Ce travail a été soutenu par la subvention MCB-0092919 de la National Science Foundation et la subvention de recherche intra-muros 09-CDFP-2001 de la Michigan State University (à RJP) et par la subvention GM-38740 des National Institutes of Health et le projet MICL02455 du Michigan AgBioResearch (à JLW).
Le substrat pré-ARNm MINX utilisé dans les essais d’épissage était un cadeau aimable du Dr Susan Berget (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, États-Unis).

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C., Voss, P. G., Wang, J. L., Patterson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+10S+galectin-3+-+snRNP+complex+assembles+into+active+spliceosomes.">A 10S galectin-3 - snRNP complex assembles into active spliceosomes.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 44, 6391-6397 (2016).</li><li>Rappsilber, J., Ryder, U., Lamond, A. I., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+proteomic+analysis+of+the+human+spliceosome.">Large-scale proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome.</a> Genome Research. 12, 1231-1245 (2002).</li><li>Jurica, M. S., Moore, M. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+transcription+initiation+by+RNA+polymerase+II+in+a+soluble+extract+from+isolated+mammalian+nuclei.">Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 11, 1475-1489 (1983).</li><li>Agarwal, N., Sun, Q., Wang, S. Y., Wang, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate-binding+protein+35.+I.+Properties+of+the+recombinant+polypeptide+and+the+individuality+of+the+domains.">Carbohydrate-binding protein 35. I. Properties of the recombinant polypeptide and the individuality of the domains.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268, 14932 (1993).</li><li>Zillmann, M., Zapp, M. I., Berget, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel+electrophoretic+isolation+of+splicing+complexes+containing+U1+small+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein+particles.">Gel electrophoretic isolation of splicing complexes containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 8, 814-821 (1988).</li><li>Barondes, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Galectins:+a+family+of+animal+&#946;-galactoside-binding+proteins.">Galectins: a family of animal &#946;-galactoside-binding proteins.</a> Cell. 76, 597-598 (1994).</li><li>Laing, J. G., Wang, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+carbohydrate+binding+protein+35+in+heterogeneous+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein+complex.">Identification of carbohydrate binding protein 35 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex.</a> Biochemistry. 27, 5329-5334 (1988).</li><li>Vyakarnam, A., Lenneman, A. J., Lakkides, K. M., Patterson, R. J., Wang, J. 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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cwc25+is+a+novel+splicing+factor+required+after+Prp2+and+Yju2+to+facilitate+the+first+catalytic+reaction.">Cwc25 is a novel splicing factor required after Prp2 and Yju2 to facilitate the first catalytic reaction.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29, 5671-5678 (2009).</li><li>Krishnan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biased+Brownian+ratcheting+leads+to+pre-mRNA+remodeling+and+capture+prior+to+first-step+splicing.">Biased Brownian ratcheting leads to pre-mRNA remodeling and capture prior to first-step splicing.</a> Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 20, 1450-1457 (2013).</li><li>Gray, R. 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Ce rapport fournit les détails expérimentaux qui documentent un complexe snRNP Gal3 - U1 piégé sur des billes enrobées anti-Gal3 peut se lier au substrat pré-ARNm et ce complexe ternaire peut restaurer l’activité d’épissage à un NE appauvri en U1 snRNP. Gal3 est un membre d’une famille de protéines isolées à l’origine sur la base de son activité de liaison aux glucides spécifiques au galactose23 . Les premières études d’immunofluorescence et de fractionnement subcellulair...

La production de la plupart des ARN messagers eucaryotes (ARNm) implique l’élimination des introns et la ligature des exons dans un processus nucléaire appelé épissage pré-ARNm1. Deux classes de complexes ARN-protéine (RNP) dirigent le traitement de l’ARN pré-messager en ARNm mature via des complexes splicéosomiques. Une classe, les RNP pré-messagers naissants, est formée co-transcriptionnellement par la liaison de protéines RNP nucléaires hétérogènes et d’autres protéines de liaison à l’ARN, y compris certains membres de la famille SR, produisant des complexes hnRNP2. Les petits RNP nucléaires de deuxième classe, riches en uraciles (SNNP U avec des SNRNA U1, U2, U4, U5 et U6) sont associés à des protéines spécifiques à l’U et au noyau3,4. Les SNNP U interagissent de manière ordonnée avec des régions spécifiques des RNP pré-messagers dans une voie de remodelage dynamique à mesure que les introns sont excisés et que les exons sont ligaturés pour produire des ARNm matures5. De nombreuses protéines nucléaires supplémentaires participent à ces événements de traitement6.
La galectine-1 (Gal1) et la galectine-3 (Gal3) sont deux protéines qui sont des facteurs requis dans la voie d’épissage, comme le montrent les études d’épuisement-reconstitution7,8. L’élimination des deux galectines de l’épissage d’extraits nucléaires compétents (NE) abolit l’assemblage et l’épissage des épissages à un stade précoce. L’ajout de l’une ou l’autre galectine à un NE doublement appauvri restaure les deux activités. Gal1 et Gal3 sont des composants des spliceosomes actifs, comme en témoigne l’immunoprécipitation spécifique du pré-ARNm, des intermédiaires d’épissage et de l’ARNm mature par antisérum spécifique pour Gal1 ou Gal39. Il est important de noter que Gal3 s’associe à des particules endogènes contenant de l’ARN U dans le NE en dehors de la voie d’épissage, comme le montre la précipitation des snRNP par l’antisérum anti-Gal310. Enfin, le silence de Gal3 dans les cellules HeLa modifie les schémas d’épissage de nombreux gènes11.
Dans le NE pré-incubé pour désassembler les spliceosomes préformés12, les snRNP se retrouvent dans de multiples complexes sédimentant dans des gradients de glycérol de 7S à plus de 60S. Bien que le fractionnement du gradient de glycérol soit une technique courante pour l’isolement des complexes et composants splicéosomiques (voir références13,14,15 par exemple), nous avons étendu cette méthode en caractérisant des fractions spécifiques à l’aide d’immunoprécipitations d’anticorps. Un snRNP sédimentant à 10S ne contient que de l’ARNS U1 avec Gal3. L’immunoprécipitation de la fraction 10S avec des antisérums spécifiques pour Gal3 ou U1 snRNP co-précipite à la fois U1 et Gal3 indiquant que certaines des monoparticules SnRNP U1 sont liées à Gal310. Comme U1 snRNP est le premier complexe qui se lie au pré-mRNP dans l’assemblage splicéosomal1,5, cette étape représente un site d’entrée potentiel pour Gal3 dans la voie d’épissage. Sur cette base, nous avons montré que les monoparticules de snRNP 10S Gal3-U1 liées à des perles contenant des anti-Gal3 ont restauré l’activité d’épissage à un NE appauvri en U1 snRNP, établissant ce complexe comme un mécanisme par lequel Gal3 est recruté dans la voie splicéosomale16. Cela contraste avec les tentatives d’isoler les spliceosomes à des stades spécifiques de la réaction d’épissage et de catalogage des facteurs associés17,18. Dans de telles études, la présence de certains facteurs à un moment donné est déterminée, mais pas le mécanisme par lequel ils ont été chargés.
Nous avions précédemment décrit en détail la préparation du NE, le substrat d’épissage, l’assemblage du mélange réactionnel d’épissage et l’analyse des produits dans notre documentation sur le rôle des galectines dans l’épissage pré-ARNm19. Nous décrivons maintenant les procédures expérimentales de fractionnement d’extraits nucléaires pour obtenir une fraction enrichie en complexe snRNP Gal3 - U1 et pour l’immuno-sélection de ce dernier complexe afin de reconstituer l’activité d’épissage dans un extrait nucléaire appauvri en U1.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61990/61990fig01.jpg"> Figure 1 : Schéma illustrant la complémentarité de l’activité d’épissage dans l’extrait nucléaire appauvri en U1 snRNP par un complexe snRNP Gal3-U1 sur des billes. (A) NE dans le tampon C (NE(C)) est incubé avec des billes de protéine A-sépharose couplées de manière covalente avec des billes anti-U1 snRNP (αU1). La fraction non liée est appauvrie en U1 snRNP (U1ΔNE). (B) LE NE dans le tampon D (NE(D)) est fractionné sur un gradient de glycérol de 12 % à 32 % par ultracentrifugation. Les fractions correspondant à la région 10S (fractions 3-5) sont combinées et mélangées avec des billes couplées de manière covalente avec des anticorps anti-Gal3 (billes αGal3). Le matériau lié aux perles contient une monoparticule Gal3-U1 snRNP. (C) Le complexe snRNP Gal3-U1 de la partie (B) est mélangé avec U1ΔNE de la partie (A) dans un essai d’épissage utilisant un substrat pré-ARNm MINX marqué 32P et les intermédiaires et produits de la réaction d’épissage sont analysés par électrophorèse sur gel et autoradiographie. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61990/61990fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Veuillez cliquer ici pour voir une version agrandie de cette figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-U1 snRNP</td>
			<td>The Binding Site</td>
			<td>Hu ENA-RNP #33471</td>
			<td>human autoimmune serum specific for U1 snRNP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bottle top vacuum filter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Corning 431153 (0.22 &#956;m; PES 150 ml)</td>
			<td>for filtering solutions containing Tris</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
			<td>International Equipment Company</td>
			<td>IEC Model PR-6</td>
			<td>for pelletting Sepharose beads in immunoprecipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>159220-5G</td>
			<td>for treatment of water used in preparation of all solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dimethylpimelimidate (DMP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>80490-5G</td>
			<td>for cross-linking antibody to Sepharose beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrophoresis cell</td>
			<td>BioRad Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>Mini-Protean II</td>
			<td>for SDS-PAGE separation of proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>411000-100ml</td>
			<td>for blocking after the cross-linking reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gel electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>Hoefer, Inc</td>
			<td>HSI SE 500 Series</td>
			<td>for separating snRNAs by gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gel slab dryer</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>Model 224</td>
			<td>for drying gel slabs for autoradiography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybond ECL membrane</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>RPN3032D (0.2 &#956;m; 30 cm x 3 m)</td>
			<td>for immunoblotting of proteins on membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microdialyzer (12 x 100 &#956;l sample capacity)</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>Microdialyzer System 100</td>
			<td>for exchanging the buffer of nuclear extract&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microdialyzer membranes (8K cutoff)</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>66310</td>
			<td>for exchanging the buffer of nuclear extract&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-fat dry milk</td>
			<td>Spartan Stores</td>
			<td>Spartan Instant Non-fat Dry Milk</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein A Sepharose CL-4B</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>GE 17-0780-01</td>
			<td>for coupling antibody to beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>P2308-5mg</td>
			<td>for stopping the splicing reaction to isolate the RNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNasin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2111</td>
			<td>for inhibiting ribonuclease activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rocker/rotator</td>
			<td>Lab Industries, Inc&#160;</td>
			<td>Labquake Shaker 400-110</td>
			<td>for mixing protein solutions in coupling reactions and in immunoprecipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety-Solve</td>
			<td>Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td>No. 111177</td>
			<td>scintillation counting cocktail for determination of radioactivity in splicing substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scintillation counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Instruments</td>
			<td>LS6000SC</td>
			<td>scintillation counter for determination of radioactivity&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>speed vaccum concentrator</td>
			<td>Savant</td>
			<td>SVC 100H</td>
			<td>for drying ethanol-precipitated RNA pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transphor electrophoresis unit</td>
			<td>Hoefer, Inc</td>
			<td>Hoefer TE Series Transphor</td>
			<td>for protein transfer from SDS-PAGE to blotting membrane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

complementation of splicing activity by a galectin-3 - u1 snrnp complex on beads

Les expériences classiques d’épuisement-reconstitution indiquent que la galectine-3 est un facteur d’épissage requis dans les extraits nucléaires. Le mécanisme d’incorporation de la galectine-3 dans la voie d’épissage est abordé dans cet article. La sédimentation d’extraits nucléaires de cellules HeLa sur des gradients de glycérol de 12% à 32% donne des fractions enrichies en une particule endogène ~10S qui contient de la galectine-3 et du snRNP U1. Nous décrivons maintenant un protocole visant à épuiser les extraits nucléaires de SnRNP U1 avec perte concomitante d’activité d’épissage. L’activité d’épissage dans l’extrait appauvri en U1 peut être reconstituée par la particule de galectine-3 - U1 snRNP piégée sur des billes d’agarose couplées de manière covalente à des anticorps anti-galectine-3. Les résultats indiquent que le complexe ternaire pré-ARNm galectine-3 - U1 snRNP - est un complexe fonctionnel E conduisant à des intermédiaires et des produits de la réaction d’épissage et que la galectine-3 pénètre dans la voie d’épissage par son association avec U1 snRNP. Le schéma consistant à utiliser des complexes d’affinité ou d’immuno-sélection sur des billes pour reconstituer l’activité d’épissage dans des extraits appauvris d’un facteur d’épissage spécifique peut être généralement applicable à d’autres systèmes.

L’épuisement ne-ne des complexes U1 snRNP (U1ΔNE de la section 2.2.6) et Gal3 - U1 snRNP de la région 10S du gradient glycérol immunoprécipité par anti-Gal3 (étape 3.2.7) a été mélangé dans une réaction d’épissage. Ce mélange réactionnel contenait de l’ARNN U1 (figure 2A, voie 3), ainsi que la protéine spécifique U1, U1-70K (figure 2B, voie 3). Comme prévu, l’anti-Gal3 a précipité Gal3 (<strong class=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads at JoVE.com

Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

Cet article décrit les procédures expérimentales pour (a) l’épuisement du PNSNS U1 à partir d’extraits nucléaires, avec perte concomitante de l’activité d’épissage; et b) reconstitution de l’activité d’épissage dans l’extrait appauvri en U1 par des particules de galectine-3 -U1 snRNP liées à des billes couplées de manière covalente à des anticorps anti-galectine-3.

Complémentation de l’activité d’épissage par un complexe Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP sur perles

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

2.1K vues.  Michigan State University. Cet article décrit les procédures expérimentales pour (a) l’épuisement du PNSNS U1 à partir d’extraits nucléaires, avec perte concomitante de l’activité d’épissage; et b) reconstitution de l’activité d’épissage dans l’extrait appauvri en U1 par des particules de galectine-3 -U1 snRNP liées à des billes couplées de manière covalente à des anticorps anti-galectine-3.

Vidéo: Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological materials. Such approaches have received considerable attention in research on the boundary between living and nonliving matter and have been used to construct artificial cells over the past two decades. In particular, Giant Vesicles (GVs) have often been used as artificial cell membranes. In this paper, we describe the preparation of GVs encapsulating highly packed microspheres as a model of cells containing highly condensed biomolecules. The GVs were prepared by means of a simple water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method. Specifically, a homogenizer was used to emulsify an aqueous solution containing the materials to be encapsulated and an oil containing dissolved phospholipids, and the resulting emulsion was layered carefully on the surface of another aqueous solution. The layered system was then centrifuged to generate the GVs. This powerful method was used to encapsulate materials ranging from small molecules to microspheres.

Giant vesicles containing highly packed micrometer-sized components are useful cell models. The water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method is a simple, powerful tool for the preparation of giant vesicles with encapsulated materials.

Préparation de vésicules encapsulant géantes Microsphères par centrifugation d&#39;une émulsion eau-dans-huile

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological ...

Recherche

Biochimie

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide sequences. Synthesis of some unnatural amino acids often includes the use of a precursor consisting of a Schiff-base stabilized by a nickel cation. Unnatural side-chains can be installed on an amino acid backbone found in this Schiff-base complex. The resulting unnatural amino acid can then be isolated from this complex using hydrolysis of the Schiff-base, typically by employing reflux in strongly acidic solution. These highly acidic conditions may remove acid-labile side-chain protecting groups necessary for the unnatural amino acids to be used in microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this work, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented in this work are suitable for retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups and may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

Here, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff-base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented here are suitable for use when retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups is required. This technique may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

Hydrolysats d&#39;un complexe Ni-base de Schiff Conditions Utilisation Convient pour le maintien de groupes protecteurs d&#39;acide labile

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide ...

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant strains. Carbohydrate substrate binding proteins (SBPs) represent viable targets for the development of protein-based vaccines and new antimicrobials because of their extracellular localization and the centrality of carbohydrate import for pneumococcal metabolism, respectively. Described here is a rationalized integrated protocol to carry out a comprehensive characterization of SP0092, which can be extended to other carbohydrate SBPs from the pneumococcus and other bacteria. This procedure can aid the structure-based design of inhibitors for this class of proteins. Presented in the first part of this manuscript are protocols for biochemical analysis by thermal shift assay, multi angle light scattering (MALS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which optimize the stability and homogeneity of the sample directed to crystallization trials and so enhance the probability of success. The second part of this procedure describes the characterization of the SBP crystals using a tunable wavelength anomalous diffraction synchrotron beamline, and data collection protocols for measuring data that can be used to resolve the crystallized protein structure.

A streamlined protocol for performing an extensive biochemical and structural characterization of a carbohydrate substrate binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae is presented.

Caractérisation biochimique et structurelle de l’hydrate de carbone Transport substrat-GRB2 SP0092

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant ...

Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been shown to be linked with familial Parkinson&#39;s disease (FPD). Since abnormal activation of the kinase activity of LRRK2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, it is essential to establish a method to evaluate the physiological levels of the kinase activity of LRRK2. Recent studies revealed that LRRK2 phosphorylates members of the Rab GTPase family, including Rab10, under physiological conditions. Although the phosphorylation of endogenous Rab10 by LRRK2 in cultured cells could be detected by mass spectrometry, it has been difficult to detect it by immunoblotting due to the poor sensitivity of currently available phosphorylation-specific antibodies for Rab10. Here, we describe a simple method of detecting the endogenous levels of Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2 based on immunoblotting utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with a phosphate-binding tag (P-tag), which is N-(5-(2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylmetyl)-N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tris(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol. The present protocol not only provides an example of the methodology utilizing the P-tag but also enables the assessment of how mutations as well as inhibitor treatment/administration or any other factors alter the downstream signaling of LRRK2 in cells and tissues.

The present study describes a simple method of detecting endogenous levels of Rab10 phosphorylation by leucine-rich repeat kinase 2.

Rab10 détection de Phosphorylation par LRRK2 l’activité à l’aide de SDS-PAGE avec une balise de Phosphate-binding

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been shown to be linked with familial Parkinson&#39;s disease (FPD). Since abnormal activation of ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Here we describe a simple protocol for rapidly producing hundreds of nematode growth media agar, 96-well culture plates with consistent numbers of Caenorhhabditis elegans per well. These cultures are useful for the phenotypic screening of whole organisms. We focus here on using these cultures to screen chemicals for pro-longevity effects.

Une méthode Simple pour le criblage à haut débit chimique chez Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Toeprinting analyse de Translation Initiation complexe formé sur l’ARNm chez les mammifères

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip

The preparation of well diffracting crystals and their handling before their X-ray analysis are two critical steps of biocrystallographic studies. We describe a versatile microfluidic chip that enables the production of crystals by the efficient method of counter-diffusion. The convection-free environment provided by the microfluidic channels is ideal for crystal growth and useful to diffuse a substrate into the active site of the crystalline enzyme. Here we applied this approach to the CCA-adding enzyme of the psychrophilic bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus in the presented example. After crystallization and substrate diffusion/soaking, the crystal structure of the enzyme:substrate complex was determined at room temperature by serial crystallography and the analysis of multiple crystals directly inside the chip. The whole procedure preserves the genuine diffraction properties of the samples because it requires no crystal handling.

A versatile microfluidic device is described that enables the crystallization of an enzyme using the counter-diffusion method, the introduction of a substrate in the crystals by soaking, and the 3D structure determination of the enzyme:substrate complex by a serial analysis of crystals inside the chip at room temperature.

Cristallisation et détermination structurale d’une enzyme : complexe de substrat par cristallographie sérielle dans une puce microfluidique polyvalente

The preparation of well diffracting crystals and their handling before their X-ray analysis are two critical steps of biocrystallographic studies. We ...

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

During gene expression, the vital step of pre-mRNA splicing involves accurate recognition of splice sites and efficient assembly of spliceosomal complexes to join exons and remove introns prior to cytoplasmic export of the mature mRNA. Splicing efficiency can be altered by the presence of mutations at splice sites, the influence of trans-acting splicing factors, or the activity of therapeutics. Here, we describe the protocol for a cellular assay that can be applied for monitoring the splicing efficiency of any given exon. The assay uses an adaptable plasmid encoded 3-exon/2-intron minigene reporter, which can be expressed in mammalian cells by transient transfection. Post-transfection, total cellular RNA is isolated, and the efficiency of exon splicing in the reporter mRNA is determined by either primer extension or semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We describe how the impact of disease associated 5&#8242; splice-site mutations can be determined by introducing them in the reporter; and how the suppression of these mutations can be achieved by co-transfection with U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) construct carrying compensatory mutations in its 5&#8242; region that basepairs with the 5&#8242;-splice sites at exon-intron junctions in pre-mRNAs. Thus, the reporter can be used for the design of therapeutic U1 particles to improve recognition of mutant 5&#8242; splice-sites. Insertion of cis-acting&#160;regulatory sites, such as splicing enhancer or silencer sequences, into the reporter can also be used to examine the role of U1 snRNP in regulation mediated by a specific alternative splicing factor. Finally, reporter expressing cells can be incubated with small molecules to determine the effect of potential therapeutics on constitutive pre-mRNA splicing or on exons carrying mutant 5&#8242; splice sites. Overall, the reporter assay can be applied to monitor splicing efficiency in a variety of conditions to study fundamental splicing mechanisms and splicing-associated diseases.

This protocol describes a minigene reporter assay to monitor the impact of 5&#180;-splice site mutations on splicing and develops suppressor U1 snRNA for the rescue of mutation-induced splicing inhibition. The reporter and suppressor U1 snRNA constructs are expressed in HeLa cells, and splicing is analyzed by primer extension or RT-PCR.

Un test cellulaire basé sur un rapporteur pour surveiller l’efficacité de l’épissage

During gene expression, the vital step of pre-mRNA splicing involves accurate recognition of splice sites and efficient assembly of spliceosomal complexes ...

Élargissement de la plage de concentration de l’analyse par photométrie de masse grâce à la microfluidique

Analysis of Protein Complex Formation at Micromolar Concentrations by Coupling Microfluidics with Mass Photometry

Mass photometry is a versatile mass measurement technology that enables the study of biomolecular interactions and complex formation in solution without labels. Mass photometry is generally suited to analyzing samples in the 100 pM-100 nM concentration range. However, in many biological systems, it is necessary to measure more concentrated samples to study low-affinity or transient interactions. Here, we demonstrate a method that effectively expands the range of sample concentrations that can be analyzed by mass photometry from nanomolar to tens of micromolar. 
In this protocol, mass photometry is combined with a novel microfluidics system to investigate the formation of protein complexes in solution in the micromolar concentration range. With the microfluidics system, users can maintain a sample at a desired higher concentration followed by dilution to the nanomolar range - several milliseconds prior to the mass photometry measurement. Due to the speed of the dilution, data is obtained before the equilibrium of the sample has shifted (i.e., dissociation of the complex). 
The technique is applied to measure interactions between an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and the neonatal Fc receptor, showing the formation of high-order complexes that were not quantifiable with static mass photometry measurements. 
In conclusion, the combination of mass photometry and microfluidics makes it possible to characterize samples in the micromolar concentration range and is proficient in measuring biomolecular interactions with weaker affinities. These capabilities can be applied in a range of contexts - including the development and design of biotherapeutics - enabling thorough characterization of diverse protein-protein interactions.

Pleins feux sur l’auteur : Caractérisation des interactions protéiques de faible affinité en solution à l’aide de la technologie MassFluidix

This protocol combines mass photometry with a novel microfluidics system to investigate low-affinity protein-protein interactions. This approach is based on the rapid dilution of highly concentrated complexes in solution, which enables low-affinity measurements and broadens the applicability of mass photometry.

Analyse de la formation de complexes protéiques à des concentrations micromolaires par couplage de la microfluidique avec la photométrie de masse

Mass photometry is a versatile mass measurement technology that enables the study of biomolecular interactions and complex formation in solution without ...