Name: the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content
Uploaded: 2016-06-29T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content Video at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

The protocol follows the guidelines of Tel-Aviv University Helsinki human research ethics committee.
1. Word Selection and Matching 
<ol>
	<li>Create lists of words for each word category of interest. For example, make lists of generally emotional words (e.g., HATE, POX), concern relevance words (e.g., RAPE, VICTIM), and neutral words that are preferably orthographic neighbors21 of the emotional/concern relevant words (e.g., GATE, BOX). Create lists with as ...

<ol>
	<li>Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emotional+stroop+task+and+psychopathology.">The emotional stroop task and psychopathology.</a> Psychol. Bull. 120 (1), 3-24 (1996).</li><li>Algom, D., Chajut, E., Lev, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rational+look+at+the+emotional+Stroop+phenomenon:+A+generic+slowdown,+not+a+Stroop+effect.">A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133 (3), 323-338 (2004).</li><li>Ben-Haim, M. S., Mama, Y., Icht, M., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+emotional+Stroop+task+a+special+case+of+mood+induction?+Evidence+from+sustained+effects+of+attention+under+emotion.">Is the emotional Stroop task a special case of mood induction? Evidence from sustained effects of attention under emotion.</a> Atten. Percept. Psycho. 76 (1), 81-97 (2014).</li><li>Holle, C., Neely, J. H., Heimberg, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+blocked+versus+random+presentation+and+semantic+relatedness+of+stimulus+words+on+response+to+a+modified+Stroop+task+among+social+phobics.">The effects of blocked versus random presentation and semantic relatedness of stimulus words on response to a modified Stroop task among social phobics.</a> Cognitive Ther. Res. 21 (6), 681-697 (1997).</li><li>Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W., Naparstek, J., Williams, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Mood+Manipulation+and+Anxiety+on+Performance+of+an+Emotional+Stroop+Task.">Effects of Mood Manipulation and Anxiety on Performance of an Emotional Stroop Task.</a> Br.J.Psychol. 83, 479-491 (1992).</li><li>Stroop, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+Interference+in+Serial+Verbal+Reactions+(Reprinted+from+Journal+Experimental-Psychology,+Vol+18,+Pg+643-662,+1935).">Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions (Reprinted from Journal Experimental-Psychology, Vol 18, Pg 643-662, 1935).</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 121 (1), 15-23 (1992).</li><li>Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threat-related+attentional+bias+in+anxious+and+nonanxious+individuals:+A+meta-analytic+study.">Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study.</a> Psychol.Bull. 133 (1), 1-24 (2007).</li><li>Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., Eysenck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Psychological+Treatment+on+Cognitive+Bias+in+Generalized+Anxiety+Disorder.">Effect of Psychological Treatment on Cognitive Bias in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 33 (3), 293-303 (1995).</li><li>Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+bias+in+generalized+anxiety+disorder+versus+depressive+disorder.">Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder.</a> Cognitive. Ther. Res. 29 (1), 29-45 (2005).</li><li>Mogg, K., Kentish, J., Bradley, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Anxiety+and+Awareness+on+Color-Identification+Latencies+for+Emotional+Words.">Effects of Anxiety and Awareness on Color-Identification Latencies for Emotional Words.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 31 (6), 559-567 (1993).</li><li>Rutherford, E. M., MacLeod, C., Campbell, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+selectivity+effects+and+emotional+selectivity+effects+in+anxiety:+Differential+attentional+correlates+of+state+and+trait+variables.">Negative selectivity effects and emotional selectivity effects in anxiety: Differential attentional correlates of state and trait variables.</a> Cognition. Emotion. 18 (5), 711-720 (2004).</li><li>Foa, E. B., Ilai, D., Mccarthy, P. R., Shoyer, B., Murdock, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Information-Processing+in+Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder.">Information-Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.</a> Cognitive. Ther. Res. 17 (2), 173-189 (1993).</li><li>Mcnally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Louro, C. E., Lukach, B. M., Kim, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+Processing+of+Emotional+Information+in+Panic+Disorder.">Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information in Panic Disorder.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 30 (2), 143-149 (1992).</li><li>Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+basis+of+the+emotional+Stroop+interference+effect+in+major+depression.">Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression.</a> Psychol. Med. 38 (2), 247-256 (2008).</li><li>Amir, N., Freshman, M., Foa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Stroop+interference+for+threat+in+social+phobia.">Enhanced Stroop interference for threat in social phobia.</a> J.Anxiety Disord. 16 (1), 1-9 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, G., Westoo, J., Johansson, L., Carlbring, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+bias+via+the+Internet:+A+comparison+of+web-based+and+standard+emotional+Stroop+tasks+in+social+phobia.">Cognitive bias via the Internet: A comparison of web-based and standard emotional Stroop tasks in social phobia.</a> Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 35 (1), 55-62 (2006).</li><li>Paunovic, N., Lundh, L. G., Ost, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+and+memory+bias+for+emotional+information+in+crime+victims+with+acute+posttraumatic+stress+disorder+(PTSD).">Attentional and memory bias for emotional information in crime victims with acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</a> J.Anxiety Disord. 16 (6), 675-692 (2002).</li><li>Constans, J. I., McCloskey, M. S., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., Mathews, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+attentional+bias+in+PTSD.">Suppression of attentional bias in PTSD.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 113 (2), 315-323 (2004).</li><li>Mama, Y., Ben-Haim, M. S., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+emotion+does+and+does+not+impair+performance:+A+Garner+theory+of+the+emotional+Stroop+effect.">When emotion does and does not impair performance: A Garner theory of the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Cognition.Emotion. 27 (4), 589-602 (2013).</li><li>Mckenna, F. P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrusive+Cognitions+-+an+Investigation+of+the+Emotional+Stroop+Task.">Intrusive Cognitions - an Investigation of the Emotional Stroop Task.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 21 (6), 1595-1607 (1995).</li><li>Grainger, J., Oregan, J. K., Jacobs, A. M., Segui, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+Role+of+Competing+Word+Units+in+Visual+Word+Recognition+-+the+Neighborhood+Frequency+Effect.">On the Role of Competing Word Units in Visual Word Recognition - the Neighborhood Frequency Effect.</a> Percept.Psychophys. 45 (3), 189-195 (1989).</li><li>Balota, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+English+Lexicon+Project.">The English Lexicon Project.</a> Behav.Res.Methods. 39 (3), 445-459 (2007).</li><li>Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., Balota, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+characteristics+of+words+used+in+emotional+Stroop+experiments.">Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments.</a> Emotion. 6 (1), 62-72 (2006).</li><li>McKenna, F. P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+the+emotional+stroop+effect+reveals+that+it+is+not+what+it+seems:+The+role+of+fast+and+slow+components.">Reversing the emotional stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 30 (2), 382-392 (2004).</li><li>Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., Bermeitinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decomposing+the+emotional+Stroop+effect.">Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Q.J.Exp.Psychol. 63 (1), 42-49 (2010).</li><li>Eidels, A., Ryan, K., Williams, P., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth+of+Processing+in+the+Stroop+Task+Evidence+From+a+Novel+Forced-Reading+Condition.">Depth of Processing in the Stroop Task Evidence From a Novel Forced-Reading Condition.</a> Exp.Psychol. 61 (5), 385-393 (2014).</li><li>Wegner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ironic+Processes+of+Mental+Control.">Ironic Processes of Mental Control.</a> Psychol.Rev. 101 (1), 34-52 (1994).</li><li>Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., Auerbach, S. M., Hooke, J. F., Mikulka, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Trait+Anxiety+Inventory+-+Systematic+Evaluation.">State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Systematic Evaluation.</a> J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 44 (3), 406-412 (1976).</li><li>Dresler, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+the+emotional+Stroop+task:+An+investigation+of+patients+with+panic+disorder.">Reliability of the emotional Stroop task: An investigation of patients with panic disorder.</a> J.Psychiatr.Res. 46 (9), 1243-1248 (2012).</li><li>Eide, P., Kemp, A., Silberstein, R. B., Nathan, P. J., Stough, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+the+emotional+stroop+task:+Examining+the+paradox+of+measurement+change.">Test-retest reliability of the emotional stroop task: Examining the paradox of measurement change.</a> J.Psychol. 136 (5), 514-520 (2002).</li><li>Macleod, C., Mathews, A., Tata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Bias+in+Emotional+Disorders.">Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 95 (1), 15-20 (1986).</li></ol>

The ESE comprises a very simple task: The participant names the ink color of singly presented words. This simple task yields results of both pragmatic and theoretical consequence. The ESE documents the fact that people are sensitive to the emotional valence entailed in stimuli although this feature is completely irrelevant to the task at hand.
The ESE has evolved into an immensely popular method for probing emotion and anxiety with both patient and non-patient populations1, 74<...

Modern life is replete with emotion and stress. Who has avoided the emergency room or (witnessing) a traffic accident? In order to perform efficiently under such stressful situations, it is important to preserve one&#39;s composure by focusing on the relevant stimuli. However, research has shown that the emotional valence of the stimulus can affect attention, in particular modulate the speed of processing. In the laboratory, one of the most popular paradigms to study the effect of negative stimuli on performance is the emotional Stroop task. The typical finding is that it takes people longer to name the ink color of emotion words than that of neutral words, the Emotional Stroop Effect (ESE). There are several accounts that attempt to explain the observed slowdown attributing attention3, freezing2, or mood3, however it is still a matter of current debate.
The experimental setup of the emotional Stroop task is well known. Words in color are presented singly for view and the participant&#39;s task is to name the ink color of each word as quickly and accurately as possible. The words come from two categories of different valence. The first category includes negative words (e.g., DEATH) or words related to a specific psychopathology (e.g., GERMS with obsessive-compulsive patients or BATTLE with post-traumatic stress disorder patients). The second category includes neutral words (e.g., CHAIR). The ESE is the difference in color-naming latency between the emotional and the neutral words. The stimuli can be presented in a single block with emotion and neutral words intermixed in a random fashion or in two separate blocks defined by word category. The slowdown with emotion words is usually more pronounced when the ESE is derived in the blocked design4, 5. Therefore, the block design has become the method of choice for researches of the ESE and it is the method applied in this protocol too (see Figure 1 for an illustration of the emotional Stroop experimental setup).
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: The Experimental Array in the Emotional Stroop Task: The participant&#39;s task is to name color in which the word appears. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
It is important to distinguish the ESE from its older namesake, the classic Stroop effect (SE)6. In the classic Stroop task, color words such as RED or GREEN are presented in various ink colors and the participant&#39;s task is to name the ink color of the words. Despite the shared task &#8212; to identify the ink color of words&#160;&#8212; the SE and the ESE differ. Because the words are color words, the stimuli in the classic Stroop task divide into congruent (the word naming its ink color) and incongruent (word and color conflict) categories. The SE is defined as the difference in color naming performance between congruent and incongruent stimuli. Because the quality of congruity does not apply to stimuli in the ESE&#160;&#8212; the word CANCER in blue is neither more nor less congruent than the word LECTURE in brown&#160;&#8212; the SE is not defined in the environment of the ESE. The ESE documents the effect of the emotional valence of the stimuli on performance.
The ESE, just like the SE, has generated voluminous research. In fact, the ESE rivals its namesake in sheer output of experimental studies with both patient and non-patient populations (for a review, see1, 7). The task has been employed with a gamut of pathologies from generalized anxiety (e.g., 8, 9) to trait anxiety (e.g., 10, 11) to obsessive-compulsive disorders (e.g., 12, 13) to depression9, 14 to social phobia15, 16 to post-traumatic stress disorders (e.g., 17, 18). The ESE has also been studied with unselected populations (e.g., 2, 3, 19, 20), although the effects in heathy participants are not always observed and are often less pronounced. At least a portion of ESE&#39;s popularity is attributable to its objective nature as it is not based on self-report and is not intrusive. Furthermore, the emotion words can be selected to tap the specific pathology or current concern of the patient.
Below, we portray the steps required to design and perform an emotional Stroop experiment. Our purpose in this report is to describe in detail an ESE experiment with needed controls. The most important feature of this design is the control it provides against various threats to validity. The main threat treated in this design is that of habituation. Adopting these procedures renders the ESE a valid and reliable means of assessing attention under emotion.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DirectRT software</td>
			<td>Empirisoft</td>
			<td>http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx</td>
			<td>Software allows easy programing of a custom experiment in a spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal computer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.office.com/">https://www.office.com/</a></td>
			<td>&#160;At least 256mb of memory, a graphics card with at least 16mb of video memory and a processor speed of at least 500mhz.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Any version</td>
			<td>A spreadsheet application capable of editing CSV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS/STATISTICA software</td>
			<td>IBM/Statsoft</td>
			<td>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/&#160; http://www.statsoft.com/</td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

When blocks follow the neutral-emotion-neutral sequence (e.g., 3), a large ESE of 34 msec is observed via slower responses in the emotion block (mean of 791 msec) than in the first neutral block (mean of 757 msec; see Figure 2). The same group of participants was also fairly sluggish to name the ink color in the second set of (other) neutral words (mean of 778 msec). The 21 msec difference in performance between the two blocks with neutral items docume...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content Video at JoVE.com

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content Video (Video) | JoVE

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

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