d&#39;HEPES. Ajuster le pH à 7,3 avec NaOH avec une osmolarité de ~ 290 nmol / kg. </li></ol> 2. glande surrénale isolement <ol><li> Autoclave une paire de petits et grands ciseaux de dissection et deux paires de pinces. Porter des gants lors de tout le processus et placer le plateau de dissection sur un seau à glace. </li><li> Utilisez la souris prises au jour 0-3. Euthanasier les animaux avec un réservoir de CO 2 sous pression suivie par décapitation. </li><li> Utiliser le plus petit ensemble de ciseaux pour couper le long du dos du chiot qui suit la colonne vertébrale de cervi<html> cal à caudale région. Veillez à couper superficiellement sous la peau et pas percer dans la cavité du corps. </li><li> Ensuite, peler la peau loin de la colonne vertébrale ainsi que la musculature est exposé à avoir une vision claire de la colonne vertébrale. De là, faire une coupe transectional à la moelle épinière cervicale, puis faire deux coupes parallèles sur les côtés de la colonne vertébrale. </li><li> Avec une paire de pinces qui maintiennent le corps principal de l&#39;animal, utiliser l&#39;autre paire de pinces pour attraper la colonne vertébrale et peler la colonne vertébrale jusqu&#39;à reins sont exposés. </li><li> A ce moment, les glandes surrénales visualiser sur le dessus des reins. Ensuite, placer soigneusement les deux glandes de chaque animal dans un tube conique rempli avec la solution de Locke. REMARQUE: Parfois, les glandes s&#39;en tiendra à la pince. Si tel est le cas, utiliser un autre doucement paire de pinces pour aider à l&#39;élimination des glandes de la pince et dans la solution de Locke. Les glandes peuvent être maintenus dans cet état pendant jusqu&#39;à 2 heures. </li></ol>e &quot;digestion du tissu&gt; 3. <ol><li> Dans l&#39;intervalle, la bulle de solution d&#39;enzyme avec 5% de CO 2 + O 2 à 95% pendant 15 minutes avant utilisation. Assurez-vous que la solution équilibrée devient d&#39;une couleur rose vif en couleur rose / orange. </li><li> Ajouter la papaïne de la solution d&#39;enzyme fraîchement barboter à une concentration finale de 20 à 25 unités / ml. Incuber chaque paire de glandes à partir de chaque animal pendant 40 à 60 min à 37 ° C dans la solution enzymatique avec de la papaïne. </li><li> Ajouter 75% de solution d&#39;inactivation de chaque tube et incuber à 37 ° C pendant encore 10 min. Cette incubation à inactiver l&#39;activité enzymatique de la papaïne. </li><li> Après l&#39;incubation de 10 min avec la solution d&#39;inactivation, les glandes transférer doucement dans un tube nouvellement marquée, puis laver les glandes 3x avec le milieu de culture. </li></ol> 4. cellule de dissociation et placage <ol><li> Après le lavage, placez les deux glandes dans 200 pi de milieu de culture, puis titrer doucement les glandes etvers le bas à travers la pointe de la pipette avec une pipette de 200 pi jusqu&#39;à ce que il n&#39;y a plus un gros morceau de tissu dans la solution. REMARQUE: Lorsque le titrage, les glandes à maintenir le fond du tube avec une force vers le bas à partir de la pointe de pipette de 200 pi et engager doucement et lentement le tissu. Soyez certain d&#39;utiliser lents, les coups continus, jamais pipetage rapide ou brusque. </li><li> Ajouter un support supplémentaire de 250 ul de culture pour amener le volume total de milieu de culture à 450 pi. </li><li> Planche 60 ul de cette solution contenant des cellules sur chacun des sept lamelles 12 mm PDL-pré-enrobés, qui sont placés dans une boîte de culture de 60 x 15 mm. </li><li> Une fois plaqué, placez le plat dans l&#39;incubateur qui est fixé à 37 ° C et maintenue avec un débit / approvisionnement régulier de 5% de CO 2 pendant 30 minutes afin de garantir un environnement propice à la viabilité cellulaire. Après incubation, ajouter doucement 5 ml de milieu de culture pré-chauffé dans la boîte de culture et de retourner le plat de nouveau dans l&#39;incubateur pendant 24 heures avant de la cellule-attachéenregistrements d. NOTE: En règle générale, les cellules peuvent être utilisées pour des enregistrements électrophysiologiques pour 4 jours. </li></ol> 5. cellulaire Formation sceau d&#39;identification et gigaohm <ol><li> Placer la lamelle couvre-objet de 12 mm dans la solution extracellulaire. Depuis l&#39;ensemble des glandes surrénales sont utilisés pour la préparation de la cellule, mélanger les cellules chromaffines (généralement très lumineux avec un brun / beige coloration et une forme circulaire presque parfaite (figure 1) en culture avec des cellules corticales (petites et plus faible que les cellules chromaffines). </li><li> Tirez les pipettes de patch en quatre étapes à l&#39;aide programmable P-97 extracteur. Trempez la pointe de la pipette dans une cire fondue, ce qui contribuera à réduire la capacité du verre et ensuite le feu à ongles à la pointe &quot;coup-away&quot; cette cire à l&#39;intérieur de la pointe de la pipette. REMARQUE: Lorsqu&#39;il est rempli avec une solution patch pipette, pipettes de patch ont généralement une résistance de ~ 2 MQ. </li><li> L&#39;approche de la pipette de patch à proximité de la cellule au sein de plusieurs microns. Pour obtenir une configuration cellule attachée, comparer une légère déformation de la cellule au cours de l&#39;approche de la pipette de patch plus proche de la cellule. Appliquer une aspiration douce jusqu&#39;à un joint GQ est atteint. </li></ol> 6. enregistrements de capacitance cellulaires-joint <ol><li> Une fois un joint GQ se révèle, faire des enregistrements cell-attached grâce à l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un amplificateur EPC-7 plus de patch-clamp et un amplificateur analogique de verrouillage en deux phases (voir tableau ci-joint de l&#39;équipement). Appliquer une onde sinusoïdale avec une amplitude de 50 mV (rms) et une fréquence de 20 kHz provenant de l&#39;amplificateur lock-in. </li><li> Régler le filtre de sortie de l&#39;amplificateur de verrouillage à une constante de temps de 24 ms et db. Régler la phase de l&#39;amplificateur de verrouillage de telle sorte que les changements de capacité de passage des impulsions produites par une aspiration douce apparaissent uniquement dans la trace correctif capacité (Im) sans saillie dans la pièce trace conductance (Re) (figure 2). NOTE: S&#39;il vous plaît voir les détails de l&#39;étalonnage du système de reConférence 19. </li><li> Identifier les changements typiques de capacité par étapes &quot;vers le bas&quot; (figure 3). NOTE: Un enregistrement solide sera considéré comme un &quot;escalier&quot; Type ressemblance avec de nombreuses étapes vers le bas, ce qui indique l&#39;internalisation des vésicules simples. Le processus de correction sert une stimulation mécanique puisque le courant de l&#39;action peut être généralement enregistré de la plupart des cellules. </li><li> Nommer les fichiers que les dossiers individuels y compris la date: jj / mm / an et chaque enregistrement cellule attachée comme sa propre numérotation individuelle (xx) dans ce fichier. </li></ol>

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Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Mesure de la capacité de cellules attachée nécessitent plusieurs étapes critiques afin d&#39;obtenir avec succès des enregistrements de haute qualité: 1) les cellules viables et sains préparés à partir des glandes surrénales; 2) PDL revêtement des lamelles couvre-objet; 3) la formation de joint de gigaohm; 4) le niveau de bruit du système; et 5) de correction de phase. Pour la chirurgie des animaux, des modifications, on peut éventuellement faire est d&#39;ajuster l&#39;approche...

La transmission synaptique est médiée par exocytose des vésicules synaptiques contenant neurotransmetteurs, et ces vésicules doit subir recyclage d&#39;endocytose locale dans la terminaison nerveuse de maintenir la communication neuronale dans le long terme. Compte tenu du rôle essentiel de la transmission synaptique dans le cerveau, la compréhension de la machinerie moléculaire qui constitue le cycle de la vésicule synaptique est un fondement essentiel pour une meilleure compréhension dans la communication cellulaire dans son ensemble. Parmi les systèmes de modèles de cellule, la cellule chromaffine surrénale a fourni une partie de la vision la plus définitive dans le mécanisme moléculaire sous-jacent recyclage des vésicules synaptiques. Exocytose, la dernière étape de la libération de neurotransmetteurs, a été extrêmement étudié et examiné par l&#39;utilisation de la cellule surrénale chromaffin 1,2. En fait, la plupart des acteurs moléculaires qui orchestrent la formation, le ciblage, accueil, et la fusion des granules de sécrétion ont été identifiés grâce à l&#39;application de divERSE techniques dans les cellules chromaffines 1. En outre, en offrant la possibilité de permettre la résolution unique vésicule de la machinerie protéique impliqué dans l&#39;exocytose, la cellule chromaffin reste un modèle puissant pour répondre aux questions de la fusion des vésicules 3. Mesures de capacité cellules ont d&#39;abord été utilisés attaché à résoudre seul la fusion des vésicules pendant l&#39;exocytose 3. L&#39;exocytose de vésicules aussi petites que ~ 60 nm de diamètre ont été démontrées pour être détectée par des mesures admission de la membrane cellulaire avec la technique du patch clamp en configuration cellule attachée de 4-7. Entrée est définie comme une mesure de la facilité avec un circuit ou un dispositif permettront passage d&#39;un courant; il est l&#39;inverse de l&#39;impédance. Ainsi, des mesures d&#39;admission permettent de comprendre la capacité de la membrane. Ceci est accompli par l&#39;incorporation de la membrane vésiculaire dans la membrane plasmique; cette incorporation révèle des changements dans la surfacezone 8. Chaque vésicule fusion provoque une augmentation progressive de la capacité de la membrane 9,10. De plus, cette mesure d&#39;admission fournit la conductance de la membrane et la conductance des pores fusion lors d&#39;une sortie 3 exocytose. Comme cette technique a fourni un outil unique à identifier cinétique simple vésicule pendant l&#39;exocytose, notre laboratoire a récemment appliqué ce concept à détecter l&#39;endocytose des vésicules de simples 11,12. Notre intérêt particulier est la clathrine endocytose (CME), qui a été considéré comme un élément fondamental de ménage dans de nombreuses cellules 13 et en tant que principale voie d&#39;endocytose des vésicules synaptiques dans les terminaux neuronales 14,15. CME est connu pour être biologiquement important, cependant, sa cinétique restent pas bien compris en raison de limitations techniques dans la surveillance des événements singuliers endocytose. Compte tenu des similitudes dans les mécanismes d&#39;exocytose entre les cellules et les neurones 1 chromaffines, il est plausible que les mécanismes de fission dans les cellules chromaffines peuvent probablement s&#39;appliquer à endocytose des vésicules synaptiques dans les neurones. Les mesures de capacité cell-attached ont été utilisés pour surveiller les événements d&#39;endocytose individuels et analyser la cinétique de fission, dont la plupart des méthodes sont incapables de résoudre. Dans les enregistrements cell-attached, une onde sinusoïdale à 20 kHz est superposée sur le potentiel de maintien et le courant de sortie est séparé en la conductance membranaire dans un canal et la membrane capacitance dans l&#39;autre canal à partir d&#39;une à deux phases amplificateur à verrouillage 16 18. A partir des variations de la conductance de la membrane et de la capacité, on peut calculer la cinétique de la fission-pore, ce qui correspond vraisemblablement à la tubulure de membrane tubulaire qui relie la vésicule intériorisation de la membrane plasmique des vésicules avant pincement. Collectivement, cette technique nous donne l&#39;occasion d&#39;examiner les mécanismes de régulation de la vésicule fission pendant CME.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="352">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:88px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:88px;">Poly-D-Lysine</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">Sigma</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">P0899</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:88px;">DMEM&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">15066024</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">Keep out of UV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:88px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Life Technologies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:88px;">Cover Glass</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Carolina Biological</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">633029</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">12mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="56" rowspan="2" style="height:57px;width:88px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">15140122</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">100mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:88px;">Insulin-Trans-Sel-X</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">51500056</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Only thaw on ICE!</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:88px;">Papain</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Worthington</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">39S11614</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="56" rowspan="2" style="height:57px;width:88px;">EPC-7 plus patch amplifier</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">HEKA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BNC-2090 data acquisition board</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:88px;">Igor data acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Wavemetrics</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:88px;">P-97 pipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:88px;">Microforge</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="161" rowspan="3" style="height:161px;width:88px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:88px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:88px;">B150-110-10</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Outer diameter-1.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:88px;">Inner diameter 1.10 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:88px;">Length- 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for cell-attached capacitance measurements in mouse adrenal chromaffin cell

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion known as exocytosis that mediates synaptic transmission. Subsequent retrieval of synaptic vesicles is necessary to generate new neurotransmitter-filled vesicles in a process identified as endocytosis. During exocytosis, fusing vesicle membranes will result in an increase in surface area and subsequent endocytosis results in a decrease in the surface area. Here, our lab demonstrates a basic introduction to cell-attached capacitance recordings of single endocytic events in the mouse adrenal chromaffin cell. This type of electrical recording is useful for high-resolution recordings of exocytosis and endocytosis at the single vesicle level. While this technique can detect both vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis, the focus of our lab is vesicle endocytosis. Moreover, this technique allows us to analyze the kinetics of single endocytic events. Here the methods for mouse adrenal gland tissue dissection, chromaffin cell culture, basic cell-attached techniques, and subsequent examples of individual traces measuring singular endocytic event are described.

La viabilité cellulaire et la qualité de l&#39;étanchéité de gigaohm sont critiques dans la détermination de la qualité des enregistrements de capacité cell-attached. Par conséquent, il est essentiel de se procurer une culture cellulaire et efficace avant les enregistrements électrophysiologiques, et les cellules viables typiques sont illustrés dans la Figure 1. Pratique et l&#39;heure vous seront utiles dans la réalisation d&#39;un joint de gigaohm de haute qualité. Si l&#39;on peut voir c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell at JoVE.com

Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Les méthodes de mesures de capacité cellulaires attaché à la souris surrénales chromaffines cellule

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion ...

methods-for-cell-attached-capacitance-measurements-mouse-adrenal

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.7K vues.  University of Illinois at Chicago. After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Vidéo: Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. However, because the uterine wall is opaque during early embryogenesis, the ability to target specific parts of the embryo for microinjection is greatly limited. Fortunately, high-frequency ultrasound imaging permits the generation of images that can be used in real time to guide a microinjection needle into the embryonic region of interest. Here we describe the use of such imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the ventricular system of the mouse forebrain at embryonic day (E) 9.5. This method uses a laparotomy to permit access to the uterine horns, and a specially designed plate that permits host embryos to be bathed in saline while they are imaged and injected. Successful surgeries often result in most or all of the injected embryos surviving to any subsequent time point of interest (embryonically or postnatally). The principles described here can be used with slight modifications to perform injections into the amnionic fluid of E8.5 embryos (thereby permitting infection along the anterior posterior extent of the neural tube, which has not yet closed), or into the ventricular system of the brain at E10.5/11.5. Furthermore, at mid-neurogenic ages (~E13.5), ultrasound imaging can be used direct injection into specific brain regions for viral infection or cell transplantation. The use of ultrasound imaging to guide in utero injections in mice is a very powerful technique that permits the molecular and cellular manipulation of mouse embryos in ways that would otherwise be exceptionally difficult if not impossible.

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. Here we describe the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the mouse brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5.

Guidée par échographie microinjection dans le cerveau antérieur souris In Utero À E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Multiple-Mouse Imaging neuroanatomiques par résonance magnétique

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

En électroporation in vivo de la rétine de souris en développement

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate retina. Two classes of retinal neurons, photoreceptors and bipolar cells, accomplish this by using ribbon-type active zones, which enable sustained and high-throughput neurotransmitter release over long time periods. ON-type mixed bipolar cell (Mb) terminals in the goldfish retina, which depolarize to light stimuli and receive mixed rod and cone photoreceptor input, are suitable for the study of ribbon-type synapses both due to their large size (~10-12 &mu;m diameter) and to their numerous lateral and reciprocal synaptic connections with amacrine cell dendrites. Direct access to Mb bipolar cell terminals in goldfish retinal slices with the patch-clamp technique allows the measurement of presynaptic Ca2+ currents, membrane capacitance changes, and reciprocal synaptic feedback inhibition mediated by GABAA and GABAC receptors expressed on the terminals. Presynaptic membrane capacitance measurements of exocytosis allow one to study the short-term plasticity of excitatory neurotransmitter release 14,15. In addition, short-term and long-term plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmitter release from amacrine cells can also be investigated by recordings of reciprocal feedback inhibition arriving at the Mb terminal 21. Over short periods of time (e.g. ~10 s), GABAergic reciprocal feedback inhibition from amacrine cells undergoes paired-pulse depression via GABA vesicle pool depletion 11. The synaptic dynamics of retinal microcircuits in the inner plexiform layer of the retina can thus be directly studied.
The brain-slice technique was introduced more than 40 years ago but is still very useful for the investigation of the electrical properties of neurons, both at the single cell soma, single dendrite or axon, and microcircuit synaptic level 19. Tissues that are too small to be glued directly onto the slicing chamber are often first embedded in agar (or placed onto a filter paper) and then sliced 20, 23, 18, 9. In this video, we employ the pre-embedding agar technique using goldfish retina. Some of the giant bipolar cell terminals in our slices of goldfish retina are axotomized (axon-cut) during the slicing procedure. This allows us to isolate single presynaptic nerve terminal inputs, because recording from axotomized terminals excludes the signals from the soma-dendritic compartment. Alternatively, one can also record from intact Mb bipolar cells, by recording from terminals attached to axons that have not been cut during the slicing procedure. Overall, use of this experimental protocol will aid in studies of retinal synaptic physiology, microcircuit functional analysis, and synaptic transmission at ribbon synapses.

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of agar-embedded retinal slices that are suitable for electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging. This method allows one to study ribbon-type synapses in retinal microcircuits using direct patch-clamp recordings of single presynaptic nerve terminals.

Patch-clamp mesures de capacité et de Ca 2 + Imagerie à terminaisons nerveuses rétiniennes unique en tranches

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

Methods for Intravenous Self Administration in a Mouse Model

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages of using an IVSA paradigm to study the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse such as cocaine include the fact that the drug is self-administered instead of experimenter-administered, the schedule of reinforcement can be altered, and accurate measurement of the quantities of drug consumed as well as the timing and pattern of IV injections can be obtained. Furthermore, the intravenous route of administration avoids potential confounds related to first pass metabolism or taste, and produces rapid increases in blood and brain drug levels. As outlined in this video, intravenous self-administration can be obtained without prior food restriction or prior drug training following careful catheter placement during surgery and meticulous daily catheter flushing and maintenance. Experimental procedures outlined in this paper include a description of animal housing and acclimation methods, operant training using sweetened milk solutions, and catheter implantation surgery.

The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm is considered to be the gold standard in examining the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse in rodents. This manuscript outlines the experimental procedures and surgical techniques necessary to obtain reliable IVSA data. In particular, meticulous catheter implantation and maintenance are highlighted.

Les méthodes de l&#39;administration par voie intraveineuse auto dans un modèle de souris

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages ...

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation and consolidation of episodic memories, and in spatial orientation. Historically, the adult hippocampus has been viewed as a very static anatomical region of the mammalian brain. However, recent findings have demonstrated that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is an area of tremendous plasticity in adults, involving not only modifications of existing neuronal circuits, but also adult neurogenesis. This plasticity is regulated by complex transcriptional networks, in which the transcription factor NF-&#954;B plays a prominent role. To study and manipulate adult neurogenesis, a transgenic mouse model for forebrain-specific neuronal inhibition of NF-&#954;B activity can be used.
In this study, methods are described for the analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent neurogenesis, including its structural aspects, neuronal apoptosis and progenitor proliferation, and cognitive significance, which was specifically assessed via a dentate gyrus (DG)-dependent behavioral test, the spatial pattern separation-Barnes maze (SPS-BM). The SPS-BM protocol could be simply adapted for use with other transgenic animal models designed to assess the influence of particular genes on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, SPS-BM could be used in other experimental settings aimed at investigating and manipulating DG-dependent learning, for example, using pharmacological agents.

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Methods for the manipulation and analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent adult hippocampal neurogenesis are described. A detailed protocol is presented for a dentate gyrus-dependent behavioral test (termed the spatial pattern separation-Barnes maze) for the investigation of cognitive outcome in mice. This technique should also help enable investigations in other experimental settings.

Des procédés pour la modulation et de l&#39;analyse de NF-kB-dépendante neurogenèse adulte

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation and consolidation of episodic memories, and in spatial orientation. Historically, the adult ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological techniques, in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology1. Here we describe a method to perform electrophysiological studies on mouse sciatic nerves in vivo.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane in order to ensure analgesia for the tested mice and undisturbed working environment during the measurements that take about 30 min/animal. A constant body temperature of 37 &#176;C is maintained by a heating plate and continuously measured by a rectal thermo probe2. Additionally, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely recorded during the measurements in order to continuously monitor the physiological state of the investigated animals.
Electrophysiological recordings are performed on the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), supplying the mouse hind limb with both motoric and sensory fiber tracts. In our protocol, sciatic nerves remain in situ and therefore do not have to be extracted or exposed, allowing measurements without any adverse nerve irritations along with actual recordings. Using appropriate needle electrodes3 we perform both proximal and distal nerve stimulations, registering the transmitted potentials with sensing electrodes at gastrocnemius muscles. After data processing, reliable and highly consistent values for the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the compound motor action potential (CMAP), the key parameters for quantification of gross peripheral nerve functioning, can be achieved.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Measurements of nerve conduction properties in vivo exemplify a powerful tool to characterize various animal models of neuromuscular diseases. Here, we present an easy and reliable protocol by which electrophysiological analysis on sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice can be performed.

En Vivo mesures électrophysiologiques sur les nerfs sciatiques souris

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

Imagerie en direct de la mitose dans les développement Cortex souris embryonnaires

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The SCN1A-associated genetic epilepsies comprise a wide spectrum of seizure disorders with incomplete penetrance and clinical variability. SCN1A mutations can result in a large variety of seizure phenotype ranging from simple, self-limited fever-associated febrile seizures (FS), moderate-level genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) to more severe Dravet Syndrome (DS). Although FS are commonly seen in children below 6-7 years of age who do not have genetic epilepsy, FS in GEFS+ patients continue to occur into adulthood. Traditionally, experimental FS have been induced in mice by exposing the animal to a stream of dry air or heating lamps, and the rate of change in body temperature is often not well controlled. Here, we describe a custom-built heating chamber, with a plexiglass front, that is fitted with a digital temperature controller and a heater-equipped electric fan, which can send heated forced air into the test arena in a temperature-controlled manner. The body temperature of a mouse placed in the chamber, monitored through a rectal probe, can be increased to 40-42 &#176;C in a reproducible manner by increasing the temperature inside the chamber. Continual visual monitoring of the animals during the heating period demonstrates induction of heat-induced seizures in mice carrying an FS mutation at a body temperature that does not elicit behavioral seizures in wild-type litter mates. Animals can be easily removed from the chamber and placed on a cooling pad to rapidly return body temperature to normal. This method provides for a simple, rapid, and reproducible screening protocol for the occurrence of heat-induced seizures in epilepsy mouse models.

The goal of the method is to screen for hyperthermia or heat-induced seizures in mouse models. The protocol describes the use of a custom-built chamber with continuous monitoring of the body temperature to determine whether elevated body temperature leads to seizures.

Un dépistage comportemental des crises induites par la chaleur dans des modèles murins d’épilepsie

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The ...

Two Peeling Methods for the Isolation of Photoreceptor Cell Compartments in the Mouse Retina for Protein Analysis

Rod photoreceptors are highly polarized sensory neurons with distinct compartments. Mouse rods are long (~80 &#181;m) and thin (~2 &#181;m) and are laterally packed in the outermost layer of the retina, the photoreceptor layer, resulting in alignment of analogous subcellular compartments. Traditionally, tangential sectioning of the frozen flat-mounted retina has been used to study the movement and localization of proteins within different rod compartments. However, the high curvature of the rod-dominant mouse retina makes tangential sectioning challenging. Motivated by the study of protein transport between compartments, we developed two peeling methods that reliably isolate the rod outer segment (ROS) and other subcellular compartments for western blots. Our relatively quick and simple techniques deliver enriched and subcellular-specific fractions to quantitatively measure the distribution and redistribution of important photoreceptor proteins in normal rods. Moreover, these isolation techniques can also be easily adapted to isolate and quantitatively investigate the protein composition of other cellular layers within both healthy and degenerating retinae.

This protocol presents two techniques to isolate the subcellular compartments of murine rod photoreceptors for protein analysis. The first method utilizes live retinae and cellulose filter paper to separate rod outer segments, while the second employs lyophilized retinae and adhesive tape to peel away rod inner and outer segment layers.

Deux méthodes de peeling pour l’isolement des compartiments des cellules photoréceptrices dans la rétine de la souris pour l’analyse des protéines

Rod photoreceptors are highly polarized sensory neurons with distinct compartments. Mouse rods are long (~80 &#181;m) and thin (~2 &#181;m) and are ...