Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Vue d'ensemble

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Henrik Sundén – Chalmers University of Technology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a vital analysis technique for organic chemists. With the help of NMR, the work in the organic lab has been facilitated tremendously. Not only can it provide information about the structure of a molecule but also determine the content and purity of a sample. Compared with other commonly encountered techniques for organic chemists — such as thermal analysis and mass spectrometry (MS) — NMR is a non-destructive method that is valuable when recovery of the sample is important.

One of the most frequently used NMR techniques for an organic chemist is proton (¹H) NMR. The protons present in a molecule will behave differently depending on its surrounding chemical environment, making it possible to elucidate its structure. Moreover, it is possible to monitor the completion of a reaction by comparing NMR spectra of the starting material to that of the final product.

This video exemplifies how NMR spectroscopy can be used in the everyday work of an organic chemist. The following will be shown: i) preparation of an NMR sample. ii) Using ¹H NMR to monitor a reaction. iii) Identifying the product obtained from a reaction with ¹H NMR. The reaction that will be shown is the synthesis of an E-chalcone (3) from an aldehyde (1) and a ketone (2) (Scheme 1).¹

Scheme 1. Synthesis of (2E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-propen-1-one.

Procédure

1. Preparation of NMR Starting Material

Add ~10 mg starting material to a clean NMR tube.
Dissolve the starting material in ~0.7 mL deuterated solvent (example given CDCl₃). A suitable height of the solvent for a good spectrum is 4.5-5 cm.
Cap the NMR tube carefully and write the sample name on the cap.
Shake the sample gently to ensure that all material had dissolved. Take care to avoid contact between the solvent and the cap, which could lead to possib

Résultats

By comparing the spectra of the starting materials (Figures 1 and 2) to that of the final product (Figure 5) a clear difference between the spectra can be observed, indicating formation of the chalcone. The endpoint of the reaction can be determines by taking NMR samples at different time-intervals; for example, the aldehyde proton peak (C(=O)H) (1) can be seen in Figure 3 but not in Figure 4

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Applications et Résumé

NMR can, for example, be used to detect reaction intermediates, facilitating the work in elucidation of a reaction mechanism. With the help of NMR it is also possible to observe molecular motions and interactions important for drug development. Furthermore, NMR can give structural information about solid materials; for instance to provide a rationale for observed material properties. Other applications of NMR can be found in the field of medicine, where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used for medical diagnosis. NMR has also b

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References

Ta, L., Axelsson, A., Bijl, J., Haukka, M., Sundén, H., Ionic Liquids as Precatalysts in the Highly Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes to Chalcones. Chem. Eur. J. 20 (43), 13889-13893 (2014).

Table adapted from Graham Solomons, T. W. Fryhle, C. B., Organic Chemistry, 10^th edition, Wiley, p. 387, 418 (2011).

Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., Wothers, P. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Organic Chemistry, Chapter 11, Oxford University Press, 269 (2001).

Wu, X.-F., Neumann, H., Spannenberg, A., Schulz, T., Jiao, H., Beller, M.,Development of a General Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (41), 14596-14602 (2010).

1. Preparation of NMR Starting Material

Add ~10 mg starting material to a clean NMR tube.

Dissolve the starting material in ~0.7 mL deuterated solvent (example given CDCl₃). A suitable height of the solvent for a good spectrum is 4.5-5 cm.

Cap the NMR tube carefully and write the sample name on the cap.

Shake the sample gently to ensure that all material had dissolved. Take care to avoid contact between the solvent and the cap, which could lead to possible contamination of the sample.

Insert the NMR tube carefully into a spinner. The spinner will rotate once inserted into the magnet to ensure that the entire sample experiences a homogenous magnetic field. Clean the outside of the NMR tube and spinner with 2-propanol and lab tissues in order to remove fingerprints and dirt.

Place the spinner in a sample depth gauge to ensure that the bottom of the NMR tube is not inserted too far into the NMR probe as that could possibly damage the spectrometer. Different probes have different sample depths and the user should be aware of the specific depth gauge.

Place the sample in the NMR spectrometer. Here a Varian 400 MHz spectrometer, equipped with an autosampler, was used.

After completion of the NMR measurement, process the spectrum and assign the peaks in the spectrum.

2. Preparation of 3 M NaOH and Chalcone Synthesis

Add 60 mg NaOH to a 50-mL volumetric flask.

Dissolve the NaOH by adding deionized water to half of the flask. Dilute the solution further by adding more water until the mark is reached.

Add 10 mL ethanol to a 50-mL round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar.

Thereafter, add 680.5 mg 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 5 mL NaOH solution prepared in step 2.1 to the same flask.

Add 671 mg 4-methylacetophenone subsequently to the stirred solution and cap the flask and stir at room temperature.

Monitor the progress of the reaction by ¹H NMR at 30 min intervals (see step 3) until full consumption of starting materials.

Add 5 mL water when the reaction has reached completion (~3 h). Filter the resulting precipitate and wash it with 20 mL 1:2 ethanol/water. Let the precipitate air dry.

Calculate the yield of the obtained product. Prepare an NMR sample according to step 1.2.2.7. Check purity with ¹H NMR. If not pure, purify the product via recrystallization with ethanol.

Add approximately 3 drops of reaction mixture to an NMR tube using a Pasteur pipette and rinse the pipette with deuterated solvent.

Repeat steps 1.2–1.8.

3. Brief Interpretation of an NMR Spectrum

Process the spectrum with a suitable program (example given MestReNova).

Correlate the different peaks to the NMR shifts in Table 1. The chemical shifts gives a hint of what type of environment the protons exists in.

Integrate the peaks to give the number of hydrogens corresponding to each peak. Integration of all peaks gives a relative number of total protons.

Evaluate the splitting of the proton-peaks, which indicate the number of neighbors.

Measure the J-coupling to see how the protons are connected to each other.

Passer à...

0:00

Overview

1:11

Principles of NMR

4:01

Preparation of the Starting Material

5:30

Collection of Reaction Product for NMR

6:22

Results

7:53

Applications

9:43

Summary

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