Name: analyzing the interaction of fluorescent-labeled proteins with artificial phospholipid microvesicles using quantitative flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2022-04-06T13:30:00
Description: In the human body, most of the major physiologic reactions involved in the immune response and blood coagulation proceed on the membranes of cells. An ...

The authors were supported by a Russian Science Foundation grant 20-74-00133.

1. Fluorescent protein labeling
<ol>
	<li>Material preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 1 M Sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.0, store it at 4 &#176;C, and use it within one week.</li>
		<li>Prepare 1.5 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride buffer, pH 8.5, immediately before use.</li>
		<li>Prepare a 10 mg/mL solution of fluorescent dye (see the Table of Materials) in dimethylsulfoxide. 
		NOTE: This solution can be stored for a month at -20 &#176;C in the dark.</li>
		<li>Prepare solutions of p...

<ol>
	<li>Hoffman, M., Monroe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell-based+model+of+hemostasis.">A cell-based model of hemostasis.</a> Thrombosis and haemostasis. 85 (6), 958-965 (2001).</li><li>Roberts, H. R., Hoffman, M., Monroe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell-based+model+of+thrombin+generation.">A cell-based model of thrombin generation.</a> Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 32, 32-38 (2006).</li><li>Panteleev, M. A., Dashkevich, N. M., Ataullakhanov, F. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemostasis+and+thrombosis+beyond+biochemistry:+roles+of+geometry,+flow+and+diffusion.">Hemostasis and thrombosis beyond biochemistry: roles of geometry, flow and diffusion.</a> Thrombosis Research. 136 (4), 699-711 (2015).</li><li>Podoplelova, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hysteresis-like+binding+of+coagulation+factors+X/Xa+to+procoagulant+activated+platelets+and+phospholipids+results+from+multistep+association+and+membrane-dependent+multimerization.">Hysteresis-like binding of coagulation factors X/Xa to procoagulant activated platelets and phospholipids results from multistep association and membrane-dependent multimerization.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1858 (6), 1216-1227 (2016).</li><li>Panteleev, M. A., Ananyeva, N. M., Greco, N. J., Ataullakhanov, F. I., Saenko, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+subpopulations+of+thrombin-activated+platelets+differ+in+their+binding+of+the+components+of+the+intrinsic+factor+X-activating+complex.">Two subpopulations of thrombin-activated platelets differ in their binding of the components of the intrinsic factor X-activating complex.</a> Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 3 (11), 2545-2553 (2005).</li><li>Kotova, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+coagulation+factor+XIII+zymogen+to+activated+platelet+subpopulations:+roles+of+integrin+&#945;IIb&#946;3+and+fibrinogen.">Binding of coagulation factor XIII zymogen to activated platelet subpopulations: roles of integrin &#945;IIb&#946;3 and fibrinogen.</a> Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 119 (6), 906-915 (2019).</li><li>Fay, S. P., Posner, R. G., Swann, W. N., Sklar, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+analysis+of+the+assembly+of+ligand,+receptor,+and+G+protein+by+quantitative+fluorescence+flow+cytometry.">Real-time analysis of the assembly of ligand, receptor, and G protein by quantitative fluorescence flow cytometry.</a> Biochemistry. 30 (20), 5066-5075 (2002).</li><li>Nolan, J. P., Shen, B., Park, M. S., Sklar, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+analysis+of+human+flap+endonuclease-1+by+flow+cytometry.">Kinetic analysis of human flap endonuclease-1 by flow cytometry.</a> Biochemistry. 35 (36), 11668-11676 (1996).</li><li>Sarvazyan, N. A., Lim, W. K., Neubig, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+analysis+of+receptor&#8722;G+protein+interactions+in+cell+membranes.">Fluorescence analysis of receptor&#8722;G protein interactions in cell membranes.</a> Biochemistry. 41 (42), 12858-12867 (2002).</li><li>Sarvazyan, N. A., Neubig, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+molecular+assemblies+by+flow+cytometry:+determinants+of+Gi1+and+by+binding.">Analysis of molecular assemblies by flow cytometry: determinants of Gi1 and by binding.</a> Advances in Optical Biophysics. 3256, 122-131 (1998).</li><li>De Franceschi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ProLIF+-+Quantitative+integrin+protein-protein+interactions+and+synergistic+membrane+effects+on+proteoliposomes.">ProLIF - Quantitative integrin protein-protein interactions and synergistic membrane effects on proteoliposomes.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 132 (4), (2018).</li></ol>

The proposed method can be adapted for a rough characterization of the interaction of proteins with phospholipid membranes from various sources and compositions. The quantitative flow cytometry described here concedes to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in several parameters. In particular, it has a lower sensitivity and time resolution and requires fluorescent labeling of proteins. Fluorescent labeling can lead to a change in conformation and loss of activity for many proteins and therefore requires careful control. Howe...

Biomembranes separate the inner contents of animal cells and extracellular space. Note that membranes also surround microvesicles formed during the cell&#39;s life cycle and organelles. The cell membrane is predominantly composed of lipids and proteins. Membrane proteins perform signaling, structural, transport, and adhesive functions. However, the lipid bilayer is also essential for the interrelation of the animal cell with the extracellular space. This paper proposes a method for studying the peripheral interaction of external proteins with the lipid membrane.
The most striking example of reactions occurring on the outer membrane layer of an animal cell is the blood coagulation reaction. An important feature of blood coagulation is that all the main reactions proceed on the phospholipid membranes of cells and microvesicles arising from these cells and not in the plasma1,2,3. Membrane-dependent reactions include the process of starting coagulation (on the cell membranes of the subendothelium, inflamed endothelium, or activated immune cells, with the participation of a tissue factor), all reactions of the main cascade-activation of factors IX, X, prothrombin; activation of factor XI by thrombin (on the membranes of activated platelets, erythrocytes, lipoproteins, and microvesicles); reactions of the protein C pathway; inactivation of coagulation enzymes (on the membranes of endothelial cells with the participation of thrombomodulin cofactors, endothelial protein C receptor, heparan sulfate); and contact pathway reactions (on membranes of platelets and some microvesicles with the participation of unknown cofactors). Thus, it is impossible to investigate blood coagulation without studying the interaction of various plasma proteins with the membrane of blood cells.
This paper describes a flow-cytometry-based method for characterizing the interaction of proteins with lipid membranes of cells or microvesicles. This approach was initially proposed to study the interaction of blood plasma with platelets and artificial phospholipid vesicles. Moreover, most of the studied proteins interact directly with negatively charged membrane phospholipids, particularly with phosphatidylserine4,5. Additionally, there are proteins whose interaction with the membrane is mediated by special receptors6.
An important ability of flow cytometry is discriminating between free and bound ligands without additional separation. This feature of cytometry allows the study of ligand equilibrium binding at the endpoint and helps perform continuous kinetic measurements. The technique is unsophisticated and does not require complex sample preparation. Flow cytometry is actively used to quantitatively study the dynamics of interaction between fluorescent peptides, receptors, and G-proteins in intact and detergent-permeable neutrophils7. This approach is also applicable for exploring protein-DNA interactions and the kinetics of endonuclease activity in real time8. Over time, this method was used to quantitatively study high-affinity protein-protein interactions with purified lipid vesicles9, or, more generally, with membrane proteins expressed in a highly efficient Sf9 cell expression system10. Quantitative methods have also been described for characterizing protein-liposome interactions using flow cytometry for transmembrane proteins11.
This technique uses self-made calibration beads to avoid using commercially available beads7. The calibration beads used previously7 were intended to work with fluorescein, which substantively restricted the assortment of accessible fluorescent ligands on the proteins. In addition, this paper offers a new way to acquire and analyze kinetic data for reasonable time resolution. Although this method is described for artificial phospholipid vesicles, there are no obvious limitations for its adaptability to cells, natural vesicles, or artificial phospholipid vesicles with a different lipid composition. The method described herein allows the estimation of the parameters of interaction (kon, koff) and equilibrium (Kd) and facilitates quantitative characterization of the number of protein binding sites on the membrane. Note that this technique provides an approximate estimate of the number of binding sites. The advantages of the method are its relative simplicity, accessibility, and adaptability to native cells and natural and artificial microvesicles.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>A23187</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7522-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A37573</td>
			<td>fluorescent dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apyrase from potatoes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSCantoII</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>VWR Life Science AMRESCO</td>
			<td>Am-O332-0.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride, anhydrous, powder, &#8805;97%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4901-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DiIC16(3) (1,1&#39;-Dihexadecyl-3,3,3&#39;,3&#39;-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA disodium salt</td>
			<td>VWR Life Science AMRESCO</td>
			<td>Am-O105B-0.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSDiva</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cytometry data acquisition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td>Tree Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cytometer software for data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Factor X</td>
			<td>Enzyme research</td>
			<td>HFX 1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxylamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>141914.1209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine (Brain, Porcine)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>840053P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-&#945;-phosphatidylserine (Brain, Porcine) (sodium salt)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>840032P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Extruder</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>610020-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OriginPro 8 SR4 v8.0951</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Tablets, Biotechnology Grade</td>
			<td>VWR Life Science AMRESCO</td>
			<td>97062-732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prostaglandin E1</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>13010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sephadex G25</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>GE17-0033-01</td>
			<td>gel filtration medium for protein purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sepharose CL-2B</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>CL2B300-500ML</td>
			<td>gel filtration medium for platelet purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>61-065-RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3139-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin collumns with membrane 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>VS0171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trisodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1804-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the interaction of fluorescent-labeled proteins with artificial phospholipid microvesicles using quantitative flow cytometry

In the human body, most of the major physiologic reactions involved in the immune response and blood coagulation proceed on the membranes of cells. An important first step in any membrane-dependent reaction is binding of protein on the phospholipid membrane. An approach to studying protein interaction with lipid membranes has been developed using fluorescently labeled proteins and flow cytometry. This method allows the study of protein-membrane interactions using live cells and natural or artificial phospholipid vesicles. The advantage of this method is the simplicity and availability of reagents and equipment. In this method, proteins are labeled using fluorescent dyes. However, both self-made and commercially available, fluorescently labeled proteins can be used. After conjugation with a fluorescent dye, the proteins are incubated with a source of the phospholipid membrane (microvesicles or cells), and the samples are analyzed by flow cytometry. The obtained data can be used to calculate the kinetic constants and equilibrium Kd. In addition, it is possible to estimate the approximate number of protein binding sites on the phospholipid membrane using special calibration beads.

The flow cytometry method described herein is used to characterize the binding of plasma coagulation proteins to activated platelets. In addition, phospholipid vesicles PS:PC 20:80 were applied as a model system. This paper mainly focuses on artificial phospholipid vesicles as an example. The parameters of the cytometer, in particular, the photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage and the compensation must be selected for each specific device, the object of study (cells, artificial or natural microvesicles), and the dyes used. ...

Here, we describe a set of methods for characterizing the interaction of proteins with membranes of cells or microvesicles.

Analyzing the Interaction of Fluorescent-Labeled Proteins with Artificial Phospholipid Microvesicles using Quantitative Flow Cytometry

In the human body, most of the major physiologic reactions involved in the immune response and blood coagulation proceed on the membranes of cells. An ...

Using this quantity flow cytometry method researchers can calculate the kinetic and equilibrium customs of brought in membrane interaction and estimate the number of protein brought in by sites on the PPH membrane. The advantages of this method are the simplicity and availability of reagents and equipment. This method is exclusively for basic research.The protocol was developed to study protein lipid interactions in blood calculation, and can be used in other areas to characterize the interaction of proteins with various lipid membranes. The method can be used for the quantity assessment of ligand binding dynamics on the various cells and ligand types. Start the kinetic binding experiments by diluting phospholipid vesicles in Tyrode's buffer to a concentration of one micromolar and a total volume of 250 microliters.Then mix fluorescent labeled coagulation factor X or FX FD and a concentration of 500 nanomolar with the phospholipid vesicles in a one to one ratio to get a total volume of 500 microliters. Immediately inject 500 microliters of the mixed suspension into the flow cytometer. At a flow rate with an excitation wavelength of 488 nanometers and an emission filter of 585 nanometers;with a width of 42 for channel FL two.Next measure the mean fluorescence in channel FL four with excitation at 633 nanometers and emission filter at 660 nanometers with a width of 20. When the saturation of binding is achieved rapidly dilute the sample 20 fold with Tyrode's buffer, and monitor the dissociation until a baseline fluorescence, or a plateau, is reached. For equilibrium binding experiments incubate five micromolar artificial phospholipid vesicles with varying concentrations of FX FD from zero to 1000 nanomolar in Tyrode's buffer for 20 minutes.After incubation dilute each sample by 20 fold to a final volume of 200 microliters with Tyrode's buffer then analyze the diluted sample by flow cytometry within 30 seconds. To analyze the data, export the experiments in FSC format from cytometry data acquisition software to cytometer software for data analysis. By choosing the file and then clicking the export and FSC files tabs.once done open the FCS files into cytometer software by selecting the files on the computer and dragging the files to the program's workspace. For gating the microvesicles, identify the region of microvesicles by fluorescence of the lipophilic dye, DIC 16 three. Then use the plot button in the worksheet to create a dot plot SSC from FL two D I C 16 in log coordinates.Then choose the rectangular gate button to draw a gating region. To analyze the kinetic experiments create a dot plot using the coordinates of fluorescence over the time for the region of the vesicles. Next, export the data on the change in fluorescence over time in the CSV format;by going to choose sample and right clicking on the export tab, followed by choosing FL four time in parameters, select directory for saving before clicking the select CSV format and hitting the export tab.After transfer, open the CSV file in statistical software to calculate the simple moving average fluorescence and time for every 1000 events approximate a graph of the dependence of the single moving average fluorescence on time under the assumption of exponential dependence and use the value to calculate the kinetic association constant using an equation. Then calculate the kinetic dissociation constant using the equation as described earlier. To analyze the date of the equilibrium binding assay, determine the average fluorescence of FX FD in the region of the vesicles for each selected concentration of FX FD and then approximate the dependence of the bound factor fluorescence from the concentration of the added factor in the assumption of single site binding.Calculate the average binding parameters using an equation from three independent repeats at a minimum. Proceed to prepare calibrated beads by incubating gel filtered platelets with calcium IANA 4A twenty three, one hundred and eighty seven in the presence of 2.5 millimolar calcium chloride for 10 minutes at room temperature. Do the activated platelets add the various concentrations of FX FD and incubate the platelets with two volume percent formaldehyde.After one hour, stop the reaction by incubating the platelets with three molar glycine and 5%BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then purify the mixture from the unreacted dye with centrifugation at 400 times G for five minutes. Remove the supernate before resuspending the pellet in Tyrode's buffer containing 0.5%BSA.Next, measure the fluorescence level of the calibration beads in each sample using a spectrofluorometer and then using the flow cytometer. Determine the number of beads in each sample with the help of a cell counter. Convert the fluorescence intensity of each respective bead sample to the concentration of soluble fluorescent dye using a spectrofluorometer and recalculate the fluorescent dye concentration for the number of spectrofluorometer molecules.Create a dependence graph of the average fluorescence of the beads in a flow cytometer on the number of flurophore molecules for each sample. Then approximate the dependence by line proportionality using the analysis fitting and fit linear tabs in order. From the approximation in the equation, calculate the conversion factor of the mean fluorescence to binding sites.Later calculate the apparent number of the binding sites per vesicle of interest. The representative analysis shows gating of the artificial phosphor lipid vesicles that are one micrometer in size with the incorporated lipophilic fluorescent dye, dye I C 16, the gate was set based on a sample containing the same size artificial lipid vesicles without the fluorescent dye. The kinetics of the protein binding to the vesicles was analyzed at the first stage by collecting the sample continuously.The data obtained were analyzed using flow cytometry. The flow cytometric measurements should start as soon as possible after mixing the solutions and diluting with Tyrode's buffer. The proposed method could be supplemented with surface plasma resonance for studying brought in membrane interactions which is highly sensitive with good temporary resolution and doesn't require brought in delivery The main advantage of this method is its accessibility and simplicity.

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