Ce travail est soutenu par des subventions des Instituts de recherche en santé (178 918), le Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec du Canada - Réseau de recherche sur la santé visuelle.

REMARQUE: Homme souris C57BL / 6 (ancienne 5-7 semaines) sont de Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. (St-Constant, Québec, Canada.) Et manipulés selon des protocoles approuvés par la Sainte-Justine Comité de protection des animaux CHU. Souris explants de tissus bronchiques constituent une bonne source de cellules épithéliales bronchiques primaires pour étudier les effets pro-apoptotiques de PMT sur les cellules épithéliales. Ce protocole décrit la génération in vitro de PMT, ainsi qu&#39;un procédé de détection de l&#39;apoptose des cellules épithéliales sur des explants de tissus bronchiques PMT-traités. Ce protocole se compose de trois sections. 1. PMT production et la caractérisation NOTE: Pour éviter la contamination, veiller à ce que tous les matériaux utilisés dans cette expérience sont stériles ou autoclavés. Effectuez toutes les étapes à la température ambiante dans une enceinte de sécurité biologique dans des conditions stériles, sauf indication contraire. 1.1) Stimulation et Collection des députés9 <ol><li> Décongeler une aliquote de 10 millions de cellules T CEM C dans un bain d&#39;eau à 37 °. Diluer à 10 ml préchauffé milieu hématopoïétique tels que X-VIVO, dans un tube stérile de 15 ml et centrifuger à 200 gx 5 min sans sérum. Aspirer les cellules surnageant et remettre en suspension dans 5 ml de milieu préchauffé. </li><li> des cellules de transfert dans un ballon de culture de tissu T75 (pour les cellules en suspension) à 15 ml de milieu hématopoïétique préchauffé tel que X-VIVO et incuber pendant 4 jours dans un incubateur humidifié à 37 ° C avec 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Après 4 jours, transférer la totalité du milieu de culture et les cellules dans un flacon de culture de tissu T175 contenant 100 ml de milieu frais. Continuer l&#39;incubation des cellules pendant environ 72 heures dans les mêmes conditions jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;ils aient atteint une densité de 2 millions de cellules / ml. </li><li> Cellules également réparti entre quatre flacons T175 contenant chacune 150 ml de milieu frais et continuer la culture de cellule jusqu&#39;à ce que les cellules se sont développées (environ 48 heures d&#39;incubation) à une densité de 2 millions / ml. </li><li&gt; Rassembler les cellules provenant de chaque flacon par centrifugation à 200 xg pendant 5 min et remettre en suspension 300 x 10 6 cellules dans un nouveau flacon T175 contenant 150 ml de milieu frais pour maintenir la densité de cellules de 2 millions / ml. </li><li> Ajouter actinomycine D (dissous dans du DMSO à 2 mg / ml) dans le milieu à une concentration finale de 0,5 ug / ml et incuber pendant 24 heures. </li><li> Transférer tout le milieu de culture dans 50 ml tubes coniques et centrifuger les cellules à 750 g pendant 5 min. Transférer le surnageant dans des tubes de 50 ml et centrifuger coniques à 1500 xg pendant 15 min pour éliminer les gros fragments de cellules. </li><li> Transférer le surnageant dans un flacon de 250 ml et par ultracentrifugation à 12 000 xg pendant 50 min. Jeter le surnageant et recueillir des pellets. </li><li> Pastilles de lavage PMT-PBS enrichi avec 40 ml stérile dans un tube de 50 ml par centrifugation à 12 000 xg pendant 50 min. Répéter deux fois cette étape. </li><li> Recueillir le dernier lavage surnageant; il sera utilisé en tant que contrôle du véhicule. Suspendre les pastilles dans une PMTml de PBS et de les transférer dans un microtube de 1,5 ml stérile. Aliquotes et stocker PMT isolés à -80 ° C (pour éviter de multiples cycles de libre-dégel). </li></ol> 1.2) Caractérisation des députés via Analyse FACS 4 <ol><li> Préparer deux échantillons de tampon annexine, une avec et l&#39;autre sans CaCl2: Hepes 10 mM, NaCl 140 mM, plus ou moins 5 mM de CaCl2. </li><li> Filtrer tampon de FACS et l&#39;annexine fluide de gaine d&#39;écoulement en utilisant un filtre de 0,22 um pour éliminer les particules. </li><li> Diluer 1 ul de LMP dans 44 ul de tampon d&#39;annexine avec 5 mM de CaCl2 dans un tube FACS. Préparer un autre tube avec 1 pl de PMT dans 44 pi de tampon annexine sans CaCl 2 (contrôle négatif). </li><li> Ajouter 5 ul de AnnexinV-Cy5 dans chaque tube et bien mélanger. Incuber pendant 15 min à température ambiante dans l&#39;obscurité. Arrêter la réaction en diluant le mélange avec 400 ul de liquide de gainage FACS d&#39;écoulement dans chaque tube. </li><li> Ajouter 10 pi (200 000 perles) de 7 um comptage beasuspension ds comme étalon interne dans chaque tube pour obtenir une numération absolue. </li><li> Établir portes de taille relative (FSC-H, PMT E00, échelle logarithmique) et la granularité relative (SSC-H, PMT 325, échelle logarithmique) intrigue point sur le cytomètre en flux en utilisant des billes fluorescentes taille calibrée de 1 pm (porte 1) et compter perles porte à 7 pm (porte 2). </li><li> Analyser l&#39;échantillon PMT sur FSC-H / SSC-H parcelle en utilisant les portes établies et FL-4 canaux pour annexine (PMT 765, échelle logarithmique) en points, en acquérant un signal jusqu&#39;à 20 000 billes de comptage sont atteints dans la porte 2. </li><li> Déterminer les événements AnnexinV positifs de PMT dans un tampon annexine contenant CaCl2, puis soustraire les événements de PMT dans un tampon de annexine sans CaCl 2 (contrôle négatif). </li><li> Calculer le nombre absolu de députés sur la base de l&#39;équation suivante: <img alt="Equation 1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52651/52651eq1.jpg" /></li></ol> 1.3) Détermination de MP Protein Concentration (Bradford Assay) <ol><li> 5 Préparer des dilutions en série d&#39;un niveau de 1,25 à 20 ug / ml de protéine. Introduire à la pipette 800 ul de chaque solution étalon et de l&#39;échantillon dans un tube à essai propre en double. Ajouter 200 ul de réactif de colorant de Bradford à chaque tube. Mélangez bien, puis incuber à température ambiante pendant 5 min. </li><li> Mesurer l&#39;absorbance à 595 nm. Déterminer la concentration en protéine en utilisant le PMT de régression linéaire de la courbe standard. </li></ol> 2. explants de tissus bronchiques et traitement PMT REMARQUE: Portez une attention particulière à l&#39;environnement de travail stérile et aseptique préparer les solutions et moyen utilisés dans les expériences suivantes. Pour préparer la complète guérison moyen, ajouter 1 ml de guérison des tissus moyennes suppléments avec du sérum (décongelés sur de la glace) à 100 ml Tissue de guérison moyen et bien mélanger. 2.1) Préparation des explants de tissus bronchiques <ol><li> Avant culture, rayer six zones de 1 cm 2chacune sur le bord de la surface de chaque boîte de culture tissulaire de 100 mm avec une lame de scalpel. Enrober chaque rayé 100 tissu mm boîte de culture avec 2 ml de la solution de revêtement de boîte de culture, et incuber le plat dans un incubateur à CO2 humidifié O / N à 37 ° C. Vide aspirer la solution excédentaire et remplir la cuve avec 15 ml de laver des tissus moyen. </li><li> Euthanasier souris C57BL / 6 (5 à 7 semaines) par inhalation de CO 2 selon des protocoles approuvés par le comité d&#39;éthique de soins aux animaux. </li><li> Aseptique disséquer le tissu pulmonaire avec scalpel, Dumont super fine pince à épiler et des ciseaux chirurgicaux. Retirez délicatement parenchyme et les vaisseaux sanguins. Placez le tissu pulmonaire dans glacée tissus laver moyen pour le transport au laboratoire, le cas échéant. </li><li> Disséquer outre bronche immergé dans le lavage des tissus à moyen et séparer les bronches d&#39;un diamètre de 1 à 2,5 mm à partir de tissus pulmonaires périphériques. Trancher les tissus bronchiques dans ~ 5 mm d&#39;épaisseur anneaux bronchiques avec un scalpel. </li&gt; <li> Utilisez un mouvement d&#39;écopage avec la pince de microdissecting courbes stériles pour ramasser les fragments bronchiques et placez-les sur les zones rayées de la vaisselle. </li><li> Retirez le laver de tissus moyen, et incuber les fragments à température ambiante pendant ~ 5 min pour leur permettre de respecter les plats. </li><li> Ajouter 10 ml de complète guérison moyenne à chaque plat et les placer dans une chambre de l&#39;incubateur modulaire atmosphère contrôlée. Rincer la chambre de mélange de gaz O 2 élevé (70% de O 2, 25% de N 2 et 5% CO 2). Placez la chambre dans un incubateur orbital de paillasse et le secouer à 37 ° C. Secouez la chambre pendant 24 heures à 10 cycles par minute pour permettre le support de circuler de façon intermittente au cours des fragments. </li><li> Après 24 heures d&#39;incubation, observer les explants de tissus sous un microscope optique à contraste de phase inversée. Sélectionnez explants bronchiques avec complète, le mouvement de poils fins et de l&#39;épithélium bronchique animée pour le traitement PMT ultérieure. </li></ol>2.2) Traitement PMT <ol><li> Préparer un milieu de croissance complet comme suit: moyennes suppléments de croissance de dégel avec un inhibiteur de sérum de fibroblastes et sur la glace. Ajouter 1 ml de milieu de culture avec des suppléments de sérum et 200 ul d&#39;inhibiteur de fibroblastes à 100 ml de milieu de croissance; bien mélanger. Chauffer le milieu de croissance complet à 37 ° C pendant 10 min avant utilisation. </li><li> Diluer PMT isolés dans un nouveau tube Eppendorf stérile avec PBS pour préparer un stock PMT à une concentration de 800 pg / ml. </li><li> Ajouter 0,5 ml de la croissance complète moyenne à chaque puits d&#39;une plaque de culture de tissu à 12 puits. </li><li> Transférez les explants bronchiques sélectionnés avec la pince de microdissecting courbes du protocole précédent (section 2.1) à chaque puits de la plaque de culture de tissu. </li><li> Étiqueter la plaque de culture appropriée pour identifier PMT puits de traitement et des puits de contrôle. Ajouter 25 ul PMT bouillon dans chaque traitement PMT bien (pour une concentration finale de 40 pg / ml) et 25 véhicules de contrôle de pi (voir LMP<html> s production) dans les puits de contrôle. </li><li> Poursuivre l&#39;incubation dans une chambre de l&#39;incubateur modulaire à atmosphère contrôlée à 37 ° C sous agitation douce. </li><li> Après 24 h, laver explants 3 fois avec du PBS et procéder à la (fixation du paraformaldéhyde 4% [PFA]) prochaine étape. </li></ol> 3. examen histopathologique 3.1) Préparer les solutions suivantes avant de procéder aux prochaines étapes <ol><li> Préparer du tampon PBS 1x en mélangeant 137 mM de NaCl, 2,7 mM de KCl, 10 mM de Na 2 HPO 4, 1,76 mM de KH 2 PO 4 à pH 7,4. </li><li> Pour préparer PFA 4%, dissoudre 20 g de PFA dans 400 ml d&#39;eau, chauffé à 60 ° C sous agitation; ajouter quelques gouttes de NaOH 10 M pour effacer la solution. Ensuite, ajoutez tampon PBS 1x et ajuster le volume à 500 ml et le pH à 7,4. Filtre et aliquote; stocker à -20 ° C. </li><li> Préparer les réactifs de déshydratation ou après réhydratation; 100%, 90%, 70%, 50% d&#39;éthanol et le xylene. </li></ol>e_step &quot;&gt; 3.2) explantation fixation et de tissus Section Déparaffinage <ol><li> Placer chaque explant dans un tube de microcentrifugation de 1,5 ml étiqueté avec 4% de PFA et incuber O / N à 4 ° C. Rincer les explants deux fois avec PBS 1x. </li><li> Déshydrater explants à travers une série d&#39;alcool (70% d&#39;éthanol: 3 fois 30 minutes chacun; 90% d&#39;éthanol: 2 fois 30 minutes chacun; 100% d&#39;éthanol: 3 fois 30 minutes chacun, puis xylène: 3 fois 20 min chacun). Effectuez toutes les étapes à la température ambiante dans une hotte. </li><li> Incruster des explants de tissu dans de la paraffine à 58 ° C dans un four. Préparer 5 um coupes de tissus épais en utilisant un microtome rotatif. </li><li> Flotter les sections C dans un bain d&#39;eau de 56 °, puis monter les sections sur des lames histologiques marqués. Placer les lames dans le manuel racks de coloration et sèche à 65 ° C pendant 1 heure. Laisser les lames refroidir à température ambiante. </li><li> Tremper les racks à quatre plats de taches consécutifs contenant xylène pendant 10 min chacun pour enlever la paraffine. Tremper les racks d&#39;une série de l&#39;éthanol pour éliminer le xylène: 100%, puis 95%, efr 80%, puis 70%, puis 50% d&#39;éthanol (5 min à chaque étape). Rincer les supports avec de l&#39;eau du robinet pendant 5 min pour éliminer l&#39;éthanol. </li></ol> 3.3) hématoxyline et de l&#39;éosine (H &amp; E) Coloration <ol><li> Continuer à travailler avec les sections de tissus fixés; placez la grille dans un plat à coloration à l&#39;hématoxyline de Mayer pendant 15 min. Rincez la grille avec de l&#39;eau du robinet pour enlever hématoxyline pendant 20 min. </li><li> Placez-les dans de l&#39;eau distillée pendant 30 sec.Place éthanol à 95% pendant 30 sec. Placer dans éosine Y plat solution de coloration pendant 1 min. Déshydrater par deux changements de 95% d&#39;éthanol, éthanol à 100%, et le xylène pendant 2 minutes chacun. </li><li> Effectuez une vérification rapide sous un microscope pour se assurer que l&#39;excès de l&#39;éosine est retiré. Placez 2 à 3 gouttes de milieu de montage (Fisher SP15-100) sur chaque diapositive, puis couvrir avec un couvercle en verre. </li></ol> 3.4) In Situ mort cellulaire détection: TUNEL Assay <ol><li> Avant de commencer, préparer une solution de travail de la proteinase K: 20 pg / ml dans10 mM de Tris / HCl, pH 7,4. </li><li> Répétez les étapes 1 à 5 de l&#39;article 3.2 (fixation explantation et de tissus section déparaffinisation). Rincer les lames avec déminéralisée H 2 O. </li><li> Plonger les lames avec 1x PBS pendant 10 min. Égoutter l&#39;excès de PBS. Incuber les coupes de tissus pendant 30 minutes à température ambiante avec une solution de proteinase K de travail. Rincer les lames deux fois avec PBS 1x. </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;essai TUNEL comme décrit dans le manuel d&#39;utilisation du kit de détection de la mort cellulaire. Monter en utilisant un milieu de montage, et lamelle manuellement avec des lamelles de verre. </li><li> Analyser les échantillons sous un microscope optique. Utilisez Image Pro 4.5 pour analyser les cellules apoptotiques en couleur brune. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., Sturk, A., Nieuwland, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-derived+microparticles+in+the+pathogenesis+of+cardiovascular+disease:+friend+or+foe.">Cell-derived microparticles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease: friend or foe.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31 (1), 4-9 (2011).</li><li>Martinez, M. C., Tual-Chalot, S., Leonetti, D., Andriantsitohaina, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microparticles:+targets+and+tools+in+cardiovascular+disease.">Microparticles: targets and tools in cardiovascular disease.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 32 (11), 659-665 (2011).</li><li>Benameur, T., Andriantsitohaina, R., Martinez, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+potential+of+plasma+membrane-derived+microparticles.">Therapeutic potential of plasma membrane-derived microparticles.</a> Pharmacol Rep. 61 (1), 49-57 (2009).</li><li>Yang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocytic+microparticles+inhibit+angiogenesis+by+stimulating+oxidative+stress+and+negatively+regulating+VEGF-induced+pathways.">Lymphocytic microparticles inhibit angiogenesis by stimulating oxidative stress and negatively regulating VEGF-induced pathways.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 294 (2), 467-476 (2008).</li><li>Yang, C., Gagnon, C., Hou, X., Hardy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+density+lipoprotein+receptor+mediates+anti-VEGF+effect+of+lymphocyte+T-derived+microparticles+in+Lewis+lung+carcinoma+cells.">Low density lipoprotein receptor mediates anti-VEGF effect of lymphocyte T-derived microparticles in Lewis lung carcinoma cells.</a> Cancer Biol Ther. 10 (5), 448-456 (2010).</li><li>Angelillo-Scherrer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte-derived+microparticles+in+vascular+homeostasis.">Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis.</a> Circ Res. 110 (2), 356-369 (2012).</li><li>Maeno, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8++T+Cells+are+required+for+inflammation+and+destruction+in+cigarette+smoke-induced+emphysema+in+mice.">CD8+ T Cells are required for inflammation and destruction in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice.</a> J Immunol. 178 (12), 8090-8096 (2007).</li><li>Qiu, Q., Xiong, W., Yang, C., Gagnon, C., Hardy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte-derived+microparticles+induce+bronchial+epithelial+cells'+pro-inflammatory+cytokine+production+and+apoptosis.">Lymphocyte-derived microparticles induce bronchial epithelial cells' pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis.</a> Mol Immunol. 55 (3-4), 220-230 (2013).</li><li>Martin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shed+membrane+particles+from+T+lymphocytes+impair+endothelial+function+and+regulate+endothelial+protein+expression.">Shed membrane particles from T lymphocytes impair endothelial function and regulate endothelial protein expression.</a> Circulation. 109 (13), 1653-1659 (2004).</li><li>Shet, A. 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Les auteurs ne ont rien à divulguer.

Les députés sont des médiateurs actifs de diaphonie intercellulaire et leur étude est prometteur dans de nombreux domaines de la science. 11 Cette étude a présenté un protocole détaillé pour in vitro production à grande échelle de PMT issues d&#39;une lignée de cellules T apoptotique. Ces députés expriment un large répertoire de molécules de lymphocytes et sont biologiquement impliqués dans la régulation de l&#39;homéostasie cellulaire et tissulaire. Cependant, PMT provenant de dif...

Microparticles (MPs) are biologically active submicron membrane vesicles released following cell activation or apoptosis. MPs are derived from both healthy and damaged cells and are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.1 MPs have been detected not only in human plasma, but also in inflammatory and apoptotic tissue. The biological utility of cell membrane&#8211;derived MPs has been demonstrated in various settings, including cell signalling models and as pharmacological tools.2,3 We previously demonstrated that LMPs derived from T lymphocytes following actinomycin D stimulation (to induce apoptosis) suppress angiogenesis and inhibit endothelial cell survival and proliferation.4,5 The antiangiogenic effects of LMPs may vary significantly depending on the stimuli used to activate T lymphocytes in vitro.6
The airway epithelium functions as a protective physical and functional barrier. Increased numbers of T lymphocytes in the airway can contribute to cell damage and airway inflammation.7 We have shown that LMPs induce apoptosis of human bronchial epithelial cells,8 which indicated LMPs may change barrier function of bronchial epithelium in vivo. Apoptotic cells can be identified using the TUNEL method, which detects in situ DNA fragmentation. 
The overall goal of this protocol is to illustrate the in vitro production of LMPs from a T lymphocyte cell line, and to demonstrate their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells. In situ cell death detection demonstrated that LMPs strongly induce airway bronchial epithelial cell death, suggesting that LMPs-mediated injury to the airway epithelium may impact barrier function of the damaged epithelium.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="828">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">LMPs production and characterization</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CEM T cells&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">ATCC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">CCL-119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">X-VIVO 15 medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Cambrex, Walkersville</td>
			<td>04-744Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Flask T75</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1813.502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Flask T175</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1812.502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actinomycin&#160;D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A9415-2mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Lifetechnologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.22&#181;m filter</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1826.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Annexin-VCy5</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">BD Pharmagen&#160;</td>
			<td>559933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FACS flow solution</td>
			<td>BD Bio-sciences</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">342003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fluorescent microbeads (1 um)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Molecular Probes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">T8880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polysterene counting beads (7 um)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">PS06N/6994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polypropylene FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">13-678-11B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">5 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">25 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Ultident</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">DL-357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1,5 ml conical polypropylene micro tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">72.690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">15 ml conical polypropylene tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">62.554.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">50 ml conical polypropylene tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">62.547.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">50 ml high speed polypropylene copolymer tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">3119-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">250 ml high speed polypropylene bottle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">356011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protein assay (Bradford assay)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>500-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protein assay standard II</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>500-0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Test tube 16x100</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>47729-576</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Test tube 12x75</td>
			<td>Ultident</td>
			<td>170-14100005B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Mandel</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Heracell 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Low speed centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">IEC</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Centra8R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Avanti J8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed rotor for 250ml bottle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">JLA16.250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed rotor for 50ml tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">JA30.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fow cytometry&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Bio-sciences</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">FACS Calibur</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Series 600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bronchial tissue explants and sections&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C57BL/6 mice (5-7 weeks old)&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Charles River Laboratories, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Airway PrimaCell&#8482; System:</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">CHI Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">2-82001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Rib-Back Carbon Steel Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Becton Dickinson AcuteCare</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">371310</td>
			<td>#10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">10003-12</td>
			<td>#7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phase-contrast inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Olympus Optical CO., LTD.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">CK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">high O2 gas mixture&#160;</td>
			<td>VitalAire Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">modular incubator chamber</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Billups-Rothenberg Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">MIC-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MaxQ 4000 incubated orbital shaker</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Barnstead Lab-Line,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">SHKA4000-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Plastic tissue culture dishes (100 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">14060-09</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Straight, sharp, 9cm longth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Half-curved Graefe forceps</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">humidified CO2 incubator</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Mandel Scientific Company Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">SVH-51023421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Histopathological examination&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">formalin formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">HT5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">T555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Merck KGaA, Darmstadt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">EX0278-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">G6403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cacodylate</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">31533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">VWR Scientific Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">48300-025</td>
			<td>25x75mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylene</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">X5-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayer&#39;s hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">MHS16</td>
			<td>Funnel with filter paper&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A144s-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">eosin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">HT110116</td>
			<td>Funnel with filter paper&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Permount&#8482; Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>SP15-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">surgipath medical industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">84503</td>
			<td>24&#215;24&#160;#1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TUNEL detection kit</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">In Situ Cell Death Detection, POD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">11 684 817 910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">oven</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Despatch Industries Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">LEB-1-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">rotary Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">RM2145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Whatman International Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">1003150</td>
			<td>#3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Nikon Imaging Japan Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">E800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">staining dish complete</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Wheaton Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td>900200</td>
			<td>including dish, rack, cover</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">72.69</td>
			<td>39x10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Orbital and Reciprocating Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">ExpotechUSA</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">ORS200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphate buffered saline&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fume hood</td>
			<td>Nicram RD Service</td>
			<td>3707E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of lymphocytic microparticles and detection of their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells

L&#39;intérêt pour les rôles biologiques des cellules vésicules membranaires dérivés dans la communication cellulaire a augmenté ces dernières années. Des microparticules (MP) sont un tel type de vésicules, de diamètre allant de 0,1 um à 1 um, et typiquement libéré de la membrane plasmique de cellules eucaryotes en cours de l&#39;activation ou de l&#39;apoptose. Nous décrivons ici la génération de microparticules de lymphocytes T dérivés (PMT) à partir de cellules T CEM apoptotiques stimulées par actinomycine D. PMT sont isolés par un processus de centrifugation différentielle en plusieurs étapes et caractérisé par cytométrie de flux. Ce protocole présente également un procédé de détection in situ de la mort cellulaire pour démontrer l&#39;effet pro-apoptotique de PMT sur les cellules épithéliales bronchiques dérivés d&#39;explants de souris primaires de tissus respiratoires bronchiques. Procédés décrits ici prévoient une procédure reproductible pour isoler des quantités abondantes de PMT à partir de lymphocytes apoptotiques in vitro. PMT dérivéde cette manière peut être utilisé pour évaluer les caractéristiques des différents modèles de maladies et de la pharmacologie et de tests de toxicologie. Étant donné que l&#39;épithélium des voies aériennes offre une barrière de protection physique et fonctionnelle entre l&#39;environnement externe et les tissus sous-jacents, l&#39;utilisation d&#39;explants de tissus bronchiques plutôt que des lignées de cellules epitheliales immortalisées fournit un modèle efficace pour les enquêtes qui nécessitent des tissus des voies respiratoires des voies.

PMT ont été caractérisés avec de l&#39;annexine V coloration 10 par la cellule activé par fluorescence (FACS) analyse et fermée en utilisant une um perles dans lequel 97% des députés (≤1 um) ont été annexine-V-Cy5 positive (figure 1A et 1B). Typiquement, environ 2,5 mg de PMT ont été obtenus à la suite de ce protocole. Explants de tissus bronchiques de souris C57BL / 6 ont été soumis à un traitement véhicule et PMT. L&#39;analyse histopathologique des sections bronchiques r...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Microparticules membranaires hangar cellulaires (PM) sont des vésicules biologiques actifs qui peuvent être isolés et leurs effets physiopathologiques étudiés dans différents modèles. Nous décrivons ici un procédé pour générer PM dérivées de lymphocytes T (PMT) et pour mettre en évidence leur effet pro-apoptotique sur les cellules epitheliales des voies respiratoires.

Génération de microparticules lymphocytaire et détection de leur effet pro-apoptotique sur les cellules épithéliales des voies aériennes

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles ...

generation-lymphocytic-microparticles-detection-their-proapoptotic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K vues.  University of Montréal.  Microparticules membranaires hangar cellulaires (PM) sont des vésicules biologiques actifs qui peuvent être isolés et leurs effets physiopathologiques étudiés dans différents modèles. Nous décrivons ici un procédé pour générer PM dérivées de lymphocytes T (PMT) et pour mettre en évidence leur effet pro-apoptotique sur les cellules epitheliales des voies respiratoires. 

Vidéo: Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

Co-culture des modèles Pseudomonas aeruginosa Les biofilms Cultivé sur le Live cellules des voies respiratoires de l&#39;homme

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Combinaison de adhésif à base de bandes d&#39;échantillonnage et de fluorescence In situ</emHybridation> pour la détection rapide des Salmonella Sur les produits frais

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Application d&#39;une souris ligaturés Assay Peyer Patch anse intestinale pour évaluer absorption par les cellules bactériennes M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

L&#39;établissement d&#39;une culture liquide recouvert de Airway humaines épithéliales polarisées cellules Calu-3 pour étudier la réponse cellulaire aux agents pathogènes respiratoires hôte<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

Isolement des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes et les cellules épithéliales du thymus humain

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver (extravascular hemolysis) or leading to intravascular lysis of RBCs. Alloantibodies (e.g. ABO) or autoantibodies to RBC antigens (as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA) leading to complement activation are potentially harmful and can be - especially when leading to intravascular lysis - fatal1. Currently, complement activation due to (auto)-antibodies on RBCs is assessed in vitro by using the Coombs test reflecting complement deposition on RBC or by a nonquantitative hemolytic assay reflecting RBC lysis1-4. However, to assess the efficacy of complement inhibitors, it is mandatory to have quantitative techniques. Here we describe two such techniques. First, an assay to detect C3 and C4 deposition on red blood cells that is induced by antibodies in patient serum is presented. For this, FACS analysis is used with fluorescently labeled anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Next, a quantitative hemolytic assay is described. In this assay, complement-mediated hemolysis induced by patient serum is measured making use of spectrophotometric&#160;detection of the released hemoglobin. Both of these assays are very reproducible and quantitative, facilitating studies of antibody-induced complement activation.

Here we describe two assays for measuring complement activation induced by antibodies against red blood cells. The major advantage over the current assays is their quantitative and easy-to-interpret nature.

Les méthodes de détection quantitative d&#39;anticorps induite par l&#39;activation du complément sur les globules rouges

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

Large-Scale Purification of Porcine or Bovine Photoreceptor Outer Segments for Phagocytosis Assays on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) can be performed in vitro. Photoreceptor outer segments with stacks of membranous discs containing the phototransduction machinery are continuously renewed in the retina. Spent POS are eliminated daily by RPE cells. Rodent, porcine/bovine and human RPE cells recognize POS from various species in a similar manner. To facilitate performing large series of experiments with little variability, a large stock of POS can be isolated from porcine eyes and stored frozen in aliquots. This protocol takes advantage of the characteristic of photopigments that display an orange color when kept in the dark. Under dim red light, retinae are collected in a buffer from opened eyecups cut in halves. The retinal cell suspension is homogenized, filtered and loaded onto a continuous sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, POS are located in a discrete band in the upper part of the gradient that has a characteristic orange color. POS are then collected, spun, resuspended sequentially in wash buffers, counted and aliquoted. POS obtained this way can be used for phagocytosis assays and analysis of protein activation, localization or interaction at various times after POS challenge. Alternatively, POS can be labeled with fluorophores, e.g., FITC, before aliquoting for subsequent fluorescence quantification of POS binding or engulfment. Other possible applications include the use of modified POS or POS challenge combined with stress conditions to study the effect of oxidative stress or aging on RPE cells.

This article describes the protocol for the purification of photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS) via ultracentrifugation from porcine/bovine retinae using homogenization and sucrose gradient centrifugation. This protocol allows the preparation of large stocks of POS aliquots, labeled or unlabeled, that can then be stored at -80 &#176;C.

Purification à grande échelle d&#39;origine porcine ou bovine photorécepteur Outer Segments pour phagocytose essais sur les cellules épithélium pigmentaire rétinien

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer ...

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance by regulating the immune response. The primary role of Treg cells is to suppress the proliferation of effector T (Teff) cells and the production of cytokines such as IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and IL-2. It has been demonstrated that Treg cells&#39; ability to inhibit the function of Teff cells is enhanced during persistent pathogen infection and cancer development. To clarify the function of Treg cells under resting or inflamed conditions, a variety of in vitro suppression assays using mouse or human Treg cells have been devised. The main aim of this study is to develop a method to compare the differences in phenotype and suppressive function between resting and activated Treg cells. To isolate activated Treg cells, mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), a chronic strain of LCMV. Treg cells isolated from the spleen of LCMV CL13-infected mice exhibited both the activated phenotype and enhanced suppressive activity compared with resting Treg cells isolated from na&#239;ve mice. Here, we describe the basic protocol for ex vivo phenotype analysis to distinguish activated Treg cells from resting Treg cells. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for the measurement of the suppressive activity of fully activated Treg cells.

Here, we describe a protocol to analyze the phenotype of regulatory T (Treg) cells isolated from na&#239;ve and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. In addition, we provide a process to evaluate the suppressive activity of the Treg cells.

Analyse phénotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules T activées Regulatory Isolés de chorioméningite lymphocytaire Souris infectées par le virus chroniques

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance ...

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the analysis of immune mediators in fluid eluates for the study of the airway topical immune signature, without the need for stimulation procedures (often used by other techniques). The mucosal lining fluid is sampled on a strip of filter paper placed at the anterior part of the inferior turbinate and left for 2 min of absorption. Analytes are eluted from the filter papers, and the extracted protein-based eluates are analyzed by an electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay, allowing for the high-sensitivity quantification of low- and high-level analytes in the same sample. We measured the in vivo levels of 20 preselected immune mediators related to specific immune signaling pathways in the upper airway mucosa, but the technique is not limited to that specific panel or sampling site. The technique was first implemented in 7-year-old children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) cohort with allergic rhinitis. It was thereafter used in the longitudinal COPSAC2010 birth cohort, sampled at 1 month, 2 years, and 6 years of age and at instances of acute respiratory symptoms. We successfully obtained and analyzed samples from 620 (89%) of 700 1-month-old children; a few samples were below the assay detection limit (reported as the median (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR)). The number of samples below the detection limit (i.e.&#160;from 0 to the set point for the lower limit of detection) for each mediator was 29 (7.25 - 119.5). This technique enables the quantification of the in vivo airway mucosal immune profile from birth, can be applied longitudinally, and can be applied to studies on the effect of genetics and early-life environmental exposures, pathophysiology, endotyping, and monitoring of respiratory diseases, and development and evaluation of novel therapeutics.

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes a noninvasive technique for the sampling of undisturbed mucosal lining fluid from the upper airways. It can be used to perform the quantification of in vivo levels of protein mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, in subjects of all ages.

Échantillonnage non invasive de muqueuse liquide pour la Quantification des niveaux d’immunitaire-médiateur In Vivo des voies respiratoires supérieures

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Isolement et caractérisation de microparticules neutrophile dérivés pour des études fonctionnelles

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...