Name: generation of induced-pluripotent stem cells using fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Uploaded: 2016-10-16T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Research Program funded by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HI13D2188).

Ethics Statement: This study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of The Catholic University of Korea (KC12TISI0861).
1. Synoviocyte Isolation and Expansion
<ol>
	<li>Synoviocyte Isolation
	<ol>
		<li>Sterilize two pairs of surgical scissors and one pair of forceps.</li>
		<li>Transfer the synovial tissue to a 100 mm dish and wash with 5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% penicillin/streptomycin.</li>
		<li>Cut off the yellowish fat tissue and bone residues. Transfer the trimm...

<ol>
	<li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+lines+derived+from+human+somatic+cells.">Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells.</a> Science. 318 (5858), 1917-1920 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+adult+human+fibroblasts+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.</a> Cell. 131 (5), 861-872 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+mouse+embryonic+and+adult+fibroblast+cultures+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Zhou, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+urine+samples.">Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from urine samples.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (12), 2080-2089 (2012).</li><li>Haase, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+cord+blood.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 5 (4), 434-441 (2009).</li><li>Loh, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+blood.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human blood.</a> Blood. 113 (22), 5476-5479 (2009).</li><li>Aasen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+rapid+generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+keratinocytes.">Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 26 (11), 1276-1284 (2008).</li><li>Scott, D. L., Wolfe, F., Huizinga, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheumatoid+arthritis.">Rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Lancet. 376 (9746), 1094-1108 (2010).</li><li>Chang, S. K., Gu, Z., Brenner, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast-like+synoviocytes+in+inflammatory+arthritis+pathology:+the+emerging+role+of+cadherin-11.">Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in inflammatory arthritis pathology: the emerging role of cadherin-11.</a> Immunol Rev. 233 (1), 256-266 (2010).</li><li>Bartok, B., Firestein, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast-like+synoviocytes:+key+effector+cells+in+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Immunol Rev. 233 (1), 233-255 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+disease-specific+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis+and+osteoarthritis.">Generation of disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.</a> Arthritis Res Ther. 16 (1), R41 (2014).</li></ol>

Before the discovery of iPSCs, scientists mainly used ESCs to study stem cell biology and other cell lineages through differentiation. However, ESCs originate from the inner mass of a blastocyst, which is an early-stage embryo. To isolate ESCs, destruction of the blastocyst is inevitable, raising ethical issues that are impossible to overcome. Moreover, although ESCs have stemness characteristics and pluripotency, they cannot be obtained from individuals and are sometimes not an ideal tool for personalized analysis and d...

Pluripotent stem cells are the next-generation platform in various clinical and biological fields. They are a promising tool that can be used in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medical therapy. Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) were mainly used to study and understand pluripotent cells. However, isolated by the destruction of the human blastocyst, hESCs are associated with several ethical concerns. In 2007, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka and his team reversed the cell programming process and developed stem cells from human adult somatic cells1,2. Therefore, unlike hESCs, induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) can be generated from mature somatic cells, avoiding the ethical hurdles.
Usually, iPSCs are generated by the delivery of four exogenous genes: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. These Yamanaka factors are originally delivered using lentiviral and retroviral systems. The first iPSCs were derived from mouse somatic cells3. Afterwards, the technique was applied to human dermal fibroblasts1,2. Subsequent studies successfully generated iPSCs from various sources, such as urine4, blood5,6, keratinocytes7, and several other cell types. However, there are some somatic cells that have not been used in reprogramming, and screening of the reprogramming capabilities of various cell types from specific tissues in disease state, is still required.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that can strike all joints and lead to autoimmune conditions in other organs. RA affects about 1% of adults in the developed world. It is a rather common disease and its incidence increases each year8. However, RA is hard to identify in the early stages and oncebone destruction occurs there is no treatment that can recover the damage. Moreover, drug efficacy differs from patient to patient, and it is hard to predict the medicine that is required. Therefore, the development of a drug-screening method is needed, and a cell material that can reflect the conditions of RA is required.
Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (FLSs) are an active cellular participant in the pathogenesis of RA9,10. FLSs exist in the synovial intimal lining between the joint capsule and cavity, which is also referred to as the synovium. By supporting the joint structure and providing nutrients to the surrounding cartilage, FLSs usually play a crucial role in joint function and maintenance. However, FLSs in RA have an invasive phenotype. RA FLSs have a cancer-like phenotype, eventually destroying the surrounding bone by infinite proliferation10. With this unique characteristic, FLSs can be used as a promising material that can reflect the pathobiology of RA. Yet, these cells are rarely produced, and the cell phenotypes alter as the cells go through several passages in in vitro conditions. Therefore, it can be complicated to use RA FLSs as a tool that can represent the patient&#39;s condition.
Theoretically, RA patient-derived iPSCs (RA-iPSCs) can become an ideal tool for drug screening and further research. Generated iPSCs have self-renewal ability and can be maintained and expanded in vitro. With pluripotency, these cells can be differentiated into mature chondrocyte and osteocyte lineages, which can contribute cell material for specific research in RA and other bone-related diseases11.
In this study, we demonstrate how to isolate and expand FLSs from a surgically removed synovium, and how to generate RA-iPSCs from FLSs using lentiviruses containing Yamanaka factors.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm Dish</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>93100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well Plate</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>7551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>7543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well Plate</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLS Isolation Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Forcep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995-073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6885-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>54956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS/1 mM EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12604-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPSC Generation Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentivirus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12, HEPES</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11330-057</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (500 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 543 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5261</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 14 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Transfferin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3705</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 10.7 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic FGF2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 100 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Insulin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12585-014</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 20 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human TGF&#946;1</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-21</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 2 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 64 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>TR-1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Butyrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B5887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitronectin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A14700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guality Control Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 mm Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Superior</td>
			<td>HSU-0111580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldyhyde</td>
			<td>Tech &#38; Innovation</td>
			<td>BPP-9004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>BIOSESANG</td>
			<td>9002-93-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Vector Lab</td>
			<td>SP-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SSEA4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Oct4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC9081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRA-1-60 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Sox2 Antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>630801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRA-1-81 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Klf4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab151733</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>A11037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide Glass, Coated</td>
			<td>Hyun Il Lab-Mate</td>
			<td>HMA-S9914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>366919</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoprypylalcohol</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>109634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientfic</td>
			<td>K1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>iNtRON BIOTECH</td>
			<td>25021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 10X TBE Buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15581-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>loading star</td>
			<td>Dyne Bio</td>
			<td>A750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>9012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1kb (+) DNA ladder marker</td>
			<td>Enzynomics</td>
			<td>DM003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCR004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced-pluripotent stem cells using fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from various somatic cell types by transducing four Yamanaka transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. The study of iPSCs remains at the cutting edge of biological and clinical research. In particular, patient-specific iPSCs can be used as a pioneering tool for the study of disease pathobiology, since iPSCs can be induced from the tissue of any individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, classified by the destruction of cartilage and bone structure in the joint. Synovial hyperplasia is one of the major reasons or symptoms that lead to these results in RA. Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (FLSs) are the main component cells in the hyperplastic synovium. FLSs in the joint limitlessly proliferate, eventually invading the adjacent cartilage and bone. Currently, the hyperplastic synovium can be removed only by a surgical procedure. The removed synovium is used for RA research as a material that reflects the inflammatory condition of the joint. As a major player in the pathogenesis of RA, FLSs can be used as a material to generate and investigate the iPSCs of RA patients. In this study, we used the FLSs of a RA patient to generate iPSCs. Using a lentiviral system, we discovered that FLSs can generate RA patient-specific iPSC. The iPSCs generated from FLSs can be further used as a tool to study the pathophysiology of RA in the future.

In this study, we describe a protocol to generate iPSCs from FLSs using a lentiviral system. Figure 1A shows a simple scheme of the FLS isolation protocol. Following surgical removal of the synovium, the tissue was chopped into small pieces using surgical scissors. Collagenase was added to isolate the cells from the clumps of tissue. Cells were incubated for 14 days before further processing. Figure1B shows the morphology of the isolated ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients at JoVE.com

Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced-pluripotent stem cells from patient-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes, using a lentiviral system without feeder cells.

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to generate induced-pluripotent stem cells, or IPCs, from fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from the synovial tissue of a rheumatoid arthritis inflamed joint. Currently, iPSC's can be generated from various human primary cells. We successfully generated iPSC's from human fibroblast-like synoviocytes, which are the key pathological cells of rheumatoid joints.This may help to investigate the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. This periodical can help answer key questions about degeneration of IPSC's, using RA-FLSs. Begin by placing the synovial tissue in a 100 millimeter dish and washing the tissue with 5 milliliters of PBS supplemented with antibiotics.Remove the yellowish fat tissue and bone residue. Then transfer the trimmed tissue into one well of a six well plate containing 5 milliliters of DMEM supplemented with FBS and use scissors to mince the tissue until the pieces are small enough to penetrate a disposable pipet tip. Transfer the medium to a 50 milliliter conical tube, then add 5 milliliters of fresh DMEM plus FBS to the well to collect any remaining tissue and transfer the entire well contents to the tube.Next, add ice-thawed collagenase to a final concentration of 0.01%to the tube and seal the tube with parafilm for incubation in a 37 degree Celsius water bath with shaking. After four hours, fill the tube with fresh DMEM plus FBS to a final volume of 50 milliliters and collect the tissue fragments by centrifugation. Remove the supernatant without disturbing the pellet then re-suspend the cells in 40 milliliters of fresh medium for another centrifugation.Re-suspend the second pellet in 25 miilliters of fresh DMEM plus FBS and allow the large clumps of tissue to settle. Then transfer the supernatant into a new 100 millimeter dish and incubate the synoviocytes at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2 for 14 days. To expand the synoviocyte culture discard the used medium and wash the cells in 5 milliliters of PBS.Remove the PBS and dissociate the cells with 1 milliliter of EDTA in the cell culture incubator for 2 minutes. At the end of the incubation, tap the dish gently to detach any remaining adherent cells and transfer the resulting cell suspension into a 15 milliliter conical tube for centrifugation. Re-suspend the pellet in 30 milliliters of DMEM and FBS and split the cells into 3 new 100 millimeter dishes.Feed the synoviocytes with fresh medium every 3 days, splitting the cells into 3 new cultures at 80%confluency as just demonstrated. On transduction Day zero, see 3 x 10 to the 4th FLS's per well onto a 6 well plate in fresh growth medium for an overnight incubation at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%CO2. The next day, thaw 1 vial of Lenti-virus containing 4 Yamanaka factors at 4 degrees Celsius and replace the FLS culture medium with FLS growth medium supplemented with hexadimethrine bromide and ascorbic acid.When the vial contents have thawed add 30 microliters of lenti-virus to the cells and gently mix to homogeneously distribute the virus. To improve the infection, centrifuge the plate and return the cells to the incubator replacing the medium every day with fresh FLS growth medium containing sodium butyrate and ascorbic acid for 3 days. On the 4th day, replace the medium with a mixture of FLS growth and iPSC medium containing sodium butyrate and ascorbic acid.On day 5 add 60 microliters of vitronectin to 6 milliliter of PBS without calcium and magnesium and coat 3 wells of a 6 well plate with 2 milliliters of the solution each for at least an hour at room temperature. While the vitronectin is setting, wash the transduced cells with PBS and detach them with EDTA as demonstrated. After collecting the dissociated cells by centrifuguation, re-suspend the pellet in 900 microliters of fresh medium.Remove the excess vitronectin from the wells and add 300, 150, and 100 microliters of cells into individual wells. Then return the cells to the incubator, replacing the medium daily with fresh iPSC medium until colonies appear. To pick the colonies, first add 500 microliters of iPCS medium, supplemented with ROCK inhibitor to each well of a vitronectin-coated 48 well plate.Then, place the FLS cultures under a dissecting microscope on a clean bench, and use a 10 microliter pipet tip to cut around a colony of interest. Using a 200 microliter pipet tip, transfer the picked colony to 1 well of the 48 well plate. When all of the colonies have been picked, place the plate in the cell culture incubator until the colonies are big enough for transfer.Splitting the cells when the colonies are out of the visible field of the microscope, as viewed at 100X magnification. In this image, the morphology of the isolated FLS after an initial 14 day culture can be observed. The cells exhibit the characteristics of fibroblasts in general with a similar expression of the fibrotic markers vimentin and fibronectin as well as a low expression of the macrophage-like synoviocyte marker CD-68.8 to 11 days after the Yamanaka factor lenti-viral transduction, small colonies begin to appear that can be picked and amplified for 5 to 10 passages.These rheumatoid arthritis iPSC's express alkaline phosphatase indicating that they remain undifferentiated. The cells also express pluripotent markers as confirmed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Rheumatoid arthritis iPCS's exhibit a normal chromosomal pattern of 44+XY as determined by karyotyping.Furthur, 12 weeks after their injection into SCID mice, the rheumatoid arthritis iPSC formed teratoma, that display diverse tissue phenotypes. With their germ layer differentiation confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. Once mastered, iPSC's can be generated from FLSs with synovium.After watching the video, you should have a better understanding of how to isolate from synovial tissue and how to induce reprogramming using them. These RAF-FLS-derived iPSC's can be useful for studying regeneration or drug screening in rheumatology. Once these iPSC's are established, various kinds of target cells or organs can be generated.Which may be useful for studying the disease or other future applications, such as gene editing and so forth.

generation-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-using-fibroblast-like

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Transfection, Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral vector mediated random integration. This protocol describes a universal and efficient transgene targeted addition platform in human iPSCs based on utilization of validated open-source TALENs and a gene-trap-like donor to deliver transgenes into a safe harbor locus. Importantly, effective gene editing is rate-limited by the delivery efficiency of gene editing vectors. Therefore, this protocol first focuses on preparation of iPSCs for transfection to achieve high nuclear delivery efficiency. When iPSCs are dissociated into single cells using a gentle-cell dissociation reagent and transfected using an optimized program, >50% cells can be induced to take up the large gene editing vectors. Because the AAVS1 locus is located in the intron of an active gene (PPP1R12C), a splicing acceptor (SA)-linked puromycin resistant gene (PAC) was used to select targeted iPSCs while excluding random integration-only and untransfected cells. This strategy greatly increases the chance of obtaining targeted clones, and can be used in other active gene targeting experiments as well. Two weeks after puromycin selection at the dose adjusted for the specific iPSC line, clones are ready to be picked by manual dissection of large, isolated colonies into smaller pieces that are transferred to fresh medium in a smaller well for further expansion and genetic and functional screening. One can follow this protocol to readily obtain multiple GFP reporter iPSC lines that are useful for in vivo and in vitro imaging and cell isolation.

TALEN-mediated gene editing at the safe harbor AAVS1 locus enables high-efficiency transgene addition in human iPSCs. This protocol describes the procedures for preparing iPSCs for TALEN and donor vector delivery, transfecting iPSCs, and selecting and isolating iPSC clones to achieve targeted integration of a GFP gene to generate reporter lines.

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc), typically expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Due to their similarity with hESCs, iPSCs have become an important tool for potential patient-specific regenerative medicine, avoiding ethical issues associated with hESCs. In order to obtain cells suitable for clinical application, transgene-free iPSCs need to be generated to avoid transgene reactivation, altered gene expression and misguided differentiation. Moreover, a highly efficient and inexpensive reprogramming method is necessary to derive sufficient iPSCs for therapeutic purposes. Given this need, an efficient non-integrating episomal plasmid approach is the preferable choice for iPSC derivation. Currently the most common cell type used for reprogramming purposes are fibroblasts, the isolation of which requires tissue biopsy, an invasive surgical procedure for the patient. Therefore, human peripheral blood represents the most accessible and least invasive tissue for iPSC generation.
In this study, a cost-effective and viral-free protocol using non-integrating episomal plasmids is reported for the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats after whole blood centrifugation and without density gradient separation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.

This protocol describes how to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of matrigel and Sendai virus vectors containing reprogramming factors.

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets of patients with metastatic melanoma. Major obstacles of this approach are the reduced viability of transferred T cells, caused by telomere shortening, and the limited number of TILs obtained from patients. Less-differentiated T cells with long telomeres would be an ideal T cell subset for adoptive T cell therapy;however, generating large numbers of these less-differentiated T cells is problematic. This limitation of adoptive T cell therapy can be theoretically overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, have elongated telomeres, and provide an unlimited source of autologous T cells for immunotherapy. Here, we present a protocol to generate iPSCs using Sendai virus vectors for the transduction of reprogramming factors into TILs. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed, vector-free clones. These TIL-derived iPSCs might be able to generate less-differentiated patient- and tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.

The goal of this protocol is to show the protocol for reprogramming melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent state. Now, reprogramming is done with various types of adult somatic cells: keratinocytes, urine cells, fibroblasts, etc. Early experiments were usually done with dermal fibroblasts. However, this required an invasive surgical procedure to obtain fibroblasts from the patients. Therefore, suspension cells, such as blood and urine cells, were considered ideal for reprogramming because of the convenience of obtaining the primary cells. Here, we report an efficient protocol for iPSC generation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). By plating the transduced PBMCs serially to a new, matrix-coated plate using centrifugation, this protocol can easily provide iPSC colonies. This method is also applicable to umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs). This study presents a simple and efficient protocol for the reprogramming of PBMCs and CBMCs.

We propose a protocol for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). By plating the transduced blood cells onto matrix-coated plates with centrifugation, iPSCs are successfully induced from floating cells. This technique suggests a simple and effective reprogramming protocol for cells such as PBMCs and CBMCs.

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. Efforts to study human cerebral cortex development have been limited by the availability of model systems. Translating results from rodent studies to the human system is restricted by species differences and studies on human primary tissues are hampered by a lack of tissue availability as well as ethical concerns. Recent development in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology include the generation of three-dimensional (3D) self-organizing organotypic culture systems, which mimic to a certain extent human-specific brain development in vitro. Currently, various protocols are available for the generation of either whole brain or brain-region specific organoids. The method for the generation of homogeneous and reproducible forebrain-type organoids from induced PSC (iPSC), which we previously established and describe here, combines the intrinsic ability of PSC to self-organize with guided differentiation towards the anterior neuroectodermal lineage and matrix embedding to support the formation of a continuous neuroepithelium. More specifically, this protocol involves: (1) the generation of iPSC aggregates, including the conversion of iPSC colonies to a confluent monolayer culture; (2) the induction of anterior neuroectoderm; (3) the embedding of neuroectodermal aggregates in a matrix scaffold; (4) the generation of forebrain-type organoids from neuroectodermal aggregates; and (5) the fixation and validation of forebrain-type organoids. As such, this protocol provides an easily applicable system for the generation of standardized and reproducible iPSC-derived cortical tissue structures in vitro.

Cerebral organoids represent a new model system to investigate early human brain development in vitro. This article provides the detailed methodology to efficiently generate homogeneous dorsal forebrain-type organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells including critical characterization and validation steps.

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...