עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי הגרמני הקרן הלאומית למדע (DFG) ועל ידי המכון הפדרלי הערכת סיכונים (BFR, גרמניה).

<ol>
	<li>Kaestner, L., Ruppenthal, S., S, ., Licha, K., Lin, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Imaging II. Vol. 7370, 737008-737008 (2009).</li><li>Viero, C., Kraushaar, U., Ruppenthal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+pupae+with+mesoscopic+fluorescence+tomography.">In vivo imaging of Drosophila melanogaster pupae with mesoscopic fluorescence tomography.</a> Cell Calcium. 43 (1), 59-59 (2008).</li><li>Kaestner, L., Lipp, P., Shorte, S. L., Frischknecht, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Imaging Cellular and Molecular Biological Functions. , 289-289 (2007).</li><li>Kaestner, L., Lipp, P., Popp, J., von Bally, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Optics in Life Science. Vol. 6633, 66330K-66330K (2007).</li><li>Rinne, A., Littwitz, C., Bender, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus-mediated+delivery+of+short+hairpin+RNA+(shRNA)+mediates+efficient+gene+silencing+in+terminally+differentiated+cardiac+myocytes.">Adenovirus-mediated delivery of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) mediates efficient gene silencing in terminally differentiated cardiac myocytes.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 515, 107-107 (2009).</li></ol>

ההליך המתואר עבור בידוד של עכברוש cardiomyocytes ניתן להתאים מינים אחרים, כגון עכבר 4, במידת הצורך. פרמטר שצריך הסתגלות היא לערבב אנזים לעיכול (ראה להלן), וכן את משך העיכול. שימו לב כי תאים של כמה מינים (עכבר למשל) עשוי להיות שביר יותר מאחרים (למשל חולדה). <p class="jove_content" styl...

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<td>Anesthesia solution</td>
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<td>Serumwerk Bernburg GmbH (Ursotamin), Bayer Health Care (Rompun)</td>
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<td>Mixture of 1 ml Ursotamin (100 mg/ml Ketaminhydrochlorid) and 240 &mu;l Rompun (2% Xylazinhydrochlorid)</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>117,64 mg sodium citrate in 10 ml 0.9% NaCl solution</td>
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<td>Solution A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>134 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 11 mM glucose, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.35 using 10 M NaOH, sterile filtered</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Content of solution A plus 0.2 mM EGTA, pH adjusted to 7.35 using 10 M NaOH, sterile filtered</td>
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<td>F. Hoffmann&#x2010; La Roche Ltd.</td>
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<td>500 &mu;l stock solution in 15 ml solution A (stock solution:
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Sigma&#x2010; Aldrich Co.</td>
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<td>Pac I</td>
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<td>New England Biolabs</td>
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isolation and genetic manipulation of adult cardiac myocytes for confocal imaging

Myocytes לב מבודד בלב מבוגר הן מקובלת כמודל איפשהו באמצע הדרך בין לתאי שריר עובריים בילוד מצד אחד לב עובד על השני. לפיכך, cardiomyocytes לשמש מודלים טוב פיזיולוגיה פתופיזיולוגיה הסלולר לב, לחקירות התרופות, כמו גם למחקר של מודלים של בעלי חיים מהונדס. כאן אנו מתארים שיטה לבודד את התאים מן הלב. יתר על כן אנו מראים כיצד מניפולציה גנטית על myocytes לב יכול להתבצע ללא גידול חיה מהונדס: זהו שילוב של תרבות ארוכת טווח (1 שבוע) ו - העברת גנים adenoviral. האחד האחרון מתואר מהקמת הנגיף התמרה של התאים. זה יכול לשמש לביטוי של biosensors מקודדים גנטית (GEBs), חלבונים היתוך ניאון, אלא גם על ביטוי החלבון על פני מטה הרגולציה, למשל באמצעות RNAi. כאן אנו מספקים דוגמה לביטוי של חלבון היתוך מכתים מבנה subcellular (Golgi). ביטוי חלבון כזה יכול להיות דמיינו ידי הדמיה confocal של Z-ערימות לשיקום-3D של מבנים subcellular. פרוטוקול מורכב המדינה-of-the-art בתרבות התא, ביולוגיה מולקולרית ביופיזיקה ובכך מספק גישה לחקר אופקים חדשים קרדיולוגיה הסלולר.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging at JoVE.com

Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Myocytes לב למבוגרים הם תאים ראשוניים, כי יכול להיות מבודד לבבות בעלי חיים מתורבתים במשך כמה ימים. במהלך תקופה זו תרבות העברת גנים adenoviral ניתן להשתמש בהם כדי להביע biosensors מקודדים גנטית (GEBs) או חלבונים היתוך ניאון. שתי הגישות לאפשר חקירות הסלולר באמצעות מיקרוסקופיה confocal.

בידוד מניפולציה גנטית של Myocytes לב למבוגרים הדמיה confocal

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and ...

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14.5K Views.  Universty of Saarland. Myocytes לב למבוגרים הם תאים ראשוניים, כי יכול להיות מבודד לבבות בעלי חיים מתורבתים במשך כמה ימים. במהלך תקופה זו תרבות העברת גנים adenoviral ניתן להשתמש בהם כדי להביע biosensors מקודדים גנטית (GEBs) או חלבונים היתוך ניאון. שתי הגישות לאפשר חקירות הסלולר באמצעות מיקרוסקופיה confoca...

Video: Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Primary Culture of Adult Rat Heart Myocytes

Cultured primary adult rodent heart cells are an important model system for cardiovascular research. Nevertheless, establishment of robust, viable cultured adult myocytes can be a technically challenging, rate-limiting step for many researchers. Here we described a protocol to obtain a high yield of adult rat heart myocytes that remain viable in culture for several days. The heart is isolated and perfused with collagenase and protease under low Ca2+ conditions to recover single myocytes. Ca2+-tolerant cells are obtained by stepwise increases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration in three subsequent wash steps. Cells are filtered, resuspended in culture medium, and plated on laminin coated slips. Cultured myocytes obtained using this protocol are viable for up to four days and are suitable for most experiments including electrophysiology, biochemistry, imaging and molecular biology.

In this paper, we described a typical way to isolate and culture adult rat heart myocytes. Collagenase and protease are used to digest and isolate single myocytes. Myocytes cultured follow this protocol meet most experiment requirements.

תרבות ראשונית של הלב Myocytes למבוגרים עכברוש

Cultured primary adult rodent heart cells are an important model system for cardiovascular research.  Nevertheless, establishment of robust, viable ...

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, and its involvement in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. The hippocampus is composed of distinct regions; the dentate gyrus, which comprises mainly granule neurons, and Ammon's horn, which comprises mainly pyramidal neurons, and the two regions are connected by both anatomic and functional circuits. Many different mRNAs and proteins are selectively expressed in the dentate gyrus, and the dentate gyrus is a site of adult neurogenesis; that is, new neurons are continually generated in the adult dentate gyrus. To investigate mRNA and protein expression specific to the dentate gyrus, laser capture microdissection is often used. This method has some limitations, however, such as the need for special apparatuses and complicated handling procedures. In this video-recorded protocol, we demonstrate a dissection technique for removing the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope. Dentate gyrus samples prepared using this technique are suitable for any assay, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biology analyses. We confirmed that the dissected tissue is dentate gyrus by conducting real-time PCR of dentate gyrus-specific genes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and desmoplakin (Dsp), and Ammon's horn enriched genes, Meis-related gene 1b (Mrg1b) and TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3 (Tyro3). The mRNA expressions of TDO2 and Dsp in the dentate gyrus samples were detected at obviously higher levels, whereas Mrg1b and Tyro3 were lower levels, than those in the Ammon's horn samples. To demonstrate the advantage of this method, we performed DNA microarray analysis using samples of whole hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The mRNA expression of TDO2 and Dsp, which are expressed selectively in the dentate gyrus, in the whole hippocampus of alpha-CaMKII+/- mice, exhibited 0.037 and 0.10-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, respectively. In the isolated dentate gyrus, however, these expressions exhibited 0.011 and 0.021-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, demonstrating that gene expression changes in dentate gyrus can be detected with greater sensitivity. Taken together, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be reliably used for studies focused on the dentate gyrus.

A dissection technique for removal of the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope was demonstrated in this video-recorded protocol.

Dissection של gyrus משוננת בהיפוקמפוס מתוך עכבר למבוגרים

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its ...

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

The study of electrophysiological properties of cardiac ion channels with the patch-clamp technique and the exploration of cardiac cellular Ca2+ handling abnormalities requires isolated cardiomyocytes. In addition, the possibility to investigate myocytes from patients using these techniques is an invaluable requirement to elucidate the molecular basis of cardiac diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF).1 Here we describe a method for isolation of human atrial myocytes which are suitable for both patch-clamp studies and simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. First, right atrial appendages obtained from patients undergoing open heart surgery are chopped into small tissue chunks ("chunk method") and washed in Ca2+-free solution. Then the tissue chunks are digested in collagenase and protease containing solutions with 20 &mu;M Ca2+. Thereafter, the isolated myocytes are harvested by filtration and centrifugation of the tissue suspension. Finally, the Ca2+ concentration in the cell storage solution is adjusted stepwise to 0.2 mM. We briefly discuss the meaning of Ca2+ and Ca2+ buffering during the isolation process and also provide representative recordings of action potentials and membrane currents, both together with simultaneous Ca2+ transient measurements, performed in these isolated myocytes.

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

We describe the isolation of human atrial myocytes which can be used for intracellular Ca2+ measurements in combination with electrophysiological patch-clamp studies.

בידוד של myocytes פרוזדורי אדם למדידות בו זמנית של Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; ארעי וזרמים הממברנה

The study of  electrophysiological properties of cardiac ion channels with the patch-clamp  technique and the exploration of cardiac cellular Ca2+ ...

Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly understood. Here assays are described to monitor the ability and kinetics of healing of cultured cells following localized injury. The first protocol describes an end point based approach to simultaneously assess cell membrane repair ability of hundreds of cells. The second protocol describes a real time imaging approach to monitor the kinetics of cell membrane repair in individual cells following localized injury with a pulsed laser. As healing injured cells involves trafficking of specific proteins and subcellular compartments to the site of injury, the third protocol describes the use of above end point based approach to assess one such trafficking event (lysosomal exocytosis) in hundreds of cells injured simultaneously and the last protocol describes the use of pulsed laser injury together with TIRF microscopy to monitor the dynamics of individual subcellular compartments in injured cells at high spatial and temporal resolution. While the protocols here describe the use of these approaches to study the link between cell membrane repair and lysosomal exocytosis in cultured muscle cells, they can be applied as such for any other adherent cultured cell and subcellular compartment of choice.

The process of healing injured cells involves trafficking of specific proteins and subcellular compartments to the site of cell membrane injury. This protocol describes assays to monitor these processes.

תא ההדמיה ממברנה פגיעה ותהליכי subcellular המעורבים בתיקון

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult cardiomyocytes are widely accepted as a good model for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, as well as for pharmaceutical intervention. Genetically modified mice preclude the need for complicated cardiomyocyte infection processes to generate the desired genotype, which are inefficient due to cardiomyocytes&#8217; terminal differentiation. Isolation and culture of high quantity and quality functional cardiomyocytes will dramatically benefit cardiovascular research and provide an important tool for cell signaling transduction research and drug development. Here, we describe a well-established method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes that can be implemented with little training. The mouse heart is excised and cannulated to an isolated heart system, then perfused with a calcium-free and high potassium buffer followed by type II collagenase digestion in Langendorff retrograde perfusion mode. This protocol yields a consistent result for the collection of functional adult mouse cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

We describe a reliable method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. This protocol yields a consistent result for the culture of functional adult cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

בידוד והתרבות של שריר לב מאוס למבוגרים לתא איתות ו<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; לב היפרטרופיה

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult ...

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

DNA Electroporation, בידוד והדמיה של Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice

Sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) act as the natural pacemakers of the heart, initiating each heart beat by generating spontaneous action potentials (APs). These pacemaker APs reflect the coordinated activity of numerous membrane currents and intracellular calcium cycling. However the precise mechanisms that drive spontaneous pacemaker activity in SAMs remain elusive. Acutely isolated SAMs are an essential preparation for experiments to dissect the molecular basis of cardiac pacemaking. However, the indistinct anatomy, complex microdissection, and finicky enzymatic digestion conditions have prevented widespread use of acutely isolated SAMs. In addition, methods were not available until recently to permit longer-term culture of SAMs for protein expression studies. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol and video demonstration for the isolation of SAMs from adult mice. A method is also demonstrated for maintaining adult mouse SAMs in vitro and for expression of exogenous proteins via adenoviral infection. Acutely isolated and cultured SAMs prepared via these methods are suitable for a variety of electrophysiological and imaging studies.

Methods are demonstrated for the isolation of sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) from adult mice for patch clamp electrophysiology or imaging studies. Isolated cells can be used directly or can be maintained in culture to permit expression of proteins of interest, such as genetically encoded reporters.

שיטות הבידוד, תרבות האפיון פונקציונלי של myocytes צומת Sinoatrial של עכברים בוגרים

Sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) act as the natural pacemakers of the heart, initiating each heart beat by generating spontaneous action potentials (APs). ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

בידוד, אפיון, התמיינות של תאי גזע הלב מהלב העכבר למבוגרים

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Isolation and Characterization of Adult Cardiac Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that mitigate fibrosis. However, fibroblast research has been hindered due to the lack of universally acceptable fibroblast markers to identify quiescent as well as activated fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are a heterogenous cell population, making them difficult to isolate and characterize. The presented protocol describes three different methods to enrich fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts. Using a standard and reliable protocol to isolate fibroblasts will enable the study of their roles in homeostasis as well as fibrosis modulation.

Obtaining a pure population of fibroblasts is crucial to studying their role in wound repair and fibrosis. Described here is a detailed method to isolate fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts followed by characterization of their purity and functionality by immunofluorescence, RTPCR, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting, and collagen gel contraction.

בידוד ואפיון של מבוגרים ופיברותקיעות לב ומיופיברופיצוצים

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that ...

Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

The isolation and culturing of cardiac myocytes from mice has been essential for furthering the understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. While isolating myocytes from neonatal mouse hearts is relatively straightforward, myocytes from the adult murine heart are preferred. This is because compared to neonatal cells, adult myocytes more accurately recapitulate cell function as it occurs in the adult heart in vivo. However, it is technically difficult to isolate adult mouse cardiac myocytes in the necessary quantities and viability, which contributes to an experimental impasse. Furthermore, published procedures are specific for the isolation of either atrial or ventricular myocytes at the expense of atrial and ventricular non-myocyte cells. Described here is a detailed method for isolating both atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes, along with atrial and ventricular non-myocytes, simultaneously from a single mouse heart. Also provided are the details for optimal cell-specific culturing methods, which enhance cell viability and function. This protocol aims not only to expedite the process of adult murine cardiac cell isolation, but also to increase the yield and viability of cells for investigations of atrial and ventricular cardiac cells.

A method is described for the simultaneous isolation of myocytes and non-myocytes from both the atria and ventricles of a single adult mouse heart. This protocol results in consistent yields of highly viable cardiac myocytes and non-myocytes and details optimal cell-specific culture conditions for phenotyping and in vitro analysis.

בידוד ותרבות בו זמנית של מיוציטים פרך, מיוציטים חדריים, ולא מיוציטים מלב עכבר בוגר

The isolation and culturing of cardiac myocytes from mice has been essential for furthering the understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. ...