The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Afin d&#39;obtenir une mesure optimale de l&#39;H 2 S, ce procédé met en oeuvre un commutateur Deans, rinçage et un détecteur de chimioluminescence de soufre (SCD). Une colonne diméthylpolysiloxane est utilisé comme première colonne de GC dimension, et sert à retarder le mouvement des hydrocarbures plus lourds présents dans l&#39;échantillon de sorte qu&#39;ils ne contaminent pas la colonne PLOT. Cet effet est renforcé par un endroit frais (50 ° C) de séparation initiale. Gaz lumineux traversent ...

L&#39;analyse précise du pétrole brut est essentiel pour l&#39;industrie du pétrole et du gaz, que les règlements et économie de la santé et la sécurité sont des fonctions de qualité de l&#39;huile. Afin de protéger les transporteurs de échantillons bruts, il est nécessaire de déterminer les propriétés des échantillons bruts d&#39;élaborer des règlements de sécurité à mettre en œuvre dans le cas d&#39;un rejet ou de déversement. En particulier, la quantification de l&#39;hydrogène sulfuré (H 2 S) est importante, en raison de sa toxicité élevée dans la phase gazeuse; expositions aussi faibles que 100 ppm peut être mortelle (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2. Dissous H 2 S dans les échantillons bruts est généralement considérée comme corrosive 3,4, et peut désactiver catalyseurs utilisés pour traiter l&#39;huile 5-7. Enlèvement de H 2 S dans les flux de pétrole brut est idéale, mais sans une méthode pour mesurer dissous H 2 S, il est difficile d&#39;évaluer le succès des traitements d&#39;enlèvement. Pour ces raisons, ce protocole a été développé pour mesurer dissolved H 2 S dans les échantillons de pétrole brut lourd, comme les sables bitumineux canadiens bruts. Un certain nombre de méthodes standard existent pour la quantification de H 2 S dans les échantillons de pétrole ou de carburant à base plus légers, mais aucun n&#39;a été validé pour une utilisation avec les bruts plus lourds généralement extraites des sables bitumineux canadiens. H 2 S et mercaptans sont déterminées en utilisant une technique de titrage par Universal Oil Products (UOP) __gVirt_NP_NN_NNPS&lt;__ méthode 163 8, mais cette méthode souffre de biais utilisateur interprétation qui résulte de la lecture manuelle des courbes de titrage. Institut de la méthode Petroleum (IP) 570 utilise un H 2 S analyseur de spécialité qui chauffe des échantillons d&#39;huile de carburant 9, et les avantages de la simplicité et la portabilité, mais manque de précision avec des échantillons plus lourds 10. L&#39;American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5623 méthode utilise la chromatographie gazeuse (GC) avec refroidissement cryogénique et le soufre détection sélective de mesurer H 2 S dans les liquides pétroliers légers11,12. Cette norme peut être amélioré à utiliser une séparation ambiante et également être appliquée à des pétroles bruts les plus lourds, il a donc été utilisé comme base pour le protocole décrit ici. GC est une technique largement utilisée pour l&#39;analyse d&#39;échantillons de pétrole. Les échantillons sont vaporisés dans une entrée chaude, et les séparations se produisent dans la phase gazeuse. La séparation de la phase gazeuse GC rend idéal pour l&#39;analyse de l&#39;H 2 S, comme il est facilement libéré de l&#39;échantillon liquide lors du chauffage dans l&#39;entrée. Méthodes CG peuvent être créés et adaptés pour différents échantillons, selon les programmes de température utilisés, colonnes mises en œuvre et l&#39;utilisation de la chromatographie multidimensionnelle 13-15. Il ya eu un certain nombre de développements récents de la mesure de H 2 S à l&#39;aide de GC. Luong et al. Démontré H 2 S et d&#39;autres mesures du composé de soufre lumière dans distillats légers et moyens en utilisant GC multidimensionnelle et commutation de Deans, mais la méthode n&#39;a pasencore été appliqué à 16 bruts lourds. Di Sanzo et al. H a également quantifié 2 S dans l&#39;essence à l&#39;aide de GC, mais il n&#39;a pas non plus été utilisé sur des bruts plus lourds, et exige une sous-refroidissement 17 ambiante. La méthode présentée ici montre gain de temps considérable au cours de ces procédés antérieurs, avec un temps d&#39;analyse complété de 5 min, par rapport à 10 min (Luong) et 40 min (Di Sanzo). Malheureusement, la mise en œuvre de ces méthodes dans notre laboratoire pour comparer la précision n&#39;a pas été possible en raison de l&#39;équipement et de l&#39;heure des restrictions. GC multidimensionnelle permet à l&#39;utilisateur d&#39;exploiter la sélectivité de deux colonnes, au lieu d&#39;une seule colonne. Dans GC conventionnelle, la séparation se produit sur une colonne. Dans le cas multidimensionnel de GC, l&#39;échantillon est séparé sur deux colonnes différentes, l&#39;amélioration de la séparation et de la sélectivité. Le commutateur Deans est un dispositif utilisé pour employer une configuration de colonne à deux dimensions. Le commutateur utilise une vanne externe à direflux de gaz ct d&#39;une entrée sur l&#39;interrupteur pour l&#39;un des deux ports de sortie 18-20. L&#39;effluent de la première colonne peut être dirigé dans les deux sens; dans ce cas, les gaz soufrés légers sont «coupe de coeur&quot; 21 de la première séparation à un tubulaire ouverte de couche poreuse colonne (PLOT) pour la séparation secondaire, qui a été montré pour être excellent pour la séparation de H 2 S d&#39;autres gaz soufrés lumière (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. Un détecteur de chimioluminescence de soufre est utilisé pour la détection, fournissant une sélectivité pour les composés soufrés et l&#39;élimination de l&#39;interférence possible de tous les autres gaz légers qui peuvent avoir été transférés à la colonne PLOT pendant la coupe du coeur. Les hydrocarbures à partir de l&#39;échantillon de pétrole brut sont retenues sur la première colonne de dimension et sont éliminés au cours d&#39;une procédure de rinçage à contre courant; ce qui protège la colonne PLOT de toute contamination 25-27. Cette approche a également été mis en œuvre avec succès pour la analedes ana- inhibiteurs d&#39;oxydation dans des huiles de transformateur 28. Ici, un procédé de GC à deux dimensions est utilisée pour l&#39;analyse et la quantification de H 2 S dissous dans les échantillons de pétrole brut lourd. Le procédé est illustré pour être applicable sur une large plage de concentrations de H 2 S, et peut également être utilisé pour mesurer l&#39;H 2 S dans des échantillons en phase gazeuse.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Deans switch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G2855A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent flow switching device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Restrictor tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">160-2615-10</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HP-PONA column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19091S-001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GasPro column</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">113-4332</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent/Sievers</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G6603A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">H2S calibration standard, in He</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">211 ppm H2S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">CS2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C184-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toluene, HPLC grade</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T290-4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas bag, 2 L</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GSB-P/2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Twist on/off nozzle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">250 &#181;L gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81130</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">500 mL amber glass bottle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Scientific Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N73616</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Open top screw caps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Scientific Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">169628</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C889125C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1 mL gas tight syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81330</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">2.5% H2S in He gas standard</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom order</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

Procédé pour l&#39;analyse de dissolution de l&#39;hydrogène sulfuré dans des échantillons de pétrole brut est démontrée en utilisant une Chromatographie gazeuse. Afin d&#39;éliminer efficacement les interférences, une configuration à deux dimensions de la colonne est utilisé, avec un commutateur Deans employé pour transférer de l&#39;hydrogène sulfuré à partir de la première à la seconde colonne (coupe-cœur). Échantillons bruts liquides sont d&#39;abord séparés sur une colonne de diméthylpolysiloxane, et les gaz légers sont le cœur et couper en outre séparés sur une colonne tubulaire couche poreuse liée ouverte (PLOT) qui est capable de séparer le sulfure d&#39;hydrogène à partir d&#39;autres espèces de soufre légers. Le sulfure d&#39;hydrogène est ensuite détecté avec un détecteur de chimioluminescence de soufre, l&#39;ajout d&#39;une couche supplémentaire de la sélectivité. Après la séparation et la détection du sulfure d&#39;hydrogène, le système est rincé pour éliminer les hydrocarbures à point d&#39;ébullition élevé présents dans les échantillons bruts et de préserver l&#39;intégrité chromatographique. Le sulfure d&#39;hydrogène dissous a été quantifié dans des échantillons liquides de 1,1 à 500 ph, ce qui démontre une large applicabilité à une gamme d&#39;échantillons. La méthode a également été appliquée avec succès pour l&#39;analyse des échantillons de gaz d&#39;espace de tête de pétrole brut et de gaz de process sacs, avec mesure de 0,7 à 9700 ppm de sulfure d&#39;hydrogène.

Afin d&#39;obtenir une quantification fiable de H 2 S pour les échantillons liquides et gaz, un calibrage correct est nécessaire. Pour les injections d&#39;étalonnage et des injections d&#39;échantillon, la pointe S H 2 ne doit pas être en chevauchement avec les pics voisins et devrait avoir une surface de pic reproductible. La figure 3 montre une injection d&#39;un échantillon de gaz où le gaz est trop concentré pour cette méthode. On a constaté que les ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection at JoVE.com

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

Mesure de la H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S dans le pétrole brut et du pétrole brut Headspace Utilisation multidimensionnelle chromatographie en phase gazeuse, les doyens de commutation et détection de soufre sélectif

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.0K vues.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

Vidéo: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants3, but also synthesize advanced biofuels2-4. Generally, atmospheric CO2 is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth5. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO2 in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient &ldquo;flue gas to algae&rdquo; system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations4,6 and cultivation strategies7,8 with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2; 2) how we can find optimal CO2 concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.

Flue gas from power plants is a cheap CO2 source for algal growth. We have built prototype &#34;flue gas to algal cultivation&#34; systems and described how to scale up the algal cultivation process. We have demonstrated the use of a mass-transfer bio-reaction model to simulate and to design the optimal operation of flue gas for the growth of Chlorella sp. in algal photo-bioreactors.

Optimiser les réglages des gaz de combustion pour la promotion de la croissance des microalgues en photobioréacteurs via des simulations informatiques

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

Recherche

Environnement

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

Mesure du flux de gaz à effet de serre provenant des sols agricoles utilisant statiques Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

Méthode EPA 1615. Mesure des entérovirus et Norovirus présence dans l&#39;eau par la culture et RT-qPCR. Partie III. Détection de virus par RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

Analyse chimique des fractions d&#39;eau accommodé de pétrole brut Déversements utilisant TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

Mesure de la rhéologie du pétrole brut en équilibre avec le CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Aux conditions du réservoir

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.

The goal of this procedure is to easily and rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry and resistance to swelling by organic fluids for oil recovery studies. A polydimethylsiloxane mold is first generated, and then used to cast the epoxy-based device. A representative displacement study is reported.

Dispositifs microfluidiques pour caractériser les processus d’événement Pore-échelle dans les milieux poreux pour les Applications de récupération huile

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

Évaluation de méthane et de protoxyde d’azote flux de rizière au moyen de la statique fermé Chambers maintenir les plantes dans l’espace de tête

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

L’effet de l’Application d’huile essentielle de thym sur la charge microbienne pendant le séchage de la viande

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

Etude expérimentale de la relation entre la taille des particules et capacité de Sorption de méthane en schiste

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.